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Impact of digitalization on antitrust regulation and control over economic concentration in the high-tech sector
No full textThe article discusses topical issues of protection and regulation of competition in the markets
in the digital business environment. The authors noted that the systems of regulation and law
enforcement should be flexibly combined, harmonized in order to develop adequate measures
to stimulate fair competition. From the standpoint of adaptation to Russian practice, the foreign
experience of the antimonopoly authorities in terms of regulating online markets, price
algorithms, and mergers and acquisitions has been studied. The high-tech sector is particularly
dynamic. In this regard, the authors draw attention to the fact that in the digital economy
of demand, the processes of monopolization, competition persist, but their content is
transformed, which complicates the analysis and assessment of monopolization, dominance,
competition. Anticompetitive practices can lead to the dominance of a single platform. The signs of the dominant position of digital platforms are revealed. Based on the regulatory and
legal approach, the article summarizes the Russian and foreign experience of qualifying economic
concentration and dominant position, identifies negative factors that cause the expansion
of regulatory control of antimonopoly authorities over digital platforms. The legal nature
of digital platforms, direct and indirect network effects have been studied in detail. It has
been proven that algorithms can serve as collusion tools in both horizontal and vertical agreements.
From the standpoint of economic research methods, an overview of the assessment of
the dominant position of antimonopoly authorities in the digital economy is carried out, it is
noted that the preconditions have been created for the formation of a platform economy. The
features of the antitrust policy in relation to digital platforms in Russia, the European Union
and the United States are considered. It is concluded that antitrust legislation in recent years
has become a powerful regulatory tool at the level of different jurisdictions.The study was carried out as part of the strategic leadership program “Priority 2030”
Общая теория систем обыкновенных дифференциальных уравнений
Full text linkРекомендовано в качестве литературы по основным образовательным программам СМ.5088.* Фундаментальная математика; СМ.5089.* Фундаментальная механика; СВ.5008.* Механика и математическое моделирование;
СВ.5004.2021 Прикладная математика и информатика; СВ.5213.2022 Прикладная математика, программирование и искусственный интеллект.Данное пособие посвящено общим вопросам теории систем обыкновенных дифференциальных уравнений и предназначено для студентов второго курса математико-механического факультета СПбГУ, обучающихся по специальностям «Фундаментальная математика», «Фундаментальная механика», «Прикладная математика и информатика», «Математика и компьютерные науки», «Технологии программирования», «Механика и математическое моделирование», «Астрономия».
Пособие составлено на основе лекций по второй части курса «Дифференциальные уравнения», рассчитанной на 14-20 часов (в соответствии с программой курса). Первая часть курса изложена в опубликованном ранее пособии авторов «Дифференциальные уравнения первого порядка. Существование и единственность решений».
Курс «Дифференциальные уравнения» является базовым курсом для студентов вышеперечисленных специальностей. Большая часть материала пособия изложена по конспекту лекций, которые многие годы на математико-механическом факультете СПбГУ (до 1992 года ЛГУ) читал заведующий кафедрой дифференциальных уравнений, профессор Виктор Александрович Плисс.
Теоретический материал, изложенный в пособии, снабжен набором интересных задач, которые предлагаются читателю для самостоятельного решения.
Пособие может быть использовано для проведения лекций, семинарских занятий и проверочных работ на математических, физических и других естественнонаучных факультетах высших учебных заведений
“The creature was made subject to vanity not willingly”: The controversy over the influence of the Fall on living nature and the rise of paleontology
No full textThis paper deals with discussions sparked by the scientific advances of paleontology
in the first half of the 19th century on whether predation and animal death should be
linked to the Fall of man. The history of the belief in paradisiacal vegetarianism and
animal peace, which could be traced back to the writings of Early Church fathers, is
briefly discussed. The paper discusses the argumentation of W. Buckland, E. Hitchcock,
H. Miller, and other men of science and theologians, who accepted the fact,
which became evident from the fossil record, that death and predation prevailed
in the living nature from the beginning, and struggled to conceive it in the Christian
terms. Light is shed on the early pictorial representations of prehistoric life,
which accentuated ferocity of the primeval world in stark contrast to the traditional
view on the prelapsarian harmony between animals. The attitudes of those who
persisted in defending the belief in peaceful animal relationships in paradise despite
of findings of paleontology are explored. The main exponents of the latter view
could be found among the “scriptural geologists”, the early predecessors of presentday
Young Earth creationists. The attempt by the Scottish theologian W. Gillespie
to explain the existence of predation in prehistoric animals by the Fall of Satan is
reviewed. It can be concluded that the revision of Christian doctrine of the earthly
paradise had been well underway in the pre-Darwinian age and was accomplished
with the triumph of evolutionism.The reported study was funded by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research according
to the research project No. 21-011-44042
Countering extremist activities of religious associations: International experience of legal regulation
No full textEveryone can freely profess any religion, i. e. to be a member of a religious association
or to be an atheist. This is what practically all existing legal norms concerning
freedom of conscience and faith say. However, restrictions on the spread of new
religious movements, destructive cults and sects, individual religious rites and ceremonies,
and extremist worldviews are regularly introduced by legislatures in different
countries. Such legislative acts can be divided into two main categories in
accordance with the logic of law enforcement practice: prohibitive and restrictive.
Prohibitive laws provide for a direct ban on any actions, restrictive ones provide for
a number of conditions under which the norm is used as a means of partial prohibition.
Prohibitive and restrictive measures against religious extremists are considered
as the activity of the State to ensure the right to freedom of conscience and freedom
of religion. This article analyzes the international experience of legal regulation of
the activities of destructive religious associations — new religious movements, cults
and sects, in particular, countering their extremist activities, and also examines the
possibility of implementing the norms of international law in this area
L. S. Tal and V. M. Gordon: Double portrait for the anniversary
No full textThis article provides a comparative analysis of the life and creative paths of well-known Russian
lawyers L. S. Tal and V. M. Gordon. The appeal of biographies of these scholars is not only
the anniversary of their births, but also meaningful and applied purposes. The activities of
these scholars, especially Tal, are linked to the formation of the domestic study of labor law,
and the discussion between them on key issues about the recruitment of labor is important for
understanding the genesis of labor law. The difference in their approaches to labor law issues
was due to differences in their training, specialization, and even temperament. At the same
time, many factual elements in their biographies have been clarified, and some have been
made public for the first time. This allows not only to correct their biographical information,
but also to better understand peculiarities of their worldviews and the scale of their contributions
to the development of legal studies. The relevance of their discussions is also increasing
in connection with currently changing approaches to regulating labor relations and increasing
its flexibility. Attention is drawn to the social environment in which their views were formed,
their gymnasium and university training, careers in public service, and personal lives. Their
scholarly and teaching activities were at the center of attention, and both at one time taught
and conducted scientific activities at the Demidov Juridical Lyceum (Yaroslavl)
Moving past the uncertain classification of platform workers
Full text linkWorkers under gig-economy arrangements have sharply increased in number over the last few
years. However, they still struggle to achieve the rights and entitlements typically accorded
by national labor laws to employees. The crux of disputes involving platform workers raised
around the world — over 100 in the EU alone — evolved around their classification. Obviously,
the aim of the litigation of gig workers was to open the main door leading to employment
and social security rights, i.e. to obtain “worker” status. The outcome of the disputes has
been rather mixed, even though there has been a clear stabilization. Many lawsuits have so far
been promoted across to challenge the “independent contractor” status accorded to platforms
to gig-workers, with mixed success. These decisions show that the traditional employment
tests do not completely understand this new model of work, so maintaining a high degree of
legal uncertainty around platform workers. Some possible solutions to get past this situation
are on the table, ranging from a new legislative definition of “employment” to the creation of
new intermediate categories of “dependent contractors.” However, the best way to address the
problem is by working out a different distribution of employment protections between “employee”
and self-employed workers
Thermodynamic analysis of primary and secondary mineral stability in melilite-nephelinite tuff with Australopithecus Afarensis footprints (Laetoli, Tanzania)
No full textThe Laetoli area in northern Tanzania is an important palaeo-anthropological site, where the
oldest footprints of Australopithecus afarensis reside. Aeolian tuffs are the major rock type at Laetoli and they are divided into Lower and Upper Laetolil Beds that were deposited at an
interval of 4.36 and 3.63 million years. The Upper Laetolil Beds contain eight layers of air-fall
tuffs known as marker tuffs. The Australopithecus afarensis footprints are observed on the
surface of the white tuff, which is a part of the Upper Laetolil marker tuff 7, also known as the
“Footprint Tuff.” The interpolated age of the marker tuff 7 is 3.66 million years. Two mineral
assemblages are distinguished in the Upper Laetolil marker tuffs. The first assemblage consists
of primary tuff minerals and includes clinopyroxene (diopside, augite, aegirine-augite),
nepheline, melilite (åkermanite and alumoåkermanite), garnet (andradite and schorlomite),
magnetite, and others. The second mineral assemblage consists of secondary minerals, montmorillonite,
calcite, and phillipsite. They were formed during replacement of the primary minerals,
volcanic glass, and ash cementation. Thermodynamic calculations show that the major
primary tuff minerals (melilite and nepheline) are stable at variable sodium activity and pH
values. Replacement of melilite and nepheline by montmorillonite is caused by a decrease of
sodium activity in slightly alkaline, neutral and acidic conditions (рН < 10). Montmorillonite
is not present in the altered nephelinitic tuff of the Sadiman volcano (which is considered as a
source of the Laetolil Beds) where kaolinite is the major secondary mineral. This is explained
by the difference in H2O fugacity with higher lgfH2O values in Sadiman and lower values in
Laetoli. Relationships between primary and secondary tuffs minerals on the lgaHCO3 vs pH
plot suggest mineral transformation within the Laetolil Beds in slightly acid and neutral conditions
(рН = 5–7) compared with more alkaline conditions at Sadiman (рН > 10).This study was supported by the Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authorities (Tanzania), Russian
Foundation for Basic Research (grant 18-05-00835) and The Natural History Museum (London). Scientific
research was performed at the Centers for X-ray Diffraction Methods and Geomodel of the Research Park
of St Petersburg State University
Мы изучаем русский: для говорящих на арабском языке. Урок 16
No full textПрошедшее время глагола. Предложения с союзом поэтому.
Наречия времени вчера, позавчера, раньше.
Глаголы сидеть, есть, пить
Мы изучаем русский: для говорящих на арабском языке. Урок 22
No full textУпотребление глаголов уметь и знать. Спряжение глагола брать.
Конструкции со словами можно, нужно (= надо), нельзя
Мы изучаем русский: для говорящих на арабском языке. Урок 26
No full textКоличественные числительные 21–100. Спряжение глаголов с суффиксами
-ова-, -ева-. Вопросительные предложения со словами какой и где.
Наречия места