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CARTESIAN “I THINK, THEREFORE, I AM” IN THE PERSPECTIVES OF LOGIC AND PHENOMENOLOGY
Full text linkIn this article the questions under discussion are the properties of Descartes’s application of the first
rule of his method, which requires not to agree with anything that could give rise to doubt. It is well
known that Descartes came to the conclusion that only the truth “I think, therefore I am” is undoubted.
The article examines the logical status of this truth and reveals that it is an entimeme where the major
premise is unstated. An analysis of Descartes’s works shows that the premise that he does not explicitly
express is the proposition “If I think, therefore I exist, and if I do not think, then I do not exist.”
It follows that Descartes’ complete syllogism would be like this: “I exist if and only if I think; I think;
therefore, I exist.” In this paper, the discussion focuses on the proof of the certainty of the position
“I exist,” proposed by St Augustin in his treatise The City of God. St Augustin proves the proposition
“I am deceived that I exist” to be false in every possible interpretation. Hence the position “I exist” is
true in every possible interpretation. According to Descartes, the only undoubted statements are those
that are kept within the limits of “I think,” or within the limits of inner experience, while the data of
external experience are always dubious. Thus, the statement “I walk” is not obvious, since it can only
seem to me that I am walking. At the same time, the judgment “It seems to me that I walk” is undoubtedly.
Ancient sceptics also believed that the data of internal experience are doubtless, and the data of
external experience are not due to the fact that all objects of the external world are in fact not what they
seem to be. However, there is a significant difference between the ancient sceptical approach and that of
Descartes. I put forward the view that the ancient sceptics, although they are convinced that the things
of the external world are not what they seem, still surely believe that each item in that world exists. But
Descartes surpassed both ancient sceptics and academics in their scepticism, since he doubted the very
existence of the external world. He was able to imagine that he exists exclusively as a thinking entity
with no body, no world around him, and no space to store that world. It is by the fact that Descartes
doubts the existence of the external world that he has cleared the way for transcendental philosophy
and phenomenology
Session of Section of the House of scientists of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the theoretical mechanics of prof. N. N. Poljakhov. November 17, 2021
No full textSession of Section of the House of scientists of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the theoretical mechanics of prof. N. N. Poljakhov. November 17, 202
Optimization of oscillation damping modes of spatial double pendulum. I. Formulation of the problem
No full textThe paper discusses the issues of optimal damping of oscillations of a spatial double pendulum,
whose joint axes are not collinear to each other. As options for damping, both
simply passive damping associated with the influence of viscous friction, and combined
passive and active damping are considered, and active influences are formed according to
the principle of collinear control. The analytical solution of the system motion equations is
given for both cases in the framework of the linear model, and it clearly demonstrates the
damping of motions on the natural oscillation modes of the original conservative model.
The optimization criteria characterizing the efficiency of the damping processes of system
movements are considered. It is noted that in order to obtain the most strongly marked
damping modes, the degree of stability should be maximized or the integral energy-time
indicator should be minimized. In addition, the main advantages and disadvantages of these
optimization criteria are discussed. This article is the basis for further research, which will
be presented as a separate article “Optimization of oscillation damping modes of spatial
double pendulum. II. Solving the problem and analyzing the results”
Nikolay Gumilyov’s toponymical epithets
No full textThis article analyzes functions and semantics of epithets pertaining to geographical names
(topopoetonyms) in Gumilyov’s poems. Among 206 proper names and 77 epithets are definitions containing emotional assessment: crazy Africa (“Love Island”), kingly Niger (“Niger”)
and color characteristics: golden Baghdad (“Pilgrim”), green Siberia (“Sahara”) prevailed. The
epithet in genitival constructions usually refers to the main word of the nominal group: Tsargrad’s
golden gate (“Sweden”), green waves of the Euphrates (“Adam’s Dream”), but in the periphrases
it can be given to a geographical name: the queen of boundless Rus (i. e. Moscow,
“Muzhik”). The analysis of the most common definitions (distant, remote; ancient; mysterious)
showed that the epithet in the poetic text conveys several dictionary meanings, and its semantics
are befogged by contextual connotations. Thus, the epithet distant to the topopoetonym
Siberia (“Modernity”) express the idea of remoteness both in time and space, while the image
of Siberia opens up a special space of poetic world — a place where the past continues in the
present. In the poem “Galla”, the idea of opposing different cultures, is conveyed through the
image of remote and wild Russia, as it is presented through the voice of a teacher of Islam. The
definition ancient (“Words to Davydov’s music”, “Rhodes”) in Gumilyov’s poems also creates
a temporal perspective of poetic description, has a positive connotation referring to high importance
of the object designated by the topopoetonym, while the epithet mysterious (e. g. Rus,
the poem “Old estates”) has an additional meaning — ‘associated with sacrament’
Материалы XLVI международной научной филологической конференции. 13–22 марта 2017 года
Full text linkВ сборник вошли краткие статьи по материалам докладов, прочитанных на XLVI Международной научной филологической конференции, которая состоялась с 13 по 22 марта 2017 года в Санкт-Петербургском государственном университете. По сложившейся традиции конференция объединяет ученых, изучающих широкий спектр проблем разнообразных научных направлений - от общего языкознания и теории литературы до математической лингвистики и текстологии. В сборнике представлены результаты теоретических и прикладных исследований по широкому кругу актуальных проблем современной филологии. Материалы трудов предназначены филологам, лингвистам, литературоведам, культурологам, переводчикам, педагогам, а также могут быть использованы в научной, учебной и учебно-методической работе преподавателей высших учебных заведений
Мы изучаем русский: для говорящих на дари. Урок 10
No full textВинительный падеж неодушевлённых имён существительных в значении
прямого объекта. Переходные глаголы 1 спряжения. Я играю в футбол
Мы изучаем русский: для говорящих на дари. Урок 25
No full textВиды глагола. Будущее сложное время. Конструкции со словами
можно, нельзя, надо/нужно в прошедшем и будущем времени
Мы изучаем русский: для говорящих на дари. Урок 39
No full textРодительный падеж для обозначения температуры, времени, стоимости.
Количественные числительные 100–1000
Some observations on distance measurement words in Finnish and Swedish
Full text linkThe paper presents an overview of words denoting units of measurement in the
Finnish and Swedish languages. Comparative studies between these two languages
seem relevant because they have been used in the neighboring regions and countries
with a long history of political, cultural, and people-to-people interaction. First, the
study describes metalexemes of space and distance in Swedish and Finnish. Next, using
thesauri, topical dictionaries and corpora, the study applies the combination of quantitative
and qualitative approaches to identify and evaluate pragmatics and communication
context for utterances of measure words. Then, the paper identifies several categories
of measurement words in the languages, taking etymology into consideration, such
as traditional measures, SI-units, foreign units and analyzes their use in the contexts of
corpora representing modern discourse. The paper highlights the differences and similarities
in how Swedish and Finnish use different categories of the vocabulary items.
The detailed analysis of contexts provides observations about collocations and topics
of news where these measure words occur. Moreover, the study addresses the impact
of Swedish and Russian on Finnish, due to the historical and political circumstances.
According to the data studied, the study infers that Finnish and Swedish use all types of
measurement words. However, the frequency, contexts of the occurrences and speech
situations differ. Some categories tend to be used in a limited amount of topics, while
others have no restrictions in usage. The study is expected to contribute to practical
dimensions of working with the languages, namely teaching and translation