Longwood University

https://digitalcommons.longwood.edu/trisig_composites/1011/thumbnail.jp

1975 Sigma Sigma Sigma Composite

https://digitalcommons.longwood.edu/trisig_composites/1018/thumbnail.jp

1979 Sigma Sigma Sigma Composite

https://digitalcommons.longwood.edu/trisig_composites/1022/thumbnail.jp

1983 Sigma Sigma Sigma Composite

https://digitalcommons.longwood.edu/trisig_composites/1032/thumbnail.jp

1990 Sigma Sigma Sigma Composite

Important historical sites typically get entered into the Virginia Historic Registry, and currently, there are over 3,100 locally and/or federally registered places. 58 sites have been delisted - this project attempts to answer questions regarding why they were removed as they spatially relate to one another and the state regions they lie in. This will identify common problems to historic sites, thus guiding solutions for future preservation

Waddell, Caleigh

Virginia’s Lost History: Analyzing Delisted Historical Sites for Future Preservation Efforts

History of decedents of Christian Ruffner, Jr. who settled in Coalfield, T

Unknown

Longwood University 
Digital Commons @ Longwood University 
Ruffner Family History Records Ruffner Family Association Collection, LU-163 
2023 
The Ruffner Family of Coalfield, TN 
Unknown 
Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.longwood.edu/ruffnerfamily_records 
Recommended Citation 
Unknown, "The Ruffner Family of Coalfield, TN" (2023). Ruffner Family History Records. 78. 
https://digitalcommons.longwood.edu/ruffnerfamily_records/78 
This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Ruffner Family Association Collection, LU-163 at 
Digital Commons @ Longwood University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Ruffner Family History Records by 
an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Longwood University. For more information, please contact 
alwinehd@longwood.edu. 












English

The Ruffner Family of Coalfield, TN

Photos of Ruffner Places and artifacts, includes Holly Gove, Joseph Ruffner\u27s Homestead, Hiram Ruffner\u27s Home, and Mary Ruffner Bridge as well as other important places to the Ruffner famil

Longwood University 
Digital Commons @ Longwood University 
Ruffner Family History Records Ruffner Family Association Collection, LU-163 
2023 
Photos of Ruffner places and artifacts 
Unknown 
Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.longwood.edu/ruffnerfamily_records 
Recommended Citation 
Unknown, "Photos of Ruffner places and artifacts" (2023). Ruffner Family History Records. 82. 
https://digitalcommons.longwood.edu/ruffnerfamily_records/82 
This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Ruffner Family Association Collection, LU-163 at 
Digital Commons @ Longwood University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Ruffner Family History Records by 
an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Longwood University. For more information, please contact 
alwinehd@longwood.edu. 
Holly Grove Mansion 
Charleston - West Virginia
Joseph Ruffner Homestead 
Chareston - West Virginia
7 THE JiUFFflERS
Grave o f Joseph Ruffner, who 
bought the site o f Charleston 
from the Clendenins. His son. 
Daniel, built Holly Mansion 
on Kanawha Street in 1815. 
The Ruffners aided oil andgas 
development by im proved 
drills used in salt wells.
Peter Rufïher Jr.’s Home 
Luray - Virginia
memumU S B^ PM l  PfjHM
'êmm%s
Luray - Virginia
Hiram RufFner's Home in the 1930fs 
Lancaster - Ohio
Doriifi L Huffn^t
Klittjîçir,;-e otUstgjl* 
• Deanvand -Keith.^ 
Ktimler- Âütgmoûjfê
3gàky Ann Kraü-se
Brick in Lancaster - Ohio

BUILT IN 1820 BY NEHEMlAH WOOD FROM BRICK 
MADE ON THE FARM. THE HOMESTEAD ONCE SER­
VED AS A STAGECOACH STOP PURCHASED BY BOB 
EVANS IN 1953. THE EVANS FAMILY LIVED IN THE HOME 
FOR 17 YEARS. THE BUILDING IS NOW USED FOR VARIOUS 
PURPOSES AND IS ONLY OPEN TO THE PUBLIC DURING 
SELECT FARM EVENTS.
THE HOMESTEAD
11MI
Eve (RufFner) & Nehemiah Wood 
Homestead 
Rio Grande - Ohio
Emanuel Ruffner’s Home 
Rushville - Ohio
Joseph Ruffner's Home 
Rushville - Ohio
Jacob Kate Rufiner s Sword 
Rushville - Ohio
Jacob Kate Rufiner s Dog Tag 
Rushville - Ohio
Lt. Jacob "Kate” Ruffner 
Rushville - Ohio
Roger Rufïher - Navy 
Columbus - Ohio
Hiram C. "Jack" Ruffner - Navy 
Tennessee


Photos of Ruffner places and artifacts

History of the descendants of Jonas and Anna Ruffner in Californi

Gaeng, Betty

Longwood University 
Digital Commons @ Longwood University 
Ruffner Family History Records Ruffner Family Association Collection, LU-163 
2023 
Ruffner Family of Lompoc, CA, Descendants of Jonas and Anna 
(Mauck) Ruffner 
Betty Gaeng 
Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.longwood.edu/ruffnerfamily_records 
Recommended Citation 
Gaeng, Betty, "Ruffner Family of Lompoc, CA, Descendants of Jonas and Anna (Mauck) Ruffner" (2023). 
Ruffner Family History Records. 84. 
https://digitalcommons.longwood.edu/ruffnerfamily_records/84 
This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Ruffner Family Association Collection, LU-163 at 
Digital Commons @ Longwood University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Ruffner Family History Records by 
an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Longwood University. For more information, please contact 
alwinehd@longwood.edu. 





Ruffner Family of Lompoc, CA, Descendants of Jonas and Anna (Mauck) Ruffner

Longwood University 
Digital Commons @ Longwood University 
Ruffner Family History Records Ruffner Family Association Collection, LU-163 
2023 
Photograph Hale House 
Unknown 
Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.longwood.edu/ruffnerfamily_records 
Recommended Citation 
Unknown, "Photograph Hale House" (2023). Ruffner Family History Records. 96. 
https://digitalcommons.longwood.edu/ruffnerfamily_records/96 
This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Ruffner Family Association Collection, LU-163 at 
Digital Commons @ Longwood University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Ruffner Family History Records by 
an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Longwood University. For more information, please contact 
alwinehd@longwood.edu. 



Photograph Hale House

China, Erica

Comer, Bethany

Scotece, Angelina

Winn, Kaynia

Rhoten, Melissa C.

Longwood University 
Digital Commons @ Longwood University 
Spring Showcase for Research and Creative 
Inquiry Office of Student Research 
Spring 2023 
The Nitrate Project: An Analysis of Algal Growth 
Erica China 
Longwood University 
Bethany Comer 
Longwood University 
Angelina Scotece 
Longwood University 
Kaynia Winn 
Longwood University 
Melissa C. Rhoten 
Longwood University 
Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.longwood.edu/rci_spring 
Recommended Citation 
China, Erica; Comer, Bethany; Scotece, Angelina; Winn, Kaynia; and Rhoten, Melissa C., "The Nitrate 
Project: An Analysis of Algal Growth" (2023). Spring Showcase for Research and Creative Inquiry. 210. 
https://digitalcommons.longwood.edu/rci_spring/210 
This Poster is brought to you for free and open access by the Office of Student Research at Digital Commons @ 
Longwood University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Spring Showcase for Research and Creative Inquiry by 
an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Longwood University. For more information, please contact 
alwinehd@longwood.edu. 
References
The Nitrate Project: An Analysis of Algal Growth
Erica China, Bethany Comer, Angelina Scotece, Kaynia Winn
ISCI 121 Entering Research II; Faculty Mentor: Melissa Rhoten
Results & Discussion
Research Question
1. CBF, Chesapeake Bay Foundation. 2022. “State of the Bay Report 2022.” (accessed February 3, 2023).
2. What is a watershed? Chesapeake Bay. (n.d.). Retrieved January 20, 2023, fromhttps://www.chesapeakebay.net/discover/watershed
3. Denchak, M., & Sturm, M. (2019, August 28). Freshwater Harmful Algal Blooms 101. NRDC. Retrieved February 7, 2023, from https://www.nrdc.org/stories/freshwater-harmful-algal- blooms-10
Methods
Introduction
How do nitrates and phosphates affect 
algal growth?
• The Chesapeake Bay, an important coastal body of water, is 
a watershed that spans thousands of miles ranging from 
Maryland to New York.1
• With the effects of runoff from urban areas and farms, the 
Chesapeake Bay has been experiencing harsh backlash from 
nutrient pollution.2
• The nitrate (NO3
-) and phosphate (PO4
3-) ions are two 
components that comprise nutrient pollution. Elevated levels 
of both of these ions are known to contribute to the Bay’s 
poor water quality, which leads to a lack of biodiversity and 
algal blooms.
• The main reason why algal blooms are so harmful is that the 
sea grasses and the algae compete for resources such as 
oxygen and space.3
• Algae samples were set up using the schemes shown in Tables 1 and 2.
• Flasks were loosely covered with Parafilm and placed on a light cart equipped with 
lighting emitting 80-90 foot-candles while incubating at 27°C. Following two weeks 
with observations made in between weeks, the algae were isolated using vacuum 
filtration and set aside to dry overnight.
• Samples were weighed with their corresponding filter paper and dried bacteria 
before having their masses recorded. This was then used to calculate the growth of 
the Anabaena cyanobacteria.
• Figures 5 and 6 show 
the average mass of 
the Anabaena at 
each of the nitrate 
and phosphate 
levels, respectively.
• Tables 3 and 4 show 
the results of two t-
tests (assuming 
equal variances).
• No significant 
difference in algal 
growth resulted from 
the enhanced nitrate 
or phosphate levels 
as compared to the 
control.
t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances
Variable 1 Variable 2
Mean 0.0234 0.0177
Variance 0.0001343 6.22333E-05
Observations 5 10
Pooled Variance 8.44077E-05
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
df 13
t Stat 1.132721685
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.13889551
t Critical one-tail 1.770933396
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.27779102
t Critical two-tail 2.160368656
t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances
Variable 1 Variable 2
Mean 0.0177 0.021
Variance 6.22E-05 2.4E-05
Observations 10 5
Pooled Variance 5.05E-05
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
df 13
t Stat -0.84809
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.205867
t Critical one-tail 1.770933
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.411733
t Critical two-tail 2.160369
Figure 6. Average Algal Growth as a 
Function of Phosphate Level. The 
histogram above shows the most 
algal growth at the 36.7 ppm PO4
3-
treatment level.
Figure 5. Average Algal Growth as 
a Function of Nitrate Level. 
The histogram above shows the most 
algal growth at the 74 ppm NO3
-
treatment level.
Table 3. Results of a t-test comparing the 
mean algal mass for the 70 ppm NO3
- to the 
control group. The P (one-tail) was greater 
than alpha (0.05) indicating that there was no 
significant difference in the two means.
Figure 2. Photo of mixtures during initial setup
mL of algae mL of 100 ppm 
KNO3
mL of spring 
water
[NO3
-
] (ppm)
10 0 20 0
10 1 19 27.3
10 5 15 40.7
10 10 10 57.3
10 15 5 74
10 20 0 90.7
mL of algae mL of 100 ppm 
K3PO4
mL of spring 
water
[PO4
3-
] (ppm)
10 0 20 0
10 2 18 10
10 4 16 16.7
10 6 14 23.3
10 8 12 30
10 10 10 36.7
Figure 3. Photo of the mixtures at 1 week.
Table 1. Nitrate (NO3
-) Treatment Levels
Table 2. Phosphate (PO4
3-) Treatment Levels
Figure 1.
Photo of 
Anabaena
cyanobacteria
Figure 4. Algae was 
isolated using suction 
filtration to determine the 
algal growth. 
Table 4. Results of a t-test comparing the 
mean algal mass for the 36.7 ppm PO4
3- to the 
control group. The P (one-tail) was greater 
than alpha (0.05) indicating that there was no 
significant difference in the two means.
