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Торгово-экономические отношения между Китайской Народной Республикой и Федеративной Республикой Германия (1992–2021 годы)
Get PDFКитай и Германия являются одними из самых крупных мировых экспортеров, а также странами с влиятельными экономиками. Для Китая Германия – это крупнейший торговый партнер в Европе, одновременно с этим страна, оказывающая серьезное влияние на налаживание стратегии Европейского союза к Китайской Народной Республике. В последние два года происходит переоценка европейской политики в отношении Китая и возможно Германии. Это актуализует необходимость уточнения современного состояния торгово-экономических отношений Китая и Германии, определения перспектив, выделения степени взаимозависимости и связанности двух экономик.
Объектом исследования выступают отношения между Китаем и Германией.
Цель исследования состоит в выделении особенностей развития торгово-экономических отношений между КНР и ФРГ в период с 1992 – 2021 гг.
Для достижения поставленной цели были сформулированы следующие задачи: выделить роль и место Европейского союза в китайской внешней политике и внешнеэкономической стратегии; рассмотреть основные этапы развития китайско-германских отношений через факторы, ограничители и интересы сторон; выявить особенности торгово-экономических связей и форм взаимодействия КНР и ФРГ; исследовать восприятие Китая в Германии; изучить направления развития в торгово-экономической области Китая и Германии; провести оценку политики Китайской Народной Республики к Федеративной Республике Германия.
В процессе решения поставленных задач были сделаны следующие выводы. Несмотря на негативные факторы и кризисы Брюссель стремится укреплять партнерский союз с Пекином. Китай выделяет ЕС как актор способный помочь в развитии сфер: космическая, военная, экономическая, разработка новых технологий, инновации. Партнерство в экономической сфере увеличивается за счет новых форм: торговля; инвестиции; сотрудничество среднего и малого бизнеса; помощь в развитии; льготное кредитование. Торговые отношения между акторами активно расширяются, однако кризисные явления в мире оказывают отрицательное влияние, при этом отмечается большая зависимость Германии от Китая. В свою очередь в Европе все чаще стало появляться мнение, что Китай проводит агрессивную экономическую политику и пытается разделить ЕС.China and Germany are among the world's largest exporters, as well as countries with influential economies. For China, Germany is the largest trading partner in Europe, at the same time a country that has a serious impact on the development of the European Union's strategy towards the People's Republic of China. In the past two years, there has been a reassessment of European policy towards China and possibly Germany. This actualizes the need to clarify the current state of trade and economic relations between China and Germany, determine prospects, highlight the degree of interdependence and connectivity of the two economies.
The object of the study is the relationship between China and Germany.
The purpose of the study is to highlight the features of the development of trade and economic relations between China and Germany in the period from 1992 to 2021.
To achieve this goal, the following tasks were formulated: highlight the role and place of the European Union in Chinese foreign policy and foreign economic strategy; consider the main stages in the development of Sino-German relations through the factors, constraints and interests of the parties; identify the features of trade and economic ties and forms of interaction between the PRC and the FRG; explore the perception of China in Germany; study the directions of development in the trade and economic field of China and Germany; to assess the policy of the People's Republic of China towards the Federal Republic of Germany.
In the process of solving the tasks set, the following conclusions were made. Despite the negative factors and crises, Brussels is striving to strengthen its partnership with Beijing. China singles out the EU as an actor capable of helping in the development of areas: space, military, economic, development of new technologies, innovations. Partnership in the economic sphere is increasing due to new forms: trade; investments; cooperation between medium and small businesses; development assistance; concessional lending. Trade relations between the actors are actively expanding, but the crisis in the world has a negative impact, while there is a large dependence of Germany on China. In turn, the opinion in Europe began to appear more and more often that China is pursuing an aggressive economic policy and is trying to divide the EU
Антиконкурентные действия на фармацевтическом рынке
Get PDFЗащита конкуренции играет важную роль на фармацевтическом рынке: от процесса разработки медицинских препаратов до их продажи и доставки пациентам. Создание нормальной конкурентной структуры рынка при помощи антимонопольного законодательства и санкций играет важную роль как в расширении доступа к медицинским технологиям, так и в поощрении инноваций в фармацевтическом секторе. Если гражданское право ограничивает конкуренцию и тем самым создает потенциальный барьер для инноваций и доступа, антимонопольная политика может сыграть роль корректирующего инструмента. Наша готовность применять власть там, где нельзя создать условий для конкуренции, вовсе не равносильна призыву подавлять конкуренцию в тех случаях, когда она может быть эффективной. Мы говорим о необходимости максимального использования потенциала конкуренции для координации деятельности. Именно на антимонопольные органы должны быть возложена ответственность за борьбу с антиконкурентными действиями на фармацевтическом рынке.Protection of competition plays an important role in the pharmaceutical market: from the process of developing medicines to their sale and delivery to patients. The creation of a normal competitive market structure with the help of antimonopoly legislation and sanctions plays an important role both in expanding access to medical technologies and in encouraging innovation in the pharmaceutical sector. If civil law restricts competition and thereby creates a potential barrier to innovation and access, antimonopoly policy can play the role of a corrective tool. Our willingness to use power where it is impossible to create conditions for competition is not at all equivalent to a call to suppress competition in cases where it can be effective. We are talking about the need to maximize the potential of competition to coordinate activities. It is the antimonopoly authorities that should be responsible for combating anti-competitive actions in the pharmaceutical market
Влияние ледовых условий сезона на численность и распределение гнездящихся лебедей-шипунов (Cygnus olor) в восточной части Финского залива
Get PDFС середины XX в. отмечался интенсивный рост численности лебедя-шипуна (Cygnus olor) и расширение его ареала на север, включая восточную Балтику. Однако, в последнее время этот процесс существенно замедлился, происходит преимущественно заселение не занятых ранее участков в пределах существующего ареала. У границ ареала наблюдается масштабные межсезонные флуктуации численности гнездящихся птиц. Кроме того, пространственное распределение птиц у границ ареала крайне неравномерно. Так в восточной части Финского залива основная масса птиц гнездится в его южном секторе, в то время как у северного побережья нет заметного дефицита гнездопригодных территорий. Это позволяет предполагать наличие определенных экологических лимитов, как препятствующих дальнейшему масштабному расширению ареала лебедя-шипуна, так и определяющих сильную межсезонную динамику численности и неравномерность распределения гнездящихся птиц.
В результате анализа литературных данных была выдвинута гипотеза, что межсезонная динамика численности и пространственное распределение гнездящихся пар лебедя-шипуна определяются сроками весеннего схода льда на прилегающей к островам акватории в восточной части Финского залива. Кроме того сроки схода льда могут являться основным фактором, лимитирующим распространение вида на север.
Цель работы: Оценить характер влияния ледовых условий на численность и пространственное распределение лебедя-шипуна (Cygnus olor) на изучаемых территориях.
Исходя из поставленной цели были проведены полевые исследования на островах восточной части Финского залива, в результате которых изучено пространственное распределение пар лебедя-шипуна в исследуемом районе, а также было определено наличие зависимости межсезонной динамики численности размножающихся пар лебедя-шипуна на различных участках в восточной части Финского залива от ледовых условий сезона.
В результате проведенных исследований и обработки собранного материала были получены выводы, подтверждающие выдвинутую гипотезу.Since the middle of the XX century, there has been an intensive increase in the number of the mute swan (Cygnus olor) population and the expansion of its range to the north, including the eastern Baltic. However, recently this process has slowed down significantly, there is mainly the settlement of previously unoccupied areas within the existing range. Large-scale inter-seasonal fluctuations in the number of nesting birds are observed near the boundaries of the range. Thus, in the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland, the majority of birds nest in its southern sector, while there is no noticeable shortage of nesting territories on the northern coast. This allows us to assume the presence of certain ecological limits, both preventing further large-scale expansion of the range of the mute swan, and determining the strong inter-seasonal dynamics of the number and uneven distribution of nesting birds.
As a result of the analysis of the literature data, a hypothesis was put forward. That hypothesis suggests that the inter-seasonal dynamics of the number and spatial distribution of breeding pairs of the mute swan are determined by the timing of spring ice loss in the water area adjacent to the islands in the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland. In addition, the timing of ice withdrawal may be the main factor limiting the spread of the species to the north.
The aim of this work is to assess the nature of the influence of ice conditions on the abundance and spatial distribution of the mute swan in the studied territories.
Based on this goal, field studies were conducted on the islands of the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland. As a result of which the spatial distribution of mute swan pairs in the research area was studied. The presence of dependence of the inter-seasonal dynamics of the number of breeding mute swan pairs in various areas in the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland on the ice conditions of the season was determined.
The conducted research and processing of the collected material were obtained confirming the hypothesis of this work
Своеобразие и место драматургии Аси Волошиной в современном литературном процессе
Get PDFРабота посвящена выявлению своеобразия творчества Аси Волошиной и определению место ее драматургии в современном литературном процессе.
Объектом исследования является драматургия современного драматурга Аси Волошиной, а предметом – те её особенности, которые формируют художественный стиль автора в контексте современного литературного контекста. Материалом исследования стали четыре пьесы Аси Волошиной из единственного изданного сборника данного автора «Гибнет хор: четыре пьесы о России», который вышел в издательстве «Сеанс» в Москве в 2018 году. В частности, речь идет о произведениях «Гибнет хор» (2014), «Антигона: редукция» (2013), «Мама» (2016) и «Человек из рыбы» (2016).
Результаты исследования свидетельствуют о том, что творчество Аси Волошиной можно отнести к школе нового символизма, автор использует приемы литературы постмодернизма, а также в произведениях Волошиной видны черты женской прозы.The work is devoted to identifying the originality of Asya Voloshina's work and determining the place of her dramaturgy in the modern literary process.
The object of the study is the dramaturgy of the modern playwright Asya Voloshina, and the subject is those features that form the artistic style of the author in the context of the modern literary context. The material of the study was four plays by Asya Voloshina from the only published collection of this author “The choir is dying: four plays about Russia”, which was published by the Seans publishing house in Moscow in 2018. In particular, we are talking about the works “The Chorus Dies” (2014), “Antigone: Reduction” (2013), “Mother” (2016) and “The Man from the Fish” (2016).
The results of the study indicate that the work of Asya Voloshina can be attributed to the school of new symbolism, the author uses the techniques of postmodern literature, and the features of female prose are visible in Voloshina's works
An epidemic model of malaria without and with vaccination. Pt 2. A model of malaria with vaccination
No full textThe article proposes a mathematical model of a malaria epidemic with vaccination in a population of people (hosts), where the disease is transmitted by a mosquito (carrier). The malaria transmission model is defined by a system of ordinary differential equations, which takes into account the level of vaccination in the population. The host population at any given time is divided into four subgroups: susceptible, vector-bitten, infected, and recovered. Sufficient conditions for the stability of a disease-free equilibrium and endemic equilibrium are obtained using the theory of Lyapunov functions. Numerical modeling represents the influence of parameters (including the vaccination level of the population) on the disease spread
Assessment of the population health risk under the impact of climatic factors in the territory of St Petersburg
Get PDFIn recent years, climate change has been considered as one of the leading factors affecting
the health of the population, one of the conditions for the implementation of this concept
for specific risk factors in St Petersburg is the development and use of adequate methods.
In this work, as a methodological basis for assessing the state of health of the population,
taking into account climatic conditions, the methodology of MR 2.1.10.0057-12 “The state
of health of the population in connection with the state of the environment and living conditions
of the population. Assessing the risk and damage from climate change affecting the
increase in morbidity and mortality in high-risk population groups. Guidelines” was used.
The presence of statistically significant correlations between the effective air temperature
in St Petersburg and the primary incidence of diabetes mellitus in people older than working
age has been established (Spearman rank correlation coefficient –0.829, p = 0.042); primary
incidence of acute respiratory infections of the upper respiratory tract in children
0–14 years old (Spearman rank correlation coefficient –0.886, p = 0.019); primary incidence
of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in children 15–17 years (Spearman rank correlation
coefficient –0.943, р = 0.005). The presence of established direct and inverse statistically significant correlations can be explained logically based on modern ideas about the impact
of climatic parameters on human health, however, in this case, the logical connection
seems doubtful due to the highest deviation of the average annual air temperature from the
norm in 2020 and the pandemic of a new coronavirus infection COVID-19. Therefore, a
decrease in morbidity (in the case of a negative correlation) can be explained by a reduction
in planned medical care
Mathematical modeling of demand population of older age groups in medical care provided in inpatients conditions
No full textThe aim of the study is to construct a model of the needs of the population of older age groups
in medical care provided in stationary conditions. Modeling was carried out on the basis of
data on cases of medical care in the period 2018–2019. Population of older age groups living
in the Moscow region. The probability of inpatient care was determined in each one-year age
interval, starting at age 60. When constructing the dynamic curve, 41 points were used. In
modeling, they adhered to the functional principle of describing age dynamics by an algebraic
function, which was determined by the least squares method (regression analysis). The quality
of the obtained models was evaluated by the value of the approximation coefficient. The
degree of influence of age on the dependent variable (the magnitude of the need for care) was
defined as the empirical correlation ratio during the variance analysis. The age dynamics of
the need for medical care provided in inpatient conditions as well as in the conditions of a day
hospital in the population of older age groups can be described using a second order parabola
with a negative first coefficient. It should be noted the similarity of modeling functions used
to describe the age dynamics of demanded volumes of medical care provided in outpatient
and inpatient settings. There were no significant gender differences in the modelling of age
dynamics of the need for medical care provided in a 24-hour hospital setting. The level of need
is higher in men in all age groups studied, which is the opposite result relative to the need for
outpatient care. The level of need for medical care provided in a day hospital setting is higher
in women in all age groups studied, which corresponds to the results obtained in the study of
the need for medical care provided in an outpatient setting
Features of pathology of mothers
No full textWithin the framework of the “Concept of Demographic Policy of the Russian Federation for
the Period until 2025”, the state introduced a number of measures designed to influence the
birth rate towards its increase: monthly childcare allowance for non-working women, an increase in maternity allowance and monthly childcare allowance for working women, the introduction
of a birth certificate and tax benefits, preferential mortgage programs, an increase
in the duration of sick leave for childcare, etc. Assessing the measures of state support for
motherhood and childhood, measures aimed at increasing the birth rate, a systematic, dynamic
and promising analysis of the health status of women of childbearing age, actively participating
in childbearing, demographic indicators reflecting the socio-economic effectiveness of
national and federal programs, economic stability, national security are important. The health
indicators of women mothers who have given birth and accumulate many socio-economic
and organizational and medical factors serve as a medical assessment of the effectiveness of
the implementation and achievement of the targets of the specialized National Projects Health
and Demography of the Territory. In this regard, it is extremely necessary to calculate and
dynamically assess the incidence rates of pregnant women and maternity patients
Hygienic assessment of the development of non-carcinogenic risk to population health in the area of air pollution during medical waste incineration
No full textThe purpose of this study is to assess the risk of developing non-carcinogenic effects for public
health due to the release of chemicals into the air from medical waste incinerators. An assessment
of the public health risk observed in monitoring the growth of waste consumption
is necessary to determine the likelihood of adverse effects on organs and systems. The study
included the analysis and ranking of chemicals that are part of the industrial emissions of
enterprises burning medical waste, emission dispersion modeling with calculation of ground
concentrations and assessment of non-carcinogenic risks to public health. Analysis of noncarcinogenic
health risks showed the likelihood of adverse effects on organs and systems.
It has been established that the maximum levels of chronic non-carcinogenic risk during inhalation
intake of pollutants from the atmospheric air (in the zone of influence of the medical
waste incineration enterprise no. 1) are noted for such components such as sulfur dioxide,
benzo/a/pyrene, and in the zone of influence of the medical waste incinerator no. 2 — for
sulfur dioxide, benz/a/pyrene, nitrogen dioxide and suspended solids. The maximum values
of the total hazard indices exceed the permissible values for the impact on the respiratory
organs, cases of additional mortality, development processes, the immune system, and the
hematopoietic system. These levels of risk from exposure to medical waste incinerators have
been assessed as unacceptable for the public. The study confirms the need to develop practical
recommendations and preventive measures to reduce the impact of chemical factors on
public health
Link of El Niño — Southern Oscillation and Southern Annular Mode as elements of Global Atmospheric Oscillation
No full textBased on the monthly average data of NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis, using a specially developed technique, the interannual variability of the sea level pressure (SLP) anomalies associated with the Global Atmospheric Oscillation (GAO) for the period 1950-2021 was studied. The field of mean deviations of the SLP anomalies during the El Niño – Southern Oscillation (ENSO) from the interannual GAO variability has been calculated. It is shown that the variability of the SLP anomalies during the GAO contains, in addition to the mode associated with the ENSO, also the mode of interannual climatic variability associated with the Antarctic Oscillation (AAO) – the Southern Annular Mode (SAM). It was found that the GAO does not include a part of the SLP anomaly variability associated with El Niño and La Niña events of the Central Pacific type. At all other grid nodes, the field of mean deviations of the SLP anomalies in the ENSO from the GAO has SLP differences slightly different from zero and formally statistically insignificant. This means that in the interannual climatic variability of the SLP associated with the GAO, there are only two modes: ENSO and SAM. With the help of cross-wavelet analysis, the relationships between the ENSO and SAM indices were studied. Negative relationships were found between these indices on fluctuation periods of about 11 years. An analysis of the time series of these indices and the time series of total solar irradiance (TSI) made it possible to put forward a hypothesis about the influence of synchronization and desynchronization of quasi-11-year changes in solar activity and ENSO on the weakening and strengthening of negative relationships between ENSO and SAM at periods of oscillations of about 11 years.The study was carried out within the framework of the state task of the Shirshov Institute of
Oceanology of the Russian Academy of Sciences on topic no. FMWE-2021-0003 “Large-scale, wave and
eddy ocean processes and the role of the ocean in climate formation: interdecadal evolution of circulation,
ocean hydrophysical fields and flows at the ocean-atmosphere boundary in a changing climate”