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Psychological factors of anti-vaccination behavior of Belarusians in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic
No full textThe article presents the results of a theoretical and empirical study of the psychological factors
of refusal from preventive vaccinations against COVID-19 during an active campaign for mass vaccination of the population of Belarus. Among these factors, the individual characteristics of
the subjective perception of the likelihood of infection, the severity of the course and consequences
of coronavirus infection, as well as the effectiveness and safety of anticovid vaccination
were considered; general attitudes in the field of vaccination and health care; and value attitudes
towards health and life. The prevalence of the main categories of vaccination behavior — proand
antivaccinational — was determined in the Belarusian population sample; the peculiarities
of the cognitive assessment of COVID-19 and anticovid vaccination inherent in Belarusians, as
well as their meaning-related determinants, were revealed; psychological differences between
people with different directions of vaccination behavior are revealed; identified psychological
predictors of antivaccination behavior. The empirical study was conducted on a representative
population sample of residents of the Republic of Belarus (N = 582, aged from 18 to 49 years,
178 men and 404 women), using questionnaire methods, as well as standardized personality
questionnaires: “Scale of Basic Value”, “Scale of Healthcare Attitudes”, “Scale of Antivaccination
Attitudes”. The results of the study indicate that generalized and nonspecific factors prevail in
the regulation of the antivaccination behavior of Belarusians in the context of the coronavirus
pandemic, which are associated with personal comprehension and cognitive assessment not so
much of a new type of coronavirus infection and anti-vaccines offered to the population, but of
the national healthcare system in general and vaccination as such. In this case, the leading factors
and predictors of anti-vaccination behavior of Belarusians are general negative attitudes —
anti-vaccination, anti-drug and anti-bureaucratic attitudes. In the course of the study, psychometrically
developed and validated the original Russian-language “Scale of Antivaccination Attitudes”,
designed to change the generalized negative-evaluative (skeptical-distrustful) attitude of
the subject to vaccines and vaccination in general. The results obtained indicate the compliance
of its measuring properties with conventional psychometric standards
Daily stress and life satisfaction of teenage girls
No full textEveryday stressors of teenage girls are considered. The purpose of the study: development
and testing of the questionnaire of everyday stressors for adolescents; determination of the
intensity of various spheres of life; revealing the ratio of stress tension and life satisfaction.
Methods: the author’s questionnaire of everyday stressors for adolescents, the stress perception
scale ShVS-10 (V. A. Ababkov et al.), the life satisfaction scale (E. Diener et al.). Factorization
made it possible to single out 7 blocks of events related to the areas: “Loneliness, fears”;
“Finance”; “School, study”; “Rejection”; “Communication with seniors”; “Case, planning”;
“Competition, self-attitude”. The α-Cronbach fitness coefficient for the entire questionnaire
was 0.956. Content and convergent validity were checked using comparative, correlation, factorial,
regression analysis. Correlation analysis revealed direct links between the number of
stressful events and the strength of experience with “Overstrain”, “Stress counteraction”, “Perceived
stress” of the ShVS-10 methodology, which confirmed the convergent validity of the
questionnaire. Typological analysis showed a higher level of stress load in girls with low life
satisfaction. Correlation analysis revealed negative relationships between life satisfaction and
the number of stressors (p ≤ 0.05), the intensity of the experience (p ≤ 0.01), and the indicators
of the SHVS-10 method (p ≤ 0.01). Regression analysis showed that life satisfaction is a predictor
that reduces the level of perceived stress (p ≤ 0.000), overexertion (p ≤ 0.000), resistance to
stress (p ≤ 0.000), the number of stressors in the areas “Loneliness, fears” (p ≤ 0.000); “Finance”
(p ≤ 0.006); “School, study” (p ≤ 0.026); “Rejection” (p ≤ 0.003), “Communication with elders”
(p ≤ 0.001). Thus, a high level of life satisfaction can act as a factor contributing to the reduction
of stress load
Criminal law regulation of countering cybercrime in China: State, trends and shortcomings
No full textIn modern China, cybercrime is becoming more widespread, which has given rise to the need
to rethink criminal law at the basic theoretical level. It seems that when countering crimes
in cyberspace, it is necessary to shift the focus of cyber-criminal law from the traditional
“network-centric” to “data-oriented” and to build a system for the protecting legal benefits
of “data centralism”. In addition, the expansion of the objective components of cybercrime
should be moderate: certain cyber-violations cannot be qualified as “illegal entrepreneurship”,
as this contradicts the principle of legality of criminal law. The content of “knowingness” as a
sign of the subjective side of the crime should be rethought: it should include such different forms as: a) the presence of collusion with other persons to assist in the commission of criminal
acts; b) lack of collusion between the person providing assistance and the perpetrator,
but the previous one, knowing that a particular perpetrator he is going to commit a certain
criminal act, provides online support and assistance to the latter; c) online help providers who
only have a probable idea of the existence of criminal acts, but do not have a clear idea of the
culprit and the type of behavior of criminal acts, and as such there can be no collusion with the
perpetrator of criminal acts, only objectively assists the culprit’s act. The theoretical basis for
identifying complicity in cybercrime should be adjusted by approving “one-sided” subjective
connection. Ultimately, through systematic adjustment and rethinking of the basic theory of
criminal law in this area, the gradual improvement of criminal law norms to regulate the fight
against cybercrime in the era of information networks is being carried out.This article was prepared as part of the China Scholarship Council (CSC) (No. 202110100004)
The legal and organizational basis of ensuring safety of sports activities in Hungary
Get PDFManifestations of hooliganism, vandalism, extremism, and even terrorist acts during sports
events are not a new phenomenon in Europe. The safety of sporting events is one of the
priorities of any modern state. Moreover, the government is entrusted both with legislative
and organizational tasks. Two reasons can be identified, why it is necessary to protect sporting
events against violations of public order and attacks on public safety. On the one hand, even
when law enforcement agencies professionally use all the legislative instruments at their
disposal, an unlawful encroachment may be committed, which may threaten the holding of a
sporting event, the safety of the person and property both of athletes and of spectators. On the
other hand, the failure to criminalize these actions means that law enforcement agencies are not
endowed with sufficient powers to take appropriate measures in such situations. Depending
on the violation of public safety or public order, criminal, administrative or disciplinary laws
will apply. The difference in the need to apply a law or regulation, as well as to impose sanctions
and prohibitions on offenders, can be seen only in the level of protection corresponding to the
danger of violations. The safety of sporting events is historically believed to be the primary
task of law enforcement agencies, however, the responsibility of sports federations and clubs
in ensuring safety in time, before and after the competition should not be overlooked.The study was conducted with the financial support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research
within the project No. 20-011-00414 А “Criminal Law and Criminological Problems of Combating Crime
in the Field of Sports”
Legalization of marijuana use in comparative criminal legislation
Get PDFIn light of the rapidly shifting legislation regarding the legalization of marijuana use, the
popular notion seems to be that marijuana is a harmless pleasure, access to which should not be
regulated or considered illegal. World Health Organization recommended to delete cannabis
and cannabis resin from Schedule IV of the UN Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (1961),
but to maintain it in Schedule I of the 1961 Convention. The UN Commission on Narcotic
Drugs decided by 27 votes to 25 and with one abstention to follow this recommendation. Тhere
is the issue of how much this decision will affect the legalization of marijuana in the world.
In the paper are analyzed two legislation of the Anglo-Saxon legal system, which supported
this initiative (Canada and USA) and legislation of Euro-Continental legal area (Russia) that
did not accept the reclassifying of cannabis from the 1961 Convention. Author has compared
the Canadian code with Uruguayan, and the U. S. bill with the Mexican legislation, because
Mexican bill does not provide the full legalization of marijuana use. In the Russian Federation,
all deeds related to narcotic drugs, which were committed on a significant, large, and an
especially large scale, and also all acts coherent to traffic of narcotic drugs, regardless of its
scale, are regulated by Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Otherwise, there will be
applied an administrative law
Investigative errors in the preparation of the interrogation protocol and their use by the defense
No full textIn the article, investigative errors in the preparation of the interrogation protocol are considered
in the context of their use for the purposes of defense in a criminal case. Emphasis
is placed on the most common mistake made in pre-trial proceedings — lack of records of
the questions asked and the replies received by the person being questioned (question-and-answer part of the interrogation protocol). For the first time in the legal literature, certain
types of tactics for protecting the rights and legitimate interests of the principal, based on the
use of such errors, are considered in detail. The choice of defensive tactics is associated with
two grounds: first, the direct personal participation of the lawyer in the interrogation process
is taken into account, followed by familiarization with the text of the protocol; secondly, the
absence of a lawyer during the interrogation and familiarization with the text of the interrogation
protocol after the end of the preliminary investigation or inquiry are taken into account.
For each of the grounds, typical protective situations affecting the tactical features of the lawyer’s
behavior are considered. Reasonable defense tactics require the construction of business,
professional relations between the defense lawyer and the investigator (interrogator).
The chosen tactic involves the submission by the lawyer of applications for the addition and
clarification of the interrogation protocol, refusal to sign the interrogation protocol, filing motions
and filing complaints about illegal actions of officials who refuse to eliminate the violations
committed in the preparation of the interrogation protocol. In addition, the provision by
the defence counsel of assistance to the investigator and the inquirer aimed at preventing and
eliminating errors is not excluded. When drafting petitions and complaints, attention is paid
to the reasoning of the stated requirements and recommendations are given on their content
Russian Sugar Exports to Persia in 1900–1917
No full textThis article examines problems of selling Russian sugar in Persia towards the end of the Russian
Empire’s existence during the first decades of the 20th century. The article clarifies Russian sugar exporters’
achievements and what problems they faced promoting their products on the Persian market. The source base
made it possible to establish the dynamics of export indicators, the specifics of the price situation, and consumers’
demands in Persia for this period. The author examines the peculiarities of the sale of Russian sugar in the
northern and southern regions of the country and the competitive advantages of the two rival powers, Russia
and France. Special attention is paid to the issue of sugar sales in Persia during World War I: problems faced by
sugar exporters and the project to introduce a sugar monopoly in Persia. The analysis leads to conclusions about
the dynamic development of Russian sugar exports to Persia. Thanks to the simultaneous efforts by the Russian
government and Russian business circles, the Russian Empire was able to monopolize the North Persian sugar
market and achieve certain gains in the markets of southern Persia. A decisive role in this matter was played by
the government’s initiative, thanks to which a regular sea connection with the ports of the Persian Gulf was established,
as well as the opportunity to sell Russian sugar at competitive prices. It is also important that government
measures were carried out in parallel with the growing activity of Russian entrepreneurs, who were engaged in the
production and export of sugar to the large Middle East market
ESG factors in reputational risk assessment of Russian banks
No full textThis article discusses risks for financial institutions associated with the transition to sustainable
development and aims to determine the role of ESG factors in maintaining the reputation
of Russian banks based on the development of a reputation risk assessment methodology that
assumes ESG factors, which we test using data of systemically important Russian banks. The
achievement of this goal is mediated by methods of theoretical analysis of publications, the
use of ratings and ranking, the quantitative methods. Key theoretical positions and conclusions
are formulated within the concept of sustainable development and a green economy. The
main hypothesis is that for systemically important Russian banks, the influence of ESG factors
on business reputation is manifested in the same way as for foreign counterparts: positive
changes and efforts of banks in achieving sustainable development goals contribute to positive
changes in financial indicators and strengthening business reputation. It was revealed that the
efforts of systemically important Russian banks in achieving sustainable development goals
really contribute to the growth of the business reputation of banks, but they can occur against
the background of both improvement and deterioration in the dynamics of financial indicators,
that is, the study hypothesis was partially confirmed. A possible reason is the features
of the modern stage of the formation of a green economy in Russia. Under these conditions,
it becomes important to avoid alarmist sentiment and premature use of ESG ratings for the
purposes of banking regulation or investment decisions.The article was prepared based on the results of research carried out at the expense of budgetary funds
under the state assignment of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation
(research project “Financial stability in financial markets: identification of leadership and sources of risk
generation (global cross-section)”)
German state competition policy: Responses to the challenges of digitalization of the economy, lessons for Russia
No full textThe article examines the experience of the German competition authority and the limits of
the intervention of the German state and the competition policy developed by it in the digital
economy. Particular attention is paid to the methodological approaches of the German regulator
to assessing the dominant position of companies in digital markets, problems arising in
their practical application, assessing the impact of the digital agenda on markets and competition.
Current cases reflecting the multidimensional assessment of market power in digital
markets are presented. The opinion of the German antimonopoly regulator is systematized,
including the development of a set of measures aimed at reducing negative effects in the form
of abuse of market power and the ability to have a negative impact on the market from online
platforms. The basic rules of the regulatory doctrine adopted in 2021–2022 by the Economic
Commission for Europe within the framework of the Digital Markets Act (DMA) are briefly
presented. Particular attention is paid to the description of the concept of “intermediary power”
as a special tool for assessing the market power of online platforms and the implementation
of antimonopoly control and regulation of their behavior based on the regulatory concept
of “gatekeeper”. The results of the research, based on new original ideas and meaningful content,
can be integrated into the discourse of modern science as a vector conceptual approaches
to the study of digital markets, as well as applied in the direct practice of antimonopoly regulation
in the Russian Federation
Geoarchaeology, Age and Chronology of the Zhokhov Site
Get PDFThe Zhokhov site, investigated in 1989–1990 and 2000–2005, is located at 76° N in a remote
part of the East Siberian Arctic. Excavations yielded tens of thousands of artifacts and faunal
remains including the oldest anthropological remains known in the high arctic regions up to
date. The culture-bearing deposits appear to represent the backfill of ice wedge casts formed
after the site was abandoned when the island area became isolated due to the development of
the post-glacial marine transgression. A large sample of radiocarbon ages obtained on various
materials (n = 102) provides a chronology for the site, which was occupied 8300–7800 14С
years ago. There were multiple occupation episodes, but it is not possible to estimate their
duration with precision (within less than 50–100 years). The most intense human activity
occurred within the interval 8050–7900 radiocarbon years BP, or ca. 9000 calBP but overall
human occupation of the site spans roughly 2000 years. This is the oldest known archaeological
site in the high-latitude Arctic. The identification and analysis of habitation episodes at the
Zhokhov site has important implications for the study of Palaeolithic sites. The radiocarbon
chronology indicates that repeated / cyclic human habitation at the same place is possible for
up to 2000 years and possibly longer. Repeated or cyclic human occupation in the Zhokhov
island area was possible due to locally available food and material resources. Thus, the radiocarbon
dates provide more than chronomentric or chronological data; they are a source of
information source about human ecology and its role in the evolution of culture.Investigations of the Zhokhov site that yielded the results discussed here were conducted during the Zhokhov-
2000 research project in 2000–2005 with the support of a private research foundation, the Rock Foundation
of New York, NY, USA Currently, our research is developing under support of the Russian Science Foundation,
project No. 16-18-10265P and No. 21-18-00457