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On the question of the state succession legality
No full textOn December 10, 2019, the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation issued Decision
№ 39-P, and in his opinion, judge Aranovskii described the USSR as an “illegitimately established
state” and called for Russia not to be considered the legal successor of the USSR.
Thus, judge Aranovskii touched upon the sphere of State succession, the regulation of which
is related to international law and not to constitutional law. In particular, Aranovskii raised
such problems as the legality of succession. Relevant provisions on legality are also included
in existing international treaties on the succession of states, such as the 1978 Vienna Convention
on the succession of states in respect to treaties and the 1983 Vienna Convention on the
succession of states in respect to state property, state archives, and public debts, as well as
Articles on the nationality of natural persons in relation to the succession of states. The issue
of the legality of state succession was also highlighted in the second report on the issue of state
succession in respect of responsibility for internationally wrongful acts by the International Law Commission Special Rapporteur Pavel Šturma. Research on this issue is important because
the provisions on Russia as the legal successor to the USSR were proposed as one of the
amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, which will be approved by the
Russian people in an all-Russian vote. In order to make a legal assessment of the legality of
state succession, it is important to analyse the history of the relevant provisions in existing international
treaties, as well as to analyse the relevant international legal practice on this issue.
This research will assess the reasonableness of both the opinion of judge Aranovskii and the
corresponding amendment to the Constitution of the Russian Federation
Characteristic of legal communication: Addressees of legal acts
No full textWhile the communicative approach to the law is spread widely today, characteristic of legal
communication are still purely described and weakly researched. Linguists and experts in theory of communication are not involved in discourse of legal notions and practice of law,
whereas jurists are not ready to step out of this discourse. This article represents an attempt
to overcome these difficulties and to find in law necessary parameters (focusing on the figure
of addressee), being equipped with the methodology of communication theory. Resuming
analysis of the substance and conditions of legal communication, the author concludes that
recognized in the contemporary linguistic interaction model of communication with some
limits are applied to the legal communication. Law does not suppose that content of legal acts
(messages of legal communication) is determined solely by intention and will of addresser.
Interpretation of legal acts is an important part of the mechanism of law and it needs active involvement
of addressee, though unlike in communication of other types, the addressee cannot
enjoy the full freedom of interpretation of text, aliened form the addresser. In law, this would
raise a risk of violation the equal protection — fundamental principle of law. Addressees of
legal acts are either executors or enforcers of legal prescriptions. Interpretation of enforcers
tends to be coordinated and unified, leading to forming of collective enforcing addressee.
Anyway, the execution of legal prescriptions is to be volitional and conscious, therefore the
executors should keep the role of direct addressees as well, though their interpretation of legal
acts will be subordinated to that of enforcers. The non-normative acts in the most cases (excluding
non-reception one-sided deals and private applications to public authorities) have one
main addressee, while the circle of potential addressees remains indefinite.The reported study was funded by a grant from the Russian Science Foundation, project No. 19-18-
00525 “Understandability of the official Russian: legal and linguistic issues”
Free Religious Communities in the North-West of Russia Between 1917 and the Late 1920s
No full textThe article deals studies the existence and activities of the free Protestant communities (Baptists,
Evangelists, Adventists, Pentecostals) in Petrograd/Leningrad and the Russian North-West, from establishment
of Soviet power until the end of the 1920s. Soviet power had mixed consequences for the free communities. On
the one hand, the new ruling party’s generally negative attitude to religion and its orientation towards constructing
an atheist society had negative consequences for all religious organizations. On the other hand, due to elimination
of the state church, free communities acquired equal rights with other religious groups. During the first years
of Soviet power, anti-religious repressions centered first and foremost on the Russian Orthodox Church. The
attitude of the new regime towards religious sects that were previously oppressed under the tsarist regime was
more tolerable. Atheist propaganda in the 1920s was not so active as in the next decade. Confiscatory measures against church organizations had less serious consequences for free communities that did not possess considerable
assets or real estate. During the 1920s, due to the difficulties experienced by the Orthodox, Roman-Catholic,
and Lutheran churches, the free sects managed to intensify their activities and to expand their influence among
the believers in the North-West, especially among the ethnic minorities (Finns, Estonians, Latvians, Germans).
This situation had lasted until the late 1920s, when a total offensive against religion was initiated
ЭКСПЕРТНОЕ ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ по информационным материалам запроса прокуратуры Санкт-Петербурга (Отдельные фрагменты исключены из текста опубликованного заключения в целях обеспечения соблюдения требований законодательства)
No full textОтдельные фрагменты исключены из текста опубликованного заключения в целях обеспечения соблюдения требований законодательстваAbstrac
Neural network approach in modelling vibrational kinetics of carbon dioxide
No full textThe study is devoted to modeling nonequilibrium vibrational kinetics of carbon dioxide
taking into account complex mechanisms of relaxation and intermode energy exchanges.
The possibilities of using machine learning methods to improve the performance of numerical
simulation of non-equilibrium carbon dioxide flows are studied. Various strategies for
increasing the efficiency of the hybrid four-temperature model of CO2 kinetics are considered.
The neural network approach proposed by the authors to calculate the rate of
vibrational relaxation in each mode turned out to be the most promising. For the problem
of spatially homogeneous relaxation, estimates of the error and computational costs of the
developed algorithm are carried out, and its high accuracy and efficiency are demonstrated.
For the first time, the carbon dioxide flow behind a plane shock wave was simulated in a full state-to-state approximation. A comparison with the results obtained in the framework of
the hybrid four-temperature approach is carried out, and the equivalence of the approaches
is shown. This makes it possible to recommend developed multitemperature approximations
as the main tool for solving problems of nonequilibrium kinetics and gas dynamics.
The hybrid four-temperature approach using the neural network method for calculating
relaxation terms showed the acceleration of numerical simulation in time by more than
an order of magnitude, while maintaining accuracy. This technique can be recommended
for solving complex multidimensional problems of nonequilibrium gas dynamics, including
state-to-state chemical reactions.The work is supported by St Petersburg State University (project ID: 93022273). The authors
thank A. A.Kosareva for providing the code for calculating the kinetics of CO2 in a three-temperature
approximation with which the described neural network approach was tested for the first time
Ideas about real and digital worlds as part of the current worldview of adolescents and parents in a digital society: Possibilities for adaptation
No full textThe introduction of digital devices into all spheres of life has led to a significant restructuring
of our everyday life and the world of the modern person. The real world is increasingly and
actively extended by the digital environment, forming a historically unique life in a mixed
online and offline reality. Psychology still lacks analyses of the worldview of adolescents most
actively socialized in real and virtual spaces and comparisons with perceptions of elder generations
that would contribute to understanding the choice of behavioral strategies of different
generations and their adaptation to digital transformations. This study compares representations
of real and virtual spaces as components of the world picture in adolescents and parents
with different levels of user activity, digital competence, and value orientations. The sample
was comprised of 282 adolescents aged 14–17 and 337 parents of adolescents of the same age.
Adolescents’ pictures of the real and virtual worlds converge, while parents keep these worlds
apart in their general system of perceptions. Adolescents and parents have different visions of
the virtual world, while they are in common perceptions of the real world. The more time both
adolescents and parents spend online, the more positive they perceive the virtual world, which
is also characteristic of parents with a high level of digital competence. Adolescents with various
value orientations differ in their perceptions of the real world only, while parents differ
in their perceptions of both the real world and the virtual world. Thus, compared to the parents’
generation, adolescents, in addition to a generally positive picture of the world and high
importance of the real world, also had more positive views of the virtual space and actively
adapted to a mixed reality, which could act as a good psychological resource for adapting to
major changes and shocks in the pandemic and the transition to distance learning
Modeling the process of filling carbon nanocontainers with hydrogen
No full textThe problem of storing and transporting hydrogen in containers based on fullerenes and carbon nanotubes is relevant to hydrogen energy. This problem theoretically can be solved using quantum chemistry methods and powerful computer technology to calculate molecules with a large number of atoms, polymers, nanostructures and nanotubes. It is necessary to create a theoretical model of the electromagnetic field in the cavity of fullerene molecules and nanotubes in order to understand how atoms and molecules of hydrogen or any other substances behave in it. Computer simulation of the filling process by hydrogen molecules fullerenes and nanotubes was performed by quantum mechanics methods DFT with GAUSSIAN 09 program
THE PROBLEM OF THE CATEGORIAL IN THE PHENOMENOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF PERCEPTION: HUSSERL AND HEIDEGGER
Get PDFThe article aims to show that the task of grounding categorial constituents in the specific founded acts
of perception yields the problem field of phenomenological inquiry, within the framework of which
remains Heidegger’s project of fundamental ontology. To achieve this goal the article reconstructs,
first, the problem of the possibility of a priori correspondence between meaning and intuition of the
intentional act; second, the phenomenological justification of extension of the traditional concept of
truth, as a result of which truth characteristic expands to intentional acts structured in a certain way,
namely acts of total agreement between meaning and intuition (identification acts); third, the problem
of the “categorial” in the phenomenological analysis of perception, which includes the extension of
the concept of perception, limited in transcendental philosophy to the area of sensible intuitions, and
justification of the specific categorial acts. On this basis, the article demonstrates that (1) phenomenology
in a certain sense continues the project of transcendental philosophy, but the idea of a priori
correspondence between notion and intuition within the framework of structural analysis of intentionality
forms a new research problem. (2) The phenomenological understanding of truth in terms of
the dynamics of empty and filled meaning intention is significant for the concept of truth presented by
Heidegger in Being and Time. Heidegger explicates the concept of the truth in fundamental ontology
based on the idea of identification. (3) The extension of the concept of object to its categorial constitution
justified by Husserl provides fundamental ontology with the research subject. Heidegger interprets
the categories, phenomenally represented in acts of categorial intuition, as a priori structures of the
being of beings. The study also ascertains that new concepts of Husserl’s phenomenology saturate the
conceptual framework of fundamental ontology. However, Heidegger also rethinks the key concepts of
phenomenology in accordance with objectives which are different from the original objectives of the
project of phenomenology designed by Husserl
Did the Greeks have a worldview? A comparative study of worldview’s genealogy
Get PDFThe paper scrutinizes a classic passage from Heidegger, in which he argues that Weltanschauung
is predominantly a Modern concept and that there was nothing similar in Antiquity. Using a
comparative method, I try to demonstrate that it is possible to reconstruct a kind of genealogy
of the concept of worldview and to show clues as to its phenomena in Hellenic culture and
philosophy and in Early Modern thought. Being not just a linguistic phenomenon, worldview
could be analyzed as a metaconcept, articulated in non-Modern contexts and recognized as a
“worldview” in terms of Modern philosophy. Considering the ancient Greek notion of αἵρεσις,
I show its principle aspects in the sense of “philosophical school”. I hold that it is possible to
parallel it with the term Weltanschauung, coined in the German philosophical tradition and possessing
its own epistemological features. To prove my argument, I refer to the ideas of Ancient
Greek and Hellenic thinkers as well as the most eminent supporters and critics of the concept of
Weltanschauung in Modern (primarily German) philosophies. In Conclusions I summarize the
main traits I consider commensurate with those of αἵρεσις, which are: 1. Emergence in “turning
points” of pivotal historical periods; 2. Articulation of the idea of wholeness and coherence of the
Universe (the World); 3. One’s free-will choice to support a concrete doctrine or point of view to
the Universe in connection with its comprehension and one’s moral principles.This research is supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Russian Federation
(project “The Newest Tendencies of the Development of the Humanities and Social Sciences in the Context
of the Process of Digitalization and Novel Social Challenges and Threats: An Interdisciplinary Approach”,
agreement no. 075-15-2020-798)
Morality and law in a digital society
No full textThe traditional values of truth, justice, shame, conscience, responsibility, duty, forgiveness,
and love in the process of civilization give way to functional and formal relations. A new impetus in this direction is given by digitized technologies that open up the possibility of making
ethical and legal decisions not by people, but by machines. It is about formalizing morality
and law, creating algorithms for making assessments and decisions that could be programmed
and executed by artificial intelligence. Fears are caused by the fact that a person in the face of
digital rights ceases to be a person, a subject, becomes an element of the law. But, given that
the “human factor” often turns into corruption, we have to admit that the formal approach is
more objective than emotional assessments based on sympathy. Therefore, in the Critique of
Practical Reason, I. Kant contrasted the ethics of feeling with morality based on duty, which
the thinker defined as the law of freedom. Obviously, the existing ethical and legal norms
require a change or addition of new rules governing the behavior of people in situations that
has not been encountered before. This problem arises in the context of the transition from an
estate society to a civil one. As man became more and more tightly enmeshed in economic and
social orders, he was already thinking according to the formula of nothing personal. The article
discusses the problem of substantiation of rational and emotional prerequisites of ethics
and law. Models of ethical and judicial decision-making are proposed, including an analysis of
the specific application of formal norms and laws, taking into account moral values.The research was conducted with the financial support of a grant from the Russian Ministry of
Science and Higher Education (project “The latest trends in the development of human sciences and
society in the context of the process of digitalization and new social problems and threats: interdisciplinary
approach”, agreement no. 075-15-2020-798)