Epoka University

Vorlic, Petr

English

THE BLENDED NATURE OF CZECH ARCHITECTURE IN THE EIGHTIES

Petaccia, Nicola

Covic, Ivica

DEFINING LANDSCAPE STRATEGIES FOR EASTERN EUROPEAN HOUSING NEIGHBORHOODS

Jaha-Hoxha, Teuta

 
 
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THE CHALLENGES OF KOSOVO MUNICIPALITIES 
CONCERNING PUBLIC OPEN SPACES AND THEIR 
MAINTENANCE 
Teuta Jaha-Hoxha 
University for Business and Technology (UBT) 
Prishtina, Kosovo 
teuta.jaha@gmail.com 
 
ABSTRACT 
Practice in Kosovo has shown us that the municipalities are 
planning and implementing capital investments at different costs, but 
they do not think or plan their maintenance. We wonder if those 
investments are sustainable and have a long duration.  
Looking at the Kosovo trend, and after analysing the needs in the 
municipalities of Kosovo, it seems necessary to think about the next 
steps. Should we let investments as they are, or do we have to think 
how should we keep it? How should we plan the maintenance? What 
should we need to do in advance? How many technical and human 
resources we need and what will be the price for it, etc. etc.?  
Regarding Public Open Spaces (POSs), all these questions have 
been addressed in a document called “Public Open Spaces 
Maintenance Plan (POSMP)” and “Public Open Spaces Investment 
Plan (POSIP)”. 
This paper attempts to explain the necessary steps undertaken 
and the process for drafting a maintenance plan, the challenges over 
which the working group of the municipalities of Kosova, in this case the 
department of public services of the municipalities has gone through. 
In order to begin the necessary activities for the drafting of the 
maintenance plan, Mayor of municipality issued a decision for the 
establishment of the working group and the coordination group with 
their duties and responsibilities. Then they have organized on-the-job 
training to use geographic information system (GIS). Through GIS they 
identified all POSs on their territory with all the elements within the 
POSs creating a database. 
 Parts of the POSMP are also the annexes where are presented 
monthly plans of activities for maintaining of all POSs which also 
foresees the planning of the necessary budget for the annual 
maintenance. If maintenance will be outsourcing, POSs activities plans 
 
 
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are an integral part of the bidding material. Whereby, the municipality 
concludes the maintenance cycle of POSs on its territory, including 
regular monitoring on a daily basis. 
 
KEYWORDS: Public Open Space, Maintenance plan, Investment 
plan, Activity plan, GIS, Capital investments. 
  
 
 
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INTRODUCTION 
After the war of 1999 Kosovo had many challenges, starting from 
emergency phase providing shelters for the population, reconstruction 
and construction of new administrative infrastructure, education, 
dwelling, road infrastructure, sewage system, water supply etc., up to 
the moment of establishing the state governance. Whereas regarding 
the environment, greenery, respectively the open public spaces and 
their maintenance the country had very little engagement on their 
agendas be it on central or local level.  
The Council of Europe Identifies public open space as “an 
essential part of the urban heritage. A strong element in the 
architectural and aesthetic form of a town” Therefore, for Kosovo 
municipalities POS plays an important role in the lives of the inhabitants, 
besides the educational, ecological, economic development is also 
important for social interaction and promoting community development. 
Working in the field of Public services, especially in public open 
spaces, with 17 partner municipalities of Swiss project “Decentralisation 
and municipal support - DEMOS I, it was big challenge for me also for 
responsible municipal staff involved in this field. 
Support is dedicated to creating data base through GIS system, 
of all existing public open spaces (parks, squares, playgrounds, sport 
fields and other multi-use destinations) and to better maintain them. The 
assistance is primarily demanded, driven in supporting assessments, 
planning, monitoring service provision, enforcement, and public 
awareness. 
Through this support to municipalities, have been developed 
Public Open Spaces Maintenance Plans (POSMP) and Public Open 
Spaces Investment Plans (POSIP) for 9 Kosovo municipalities: Shtime, 
Lipjan, Rahovec, Junik, Peja, Kamenica, Prishtina, Novoberda, and 
Vitia. 
While researching and analysing different materials and studies, 
I noticed that different countries set different standards per m2 per 
capita of public space, e.g. in Mumbai, based on the “The National 
Commission on Urbanisation (1988) suggests that the ideal ratio of 
open spaces is 4 acres per 1,000 persons, converted on square m per 
habitant is 16.19m2. The ratio of open space per thousand residents in 
Mumbai is 0.03 acres (0.121m2/habitant) as against more than three 
acres in New Delhi and Kolkata. 
Standards foreseen in municipal plans of Kosovo municipalities 
are adapted in POSMP. Targeted standard of POS in a long-term plan 
is 10 m2 /inhabitants. 
 
 
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PLANNING PROCESS 
In order to know which are next activities, terms and 
responsibilities of each individual during the drafting process of PMPOS 
and PIPOS it was necessary to undertake some activities before 
starting the drafting plan. First of all, mayor of municipality of Lipjan, 
issues the decision for establishment of Working Group (WG) and 
Coordination Group (CG) with description of duties and responsibilities 
(Figure 1). Member of CG it can be Mayor or Vice mayor, Director of 
Public Service or Director of Budget and Finance, whereas member of 
the WG are Director of Public service as a leader, officer for 
environment, gender officer, urbanist, planer and finance office. In total 
member of the WG are planned to be five, seven or nine officers, 
depending how big the municipalities are. 
 
Figure 3: Municipal decision for establishment of Working Group (WG) and 
Coordination group (CG) 
 
Since we had no experience to draft such plans in Kosovo, the 
donator with participation of municipality has seen it reasonable to fund 
the study visit in Swiss at the city of Biel Bienne. Coming back to Kosovo 
the working group started with the first steps on drafting the plan. The 
 
 
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working group of Lipjan Municipality with the support of the field experts 
initially drafted the working plan including all necessary activities, time 
period and deliverables. 
 
Figure 2: A part of activity plan and deliverables of POSMP and POSIP 
 
The planning period of WG upon drafting of POSMP and POSIP 
by Lipjan municipality was very ambitious at the beginning, planned to 
be completed within 4 months (June – September). Nevertheless, when 
the municipal officials started to work, they needed more time to work 
on the document then they have foreseen. First of all, they had to 
perform their primary duties as per they working contract and later on 
to work on drafting the plan as additional task provided by employer, 
not being paid for it, thus it has been foreseen to work on it within the 
daily duty and this kind of performance has delayed the entire process. 
We have also to consider other administrative bureaucracies within the 
municipality. So, the final approval of POSMP&POSIP at the assembly 
took 6 months instead of 4 planning months. 
IDENTIFICATION OF PUBLIC OPEN SPACES AND 
CREATION OF DATABASE 
Creation of POS database is the main element to start working on 
the Maintenance and the Investment plan of POS. In order to create the 
sustainable database and update it time to time it has been decided to 
 
 
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do it with software GIS – Geographical Information System. The 
working group was in need to be trained in advance. We have chosen 
to use this software since it is an open source and it can be downloaded 
from internet. 
 
Figure 3: POS in urban zone of the city of Lipjan 
 
During the identification of public spaces, the WG encountered 
many difficulties to compare the cadastral data. In many occasions they 
did not match. At the end as real grounds for maintenance of POS were 
taken the areas being measured at the field. 
 
Figure 4: Summary – POSs by area 
 
 
 
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The process of drafting the plan included the regular meetings 
between WG and CG after each completed chapter. Only after the 
approval of work by CG we worked further to the next chapter. During 
the planning process it is also important to have the organisation and 
the participation of citizens, where through organized public discussions 
we have consulted and considered their requirements. 
 
Figure 5: Photos from working group and public debates 
 
 
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CHALLENGES 
Having in mind that this is the first from 5 municipalities that 
started to draft the POSMP and POSIP, indeed the working group 
encountered many challenges. 
Some of those challenges are as below: 
• Mayor’s Decision on establishment of Coordinating and 
Working Group and start of work; 
• Training of WG with GIS software; 
• Identification of POSs at the territory of Lipjan municipality; 
• Discrepancies of cadastral notes with the records in the 
field 
• Public debates with citizens; 
• Small municipal budget to maintain the POSs; 
• Decrease of priority list to 22 POSs only in urban area; 
• Current area of POSs for active and passive recreation is 
5.82 m2/inhabitants; 
• Target quantitative standard of POSs in long-term in 
10m2/inhabitants. 
 
POSMP has its annexes where you can find the compiled table of 
activities for 22 POSs which based on existing and planned budget, will 
be maintained. These tables would be part of tendering material of 
Lipjan municipality in order to enter into a contract with maintaining 
company. 
 
Figure 6: Tabular forms of activities for maintenance of specific POS within area, 
unit, quantity, price and timing 
 
 
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The maintenance of POSs previously and recently has been 
made through service contracts given to outdoor contracted operators, 
respectively the framework contract with 3 years’ duration. The same 
are managed by engaged official who is in charge to supervise the 
infrastructure projects. We can mention some of the deficiencies 
identified on it: 
• Deficiencies on division of maintaining areas/fields; 
• Deficiencies on anticipated maintaining activities; 
• Incorrect description of maintaining activities; 
• Lack of technical specifications; 
• Deficiencies on planning and maintaining dynamic, etc. 
 
The afore mentioned deficiencies have set in doubts the 
relevance of offered prices in previous contracts, whereas as 
consequence the monitoring of maintenance could become difficult. 
Nowadays, the municipality can monitor in advance the contractor as 
per the plan of planned activities and seek for responsibility from the 
contractor also to plan the necessary budget for next year’s pursuant to 
POSMP and POSIP. 
 
Figure 7: Approved POSMP and POSIP for Lipjan Municipality 
 
 
 
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In December 2015 after 6 months of work made by WG and CG 
we have managed to complete the drafting of PMPOS and POSIP for 
Lipjan municipality and approved it at municipal assembly. 
 
Figure 8: Lipjan Municipal assembly decision for approving of POSMP and 
POSIP 
CONCLUSION 
On the whole we can say that because of the difficulties we had, 
initially the project itself which supported the municipalities, but 
especially the municipalities involved in the drafting of maintenance 
plans, this initiative and engagement of both parties has resulted in 
success of the municipality and the citizens who are users of the POSs. 
Municipalities have come to the conclusion that without the right 
maintenance plan and investment plan in the POSS, cannot have a fair 
budget planning and cannot have maintained public open spaces. Not 
having maintained investment maid in POSs, is a failed investment, 
because over the time it begins to be demolished. In this case, the 
citizens are dissatisfied, and the environment is unclean, degraded and 
unmanaged. 
Finally, we can conclude that the experience in the 10 supported 
municipalities is guidance for other municipalities in Kosovo that have 
no maintenance and investment plan of POSs. They should take 
initiatives and act as soon as possible with the development of the 
 
 
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POSMP and POSIP, independently or with the support of external 
expertise. 
 
REFERENCES 
Drafting of Public Open Spaces Maintenance Plan and Investment Plan 
http://helvetas-ks.org/demos2/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Udhezues-per-
hartimin-e-PMPOS PIPOS_ENG_01.pdf , 07.06.2019 
 
Inventorying of assets in public open spaces/ experience from Municipality of Lipjan 
http://helvetas-ks.org/demos2/wp-
content/uploads/2016/11/udhezuesi_lipjan_eng_meballine.pdf 
07.06.2019 
 
Public Open Spaces Maintenance Plan (POSMP) 
http://helvetas-ks.org/demos2/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Plani-i-mirembajtjes-
e-hapesirave-publike-Lipjan-ENG.pdf 
07.06.2019 
 
Public Open Spaces Investment Plan (POSIP) 
http://helvetas-ks.org/demos2/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Plani-per-investime-
Lipjan-ANG.pdf 
07.06.2019 
 
Shilpa Ranade, Shilpa Phadke, Sameera Khan. January 2009. “Entry Restricted: 
Open Public Spaces in Mumbai”. Published in “Indian Architect & builder, 
Vol 22(5), Mumbai. 
06.09.2019 
 
The Council of Europe and culture heritage 1954-2000, page 174, under 1.3 
Council of Europe. 1986. https://www.coe.int/en/web/culture-and-heritage 
06.09.2019 
 
Nuno Montenegro, José Beirão and José Duarte. 2012. “Describing and locating 
public open spaces in urban planning”, International Journal of Design 
Sciences and Technology, Volume 19 Number 2 (2012) ISSN 1630-7267 
06.09.2019 
 
Chunhua Wang1,2, Jean-Claude Thill1, Ross K. Meentemeyer. Received: 7 
February 2010 / Accepted: 8 April 2011. “Estimating the demand for public 
open space: Evidence from North Carolina municipalities” 
06.09.2019 
 
Ashkan Nochian, Osman Mohd Tahir, Suhardi Maulan and Mehdi Rakhshanderoo. 
2015. “A comprehensive public open space categorization using 
classification system for sustainable development of public open spaces”. 
 
 
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Department of Landscape Architecture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 
Malaysia 
06.09.2019 
 
E. Delgado, “Open Space & Recreation Strategy 2006 – 2016,” City of Marion, 
2006. 
https://cdn.marion.sa.gov.au/sp/Open-Space-and-Recreation-Strategy-2006-
2016-Section-2-Strategic-Plan.pdf?mtime=20180307163409 
06.09.2019 
 
R. A. P. Louis M. Rea, Designing and conducting survey research: A 
comprehensive guide. John Wiley & Sons, 2014. 
https://eva.udelar.edu.uy/pluginfile.php/876387/mod_resource/content/0/Louis%2
0M.%20Rea%2C%20Richard%20A.%20Parker-
Designing%20and%20Conducting%20Survey%20Research_%20A%20Co
mprehensive%20Guide-Jossey-Bass%20%282014%29.pdf 
06.09.2019 
 
Alison B. Hirsch, 2014, From “Open Space” to “Public Space” Activist Landscape 
Architects of the 1960s, Landscape Journal 33:2 ISSN 0277-2426, 2014 by 
the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System 
https://www.academia.edu/35561913/From_Open_Space_to_Public_Space_Acti
vist_Landscape_Architects_of_the_1960s 
06.09.2019 
 
Arfanara Najnin Papia, 2011, “Landscape, Public Open Spaces and Public 
Participation” 11th International Congress of Asian Planning Schools 
Association, The University of Tokyo, Japan. 
 
Marie Juul Madsen, 2014. “The crucial need of urban open spaces in the 
adaptation to climate change” Master’s thesis. Department of Geosciences 
and Natural Resource Management Faculty of Science University of 
Copenhagen 
https://ign.ku.dk/english/research/landscape-architecture-planning/landscape-
technology/water-green-africa/project-
publications/filer/MasterthesisMarieMadsen_Acrobat_6.0.pdf 
06.09.2019 
 
Terry O’Regan at al. 2015, “Landscape Protection Management & Planning” 
Klinë/Klina Initiative 2015 
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ocumentId=09000016806ae6c1 
06.09.2019 
  


THE CHALLENGES OF KOSOVO MUNICIPALITIES CONCERNING PUBLIC OPEN SPACES AND THEIR MAINTENANCE

Nagy, Amr

Ali, Shimaa M.

Radwan, Ahmed H.

AN INTEGRATED DESIGN MODEL FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN WATERFRONT AREAS PORT SAID CITY AS A CASE STUDY.URBAN REGENERATION IN COASTAL CITIES

Fallanca, Concetta

Carra, Natalina

Taccone, Antonio

SHARED METHODS FOR THE VALORISATION OF THE INLAND TERRITORY. THE ALLIANCE BETWEEN SAMO AND THE ABANDONED VILLAGE OF PRECACORE

Architecture Department, EPOKA University

INTRODUCTION

Guerriero, Luigi

Miraglia, Francesco

 
 
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AN ATLAS OF POST-MEDIEVAL MASONRY STRUCTURES 
IN CAMPANIAN AREA METHODOLOGY 
Luigi Guerriero, Francesco Miraglia 
Department of Architecture and Industrial Design - Università della 
Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”  
luigi.guerriero@unicampania.it; francescomiraglia@gmail.com 
 
ABSTRACT 
In the last thirty years, the development of medieval and post-
medieval archaeology and the definition of the scientific status of 
stratigraphy have stimulated the drafting of numerous studies on the 
construction techniques of the modern age. 
Although there are manuals of constructive solutions adopted in 
Italy from the late Middle Ages to the early decades of the twentieth 
century, elements of the constructive civilization of each area are 
sacrificed in interventions on historical structures, due to the operators’ 
inability to qualify them chronologically and to recognize their cultural 
interest. 
Regional atlases of traditional techniques are therefore prepared 
due the irreproducibility of material texts, to be investigated as individual 
identities, in the complexity of historical phenomena and processes. 
For each building the gnoseology approach connected to the 
recognition of the complexity of the construction phases, supported by 
methods borrowed from the natural sciences, legitimizes the 
conservation of the stratifications. 
In this perspective, the present research elaborates on the 
mensiochronological aspects of post-medieval wall techniques in 
Naples and in the ancient province of Terra di Lavoro, in the area of 
Neapolitan yellow tuff, stratified yellow tuff and Campania grey tuff.  
It comes to the definition of formal and dimensional indicators to 
determine the age of construction of masonry: in its various forms of 
walls, cantonal, arches, pillars, buttresses and special pieces, such as 
cornices and fireplaces. 
Dating in absolute the building stratifications through verifiable 
indicators contributes to the qualification as an expression of a 
particular civilization of the otherwise historically indistinct building,  
offering itself as a valid philological and critical contribution to the 
 
 
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historical characterization of each building episode, giving it historical 
individuality.  
In this way, the definition of the age of construction of each 
construction element contributes, with the recognition of the 
stratigraphic relationships with the context, to the cultural qualification 
of the historical buildings. 
 
KEYWORDS: Campanian tuffs, Stratigraphic analysis, 
Construction techniques, Naples, Terra di Lavoro 
  
 
 
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INTRODUCTION 
In the last post-war period, the annalistic lesson played a central 
role in the emancipation of the restoration culture from the qualification 
of the built heritage according to nineteenth century academic 
normative grammars. Over time Croce’s theoretical system was also 
shelved; although it showed an intrinsic philosophical strength, it was 
incomprehensible of the complexity of the monuments, as witnesses of 
cultural processes irreducible to the mere figurative aspects.  
The rooting in the contemporary culture of the principle according 
to which heritage justifies its interest primarily in its testimonial value, 
that is in its character of a document of civilization, is due to the radiating 
of the annalistic teaching in the field of architecture history and 
architectural restoration (Guerriero, 1995). The definition of formal and 
dimensional chronological indicators, starting with those relating to 
masonry, is a fundamental tool for the qualification of cultural heritage. 
MENSIOCHRONOLOGICAL DATA 
A building can be studied in its components with the methods of 
architectural archaeology, for which it is necessary to elaborate, also for 
the medieval, modern and contemporary age, chronological indicators 
such as those of P.M. Lugli, G. Giovannoni and others about classical 
age walls, observing structures and finishes.  
The realization of the mensiochronological atlas of traditional 
construction elements for the area of Campania region characterized 
by yellow and grey tuff for the modern and contemporary age, makes it 
possible to understand the stratification of each structure and also of 
each element, divisible into stratigraphic units, which highlight remakes 
and reuses. Each element is part of the historical individuality of the 
heritage and promotes the conservative practice of restoration, which 
excludes qualitative judgments on interventions. 
In other words, the analysis of the historical heritage made with 
the architectural archaeology methods, using tools such as the 
mensiochronological analysis of historicized constructive elements 
(based on the statistical elaboration of morphological and dimensional 
data recurrences) records the changes in the technique in medium-long 
term.  
This method makes us understand the procedural character of the 
History, denying the indistinct genericity of the so-called “traditional” 
 
 
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building category and giving back to each building component a specific 
historical individuality. In this way, we understand the aspects of the 
phenomena and the historical processes of the construction production 
of the examined territory, defining its characteristics and contributing to 
the critical-philological examination. 
The accumulation of data becomes an effective tool of qualitative 
distinction. In other words, the metrology of the building components is 
an effective historical-critical practice for the preservation of the cultural 
heritage, bringing us back to the preservation of the “cultural territory”, 
introduced by P. Gazzola as a set of material testimonies of civilizations 
or, in other words, of cultural landscapes (Guerriero, 2004). 
For this way, we take a hermetic perspective that brings back the 
meaning of art history as a discipline that affects alallhe artefacts 
(Kubler, 1972). However, the micro historical approach does not deprive 
the researcher of the possibility of evaluating, but changes its 
judgement criterion, leading to the aesthetic and not figurative sphere 
given to it, and substantiates its nature of unstable evaluation, 
historically individuated.  
Recognizing the stratigraphic complexity of buildings and their 
elements takes on a character of knowledge: legitimate the preservation 
of stratifications but does not produce the reduction of the building to a 
mere palimpsest, giving archaeological investigations an independent 
hermeneutic value. 
 
Research protocols 
This study has geographically expanded the investigations 
carried out with the repertoires of construction techniques and practices 
(from the XV to the XIX century), outlining their local features and 
identifying their parameters with non-instrumental investigations in 
order to date them (extending the application field of the method) 
correlating them to the geo-lithological and orographic variables of the 
region, to the changing of legal, political and social conditions, to the 
transformation of the road networks and to the transporting possibilities 
of building materials. 
This research examined the modifications of the structures 
(horizontal and vertical) and of the finishes (internal and external) of the 
buildings of Campania between the beginning of the modern age and 
the early contemporary age. This survey included the search for 
 
 
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sources regarding the construction materials available in the various 
locations and their processing, for the formation of a repertory of the 
analyzed structures. 
The sources relating to the materials and construction techniques 
of the region were examined (literature, local architectural treatises and 
manuals, specifications and tariffs for the prices of the “genio militare”, 
“genio civile”, “deputazioni provinciali” and “decurionati municipali”) and 
many archival sources (statutes of masonry corporations, municipal 
chapters, notarial deeds concerning religious, noble and civil buildings, 
procurement of public works). 
The sub-regional construction areas were identified. For each of 
them, repertories of the factory elements have been created, with 
specific protocols of metrological survey and computerized forms that 
have uniformed the procedures of assumption and evaluation of the 
data and have solved lexical problems, creating explanatory glossaries 
(Guerriero, Cecere, 2008). 
The morphological and dimensional characters of many 
components of traditional building, philologically dated, were classified 
with photographic, metric and material surveys, verifying the coherence 
of documentary information with the stratigraphic evidence of the 
analyzed contexts. 
The parameters of the studies conducted over the last thirty years 
have been used to represent modern wall structures (Calderoni et al, 
2007; Calderoni et al, 2010). For each sample of walls (Figures 1-3), 
the following were indicated: the location; the geo-lithological and 
metrological characterization of the material and the related processes; 
the essential components of the mortar; the type (texture and 
dimensions of the joints); the processes of alteration; any protective and 
finishing layers; finally, the conclusions of the critical-documentary 
analysis were indicated (Guerriero, 2016). 
 
 
 
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Figure 1: Napoli, church of Santa Caterina a Formiello, north transept wall (1501-
1504): “a cantieri” masonry realized with two alignments of yellow tuff stones high 35-
40 centimeters. 
 
The identification data ensured the repeatability of the 
observations and provided useful indicators for estimating the credibility 
of the archaeometric findings and determining the typicality degree of 
the examined walls. The parameters of the studies conducted over the 
last thirty years have been used to represent modern wall structures. 
For each sample of wall, the following information were indicated: 
location; geo-lithological and metrological characterization of the 
material and related processes; essential components of the mortar; 
type (texture and dimensions of the joints); alteration processes; any 
protective and finishing layers. Finally, the conclusions of the critical-
documentary analysis were indicated (Guerriero et al, 2012). 
The identification data ensured the repeatability of the 
observations and provided useful indicators for estimating the credibility 
of the archaeometric findings and determining the typicality degree of 
the examined walls. The stone material (yellow and grey tuff) has been 
classified through: geo-lithological nature; petrographic evaluation 
(structure, grain, texture); geometry; size; traces of processing; 
presence of any distinguishing marks.  
Due the particular geo-lithological and historical-cultural 
conditions of the field of study, distinction was made between: 
horizontal rows of squared and planed ashlar walls; horizontal or sub-
horizontal courses walls (made with rough stone of differentiated sizes); 
“a cantieri” walls, with split stones laid according to periodic alignments. 
 
 
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The dimensional analysis provided for the above-mentioned 
structures the dimensional ranges and frequency ranges. The mortar 
has been analyzed through the characteristics of the binder, the type of 
inerts, the grain size, the horizontal alignment and the vertical joints. 
The above-mentioned observations were made on the outer and inner 
wall, section (through breaches caused by collapses or interruptions of 
the construction site) and the plant. In this way, it was possible to carry 
out the contextual examination of the walls and internal boulders. 
Similar investigations were carried out for cantonals, openings, pillars, 
arches, vaults and stairs. 
For the cantonals, data similar to those of the walls were obtained, 
observing the similarities between them and the adjacent walls. The flat 
arches have been analyzed through the parameters identified for the 
walls, with specific variants (characteristics of the vertical profiles and 
morphology of the architraves).  
The characteristics of the third and fourth sides of the pillars and 
the geometry of the profiling and the morphology of the stones of the 
arches were also analyzed. 
The analysis of the vaults, finally, has been conducted with the 
stratigraphic examination and the metrological investigation, to 
understand their: formal typology; geometry; measures of floor below; 
height; presence of particular of special elements; size; constructive 
characteristics of the lower side with the dimensions of the stones; 
nature and components of the mortar and the dimensions of the joints. 
 
Figure 2: on the left, Napoli, church of S. Maria delle Grazie, north façade, yellow 
tuff masonry with irregular rows of “bozze”, high 68-79 centimeters (early of the XVIII 
 
 
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century); on the right, Portici (NA), Mascambruno palace, east façade, ground 
floor, yellow tuff masonry with horizontal rows of “bozzette”, high 14-17 centimeters (half 
of the XVIII century). 
 
Figure 3: on the left, S. Maria Capua Vetere (CE), building in P. Fratta street, 
eastern façade, ground floor, grey tuff masonry with rows of blocks 22-24 cm high (first 
half of the XIX century); on the right, Carinola (CE), Spano farm , south façade, grey 
tuff masonry with rows of blocks 25-27 cm high (second half of the XIX century). 
CONCLUSIONS 
The modern concept of monument is based on the 
acknowledgment of the impossibility to give a historical-artistic value to 
a factory on the base of a coherence with a presumed grammar of 
beauty. So an anthropological-cultural attitude (or for other aspects of 
the nouvelle histoire) is therefore assumed as an instrument for the 
qualification of the heritage, which is identified with the set of 
historicized anthropic traces; each of them is recognized in its testimony 
individuality, a memento of the irreducibility of the complexity of 
historical facts and processes. 
According to such indications, the constitution of the building 
heritage as a whole of tectonic presences (material evidences, to use a 
more appropriate archaeological terminology), historically founded, as 
a product of complex factory stratifications, derives from its qualification 
(Figure 4). 
By this way, we get to the subtraction of each architecture from 
the a-historical category of “traditional” building (improperly considered 
as “spontaneous”, “vernacular”, “minor”), recognizing its specific 
 
 
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cultural character, in order to renounce to methodologically uncertain 
and operationally ineffective hierarchical categorizations. 
 
Figure 4: Napoli, building in Vico Lungo Tre Regine, material survey of a 
stratified façade with masonries of various construction techniques. 
 
Figure 5: Aversa (CE), Biancolella palace in Principe Amedeo square, north 
façade (late XIX century), material survey. 
 
 
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REFERENCES 
Calderoni, B., Cordasco, E.A., Guerriero, L., Lenza, P. 2007. Experimental tests 
on post-medieval and modern tuff masonry wall, in Proceedings of Tenth North 
American Masonry Conference, St. Louis, Missouri, USA: The Masonry 
Society, 3-6 June 2007, pp. 921-932. 
 
Calderoni, B., Cecere, G., Cordasco, E.A., Guerriero, L., Lenza, P., Manfredi, G. 
2010. Metrological definition and evaluation of some mechanical properties of 
post-medieval Neapolitan yellow tuff masonry in “Journal of Cultural Heritage” 
11, pp. 163-171. 
 
Guerriero, L. 1995. Roberto Pane e la dialettica del restauro, Liguori Editore, 
Napoli. 
 
Guerriero, L. 2004. Piero Gazzola: un itinerario intellettuale, in Fiengo, G., 
Guerriero, L. (Eds). Monumenti e ambienti. Protagonisti del restauro del 
dopoguerra (Atti del Seminario Nazionale, “Quaderni del Dipartimento di 
Restauro e Costruzione dell’Architettura e dell’Ambiente della II Università di 
Napoli”, 4), Arte Tipografica, Napoli, pp. 210-254. 
 
Guerriero, L., Cecere, G. 2008. Strutture in tufo giallo e in tufo grigio di età moderna 
e contemporanea a Napoli e in Terra di Lavoro, in Fiengo, G., Guerriero, L. 
(Eds). Atlante delle tecniche costruttive tradizionali. Napoli, Terra di Lavoro 
(XVI-XIX), Arte Tipografica Editrice, I, pp. 117-260. 
 
Guerriero, L., Calderoni, B., Cordasco, E.A., Lenza, P. 2012. La valutazione della 
vulnerabilità sismica delle chiese in muratura in De Luca, A., Spinelli, P. (Eds.). 
Proceedings of the 3th International Workshop on Design for rehabilitation of 
masonry structures. WonderMasonry 2009, Polistampa, Firenze, pp. 612-629. 
 
Guerriero, L. 2016. Di tutta bontà, perfettione et laudabil magistero. Murature in 
tufo giallo e in tufo grigio a Napoli e in Terra di Lavoro (XVI-XIX), fabrica, 
Napoli. 
Kubler, G. 1972. The Shape of Time, Yale. 
  


AN ATLAS OF POST-MEDIEVAL MASONRY STRUCTURES IN CAMPANIAN AREA METHODOLOGY

Besimi, Erda

Jakupi, Enis

 
 
Proceedings of the 3rd ICAUD International Conference in Architecture and Urban Design  
Epoka University, Tirana, Albania, 24-26 October 2019 
 
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NEW MODELS OF HYBRID HOUSING: A CASE OF 
TRANSFORMING A NEIGHBORHOOD IN TETOVO, 
MACEDONIA 
Erda Besimi, Enis Jakupi 
University of Tetovo 
Rruga e Ilindenit pn, 1200  
Tetovë, Macedonia 
erda.besimi@unite.edu.mk, enis.jakupi@unite.edu.mk 
 
ABSTRACT 
The concept of integrative housing and hybrid housing is very 
important in architecture. Integrative/Hybrid housing allows integrating 
different aspects of life in a single place to improve the quality of life. To 
analyze these concepts, we chose a case study in a city of Tetovo, 
which is a great example of chaos living and bad organization. We 
chose an area where the planning and organization are bad, and also 
there are none cultural and environmental elements in place at all. With 
our solution, we demonstrate that even cities which do not have an 
organization at all have the potential to implement these key elements 
to improve people’s life. Through this research, we provide a solution 
where the integration/hybrid housing is built on top of the cultural, 
educational, commercial and environmental elements. These are 
important aspects to take into consideration the quality of people’s lives 
and for the quality of city development. The results of this research work 
will help future investors and architects to create new settlements and 
expand the city. The standards we will set for hybrid housing will be a 
good example for the city which is part of our case study. 
 
KEYWORDS: integrative housing, hybrid housing, city, place 
  
 
 
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INTRODUCTION 
Subject of research 
Our research focuses on the unique concept of integrative 
housing in the city of Tetovo and the functioning of the urban structure 
of the historical-cultural character. With this research, we will expose 
the historical and cultural character of one of the oldest sites in the city 
of Tetovo. 
 
Figure 1. City of Tetovo 
 
Hybrid housing in the city of Tetovo is an important subject of 
analysis, and we aim to present an urban solution that will most benefit 
the city of Tetovo and its history. This thesis shows the importance of 
history and culture in modern hybrid housing.  
The fact is that six million people are in the process of moving as 
urban. The goal is not to project huge buildings, or apartments without 
the necessary conditions and public places for colloquial education, but 
a new solution is needed. New settlements that have many problems 
and are a meaningless residential building without service programs or 
public spaces, and therefore new types of buildings are needed. 
Friedman said “cities are always beautiful, architecture is not” according 
to this, we need to design cities using our creativity. 
Our subject of research is the unique concept of integrative 
housing in the city of Tetovo and the functioning of the urban structure 
with historical and cultural character. 
We found out that the hybrid housing is an important subject of 
analysis for the city of Tetovo, therefore our goal is to present an urban 
 
 
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Epoka University, Tirana, Albania, 24-26 October 2019 
 
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solution that will present the city and its cultural and historical elements. 
Through this research, we present the importance of history and culture 
in modern hybrid housing. History, culture, and housing are important 
elements for a city like Tetovo. Our research captures and shows the 
ratio of these elements. The goal is to build a small urban place with 
residential buildings and houses, or a small settlement that will include 
environmental standards. The subject of my research will be the 
concept of design. We propose a solution which includes the 
fundamental elements for normal functioning:1) place for 
entertainment2) place for work3) place forliving and 4) public places. 
One-third of the world is on the move, and we need to make an 
urban environment where we can build something new without breaking 
it and damaging the city and the place where we act on it. Let’s open a 
new place and a small environment that will be solved with socio-
functional and economic performance. 
The main goal is to make the objects beautiful in appearance and 
practical functionality. The place should be fit for all living conditions and 
be used in all aspects. In modern life, people are a more demanding 
time and place, and these criteria are key parameters that we need to 
carefully arrange. We need to find a solution to the functionality in the 
best possible way. We should not categorize people, there should have 
a place for every individual. The idea of this topic is to make a relaxed 
environment in which the atmosphere will be the main goal, and people 
from the daily routine to relax in their homes, from hard to home. 
Several proposals will be used for this solution, but with attention 
to wood materials, greenhouses, concrete, and the stone. In this small 
urban we plan to have several facilities: apartments, houses, a place for 
sports and recreation, cafes restaurants and a place with greenery 
where people who do not live here can only come to use their free time. 
We have analyzed each situation separately: drawing of a 
location, the basic typologies, houses and their organization with a yard, 
houses as part of Ilindenska street. As a result, we can distinguish 
between two different typologies of houses with yards, or houses that 
have dominant commercial content on the ground floor. In addition to 
this, an analysis has been done on the gymnasium, the mosque, and 
the most densely populated places that are bizarre and with big urban 
problems. 
In this paper, we target the urban structure at hybrid housing, 
which includes the public spaces, public buildings, commercial building, 
historical-cultural objects, pedestrian ways and green area as part of a 
given location. The processing of the urban structure aims to deliver 
 
 
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integrative housing, consisting of public spaces, public buildings, 
commercial buildings, as well as historical and cultural objects with 
pedestrian paths across the site.The site on which we will intervene has 
four key points to be analyzed, and based on the results of the analysis 
we will have a suggested plan of intervention to be made. All four points 
on the plot have a different character. 
 
Figure 2. Actual conditions in Tetovo city 
 
What we will build on the side of the street, whether we will 
interrupt, how narrow this front is, how high objects are depending on 
analyses which we have done. The line park will be a place where 
everyone can stand, there will be locals with exit to the terrace, 
playgrounds for children, and from the back, there will be a typology for 
housing. 
 
 
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There are several possible scenarios. The first zone of influence 
is the neighborhood. How does the neighborhood affect this zone, the 
low houses, and what will we have on that side, will it be retained on 
that side? The second zone of influence is the gymnasium. All pages 
on this site do not have the same value. Relation to a cultural object. 
The values in urban research have long been ignored and have been 
published in various forms and at different times. 
In the language of urban architecture, an important means of 
improving the image of the city is the attitude towards cultural objects. 
 
Figure 3. Analysis 
 
Our idea is to have the following organization: the ground floor will 
be a place to work, this means, the housing starts from the first floor. 
The purpose of the planned housing is to be covered with greenery; 
there will be hillside terraces, that is, more volume objects that will relate 
to atriums, small places for exhibition, workshops, cafe-bar, small public 
places like squares, etc. My goal is to present a small urban place with 
residential buildings and houses, or a small settlement, which will 
include environmental standards. Having as a main subject the concept 
of design. The idea of this topic is to make a relaxed environment in 
Site 
Paths 
Axionometry 
Pedestrian 
paths 
Green Area 
Built area 
ANALYSIS OF THE ACTUAL CONDITIONS OF THE SUBJECT LOCATION IN THE TETOVO CITY 
 
 
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which the atmosphere will be the main goal, and people from the daily 
routine to relax in their homes, from hard to home. 
 
Figure 4. Morphology analysis 
 
Figure 5. The solution 
 
 
 
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THE SOLUTION 
Through this solution, we are going to present the link between 
cultural and historical elements in hybrid housing. Our results will be 
able to help future investors and architects to create new settlements 
and expand the city. The standards we will set out in our master’s thesis 
for hybrid housing will be a good result for the future documentation at 
the given place. 
From Figure 2 we can see the proposed solution for the analyzed 
location. The places in red represent individual housing, where each of 
them has an urban farm. This links the traditional living in Tetovo with 
current modern hybrid housing concepts. The yellow part represents 
the historical and educational elements for this location. In this part, we 
have a museum, library and multifunctional space. The green area 
represents the commercial and administrative parts, which is located 
just across the main road Illindenska. The last part is the purple area 
which presents the living buildings. In addition to this, all these parts are 
interconnected with the inner yard, including connection bridges and 
green areas. 
 
Figure 6. Proposed solution 
CONCLUSION 
Through this research, we exposed the importance of hybrid 
housing. We see that people’s lives are important, so we must provide 
the best solution for modern housing. Hybrid housing is a perfect 
example of exhibiting the most important elements such as culture, 
education, economy, peace of nature and indoor gardens. Today, the 
 
 
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quality of life is important, and besides, we learned that by integrating 
all these elements into one we can provide better places for living. 
As a result, we have proposed a solution on top of hybrid housing, 
where we have demonstrated the way of integrating several key 
elements in housing. Our goal was to integrate the cultural, 
administrative and commercial aspect, and also peace, through the use 
of indoor gardens. As a result, we have shown that even in small areas 
there is potential for applying all these aspects, which can improve 
people’s live 
 
REFERENCES 
S. Holl, This is Hybrid, Analysis of mixed-use buildings. A+t Architecture 
Publishers.Martina Keitsch, Sustainable Architecture, Design and Housing. 
Department of Product Design, Faculty of Engineering Science and 
Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology. 
 
Jessica M. Hayden, The Form and Function of Poverty: Examining National Identity 
through PublicHousing Architecture, Perspectives and Political Science; R. 
Srinivas, HOUSING AS HYBRID LANDSCAPES. 2014. 
 
A. Wilson, “Home: being for a time,” Houses Soc. Organ. among Bentian East 
Kalimantan, no. BC Studies, pp. 125–143, 2004. 
 
M. I. M. Agachi, “The City as Artifact,” Fac. Atchitecture Urban Planning, Urban 
Plan. Dep., no. Technical University of Cluj-Napoca. 
 
Z. L. Layla Beti, Maria Ignez Mantovani Franco, Ian Jones, Prachi More, Marlen 
Mouliou, Geuntae Park, Giorgio Piccinato, Jean-Louis Postula, Habib Saidi, 
Jette Sandahl, Mats Sjölin, Rainey Tisdale, Anasasia Tourta, Nikolaos 
Vranikas, “Our Greatest Artefact : the City,” Publ. by CAMOC, ICOM’s Int. 
Comm. Collect. Act. Museums Cities, 2012. 
 
P. J. Larkham, “Sense of Place, Authenticity and Character: A Commentary,” vol. 
8, no. 1, pp. 67–81, 2003. 
 
M. Najafi, M. Kamal, and B. Mohd, “The Concept of Place and Sense of Place in 
Architectural Studies,” vol. 5, no. 8, pp. 1054–1060, 2011. 
  


NEW MODELS OF HYBRID HOUSING: A CASE OF TRANSFORMING A NEIGHBORHOOD IN TETOVO, MACEDONIA

Hasa, Artemis

EMPHASIZING THE ‘GREEN’ PROPERTIES OF ETFE FOILS AND VISUALIZING ITS SPECTRUM OF IMPLEMENTATION IN ARCHITECTURAL BUILDING ENVELOPES

Luga, Erion

Jakupllari, Ardit

 
 
Proceedings of the 3rd ICAUD International Conference in Architecture and Urban Design  
Epoka University, Tirana, Albania, 24-26 October 2019 
 
199 
 
RECYCLING OF BRICK DUST/GROUND MORTAR 
MIXTURES AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF PORTLAND 
CEMENT 
Erion Luga, Ardit Jakupllari 
Epoka University, Department of Civil Engineering 
Rr. Tirane-Rinas km 12, Tirana, Albania 
eluga@epoka.edu.al; ajakupllari12@epoka.edu.al 
 
ABSTRACT 
This study investigates the effect of brick dust and ground mortar 
mixtures as partial replacement of Portland cement in mortar 
production. Masonry is one of the most important and most widespread 
building methods in our country. Different advantages such as: low cost, 
versatility and resistance to atmospheric conditions has made masonry 
so widespread and a technique of choice. Despite the resistance to 
different atmospheric conditions and other physical and chemical 
factors, there comes a time that masonry is amortized or loses the state 
of its initial stability. For that reason, the reuse of these deteriorated 
materials has increased the interest for further research studies. 
Therefore, the aim of this research is to recycle masonry materials and 
evaluate the possibility of reusing them as components in composite 
cement in mortar production. For that reason, seven series of mortars 
with different replacement levels of brick dust and ground mortar were 
produced. The water to cement ration was kept constant at 0.5 w/c for 
all the mixtures and limestone sand was used as aggregate. The 
samples were tested for water absorption, flexural and compressive 
strength. The test results showed that ground masonry can be 
effectively used as cement substitute in the production of mortar 
mixtures. The brick dust has a greater impact than mortar dust in 
increasing the compressive strength values. But when combined in 
controlled replacement levels higher strength result compared with the 
case when these ingredients are used separately can be achieved. 
 
KEYWORDS: Recycle, cement, mortar, brick dust 
  
 
 
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INTRODUCTION 
Masonry has been one of the most widely used construction 
technique in Albania for the construction of low rise and midrise 
buildings. During the Communist period up to 1990, masonry structures 
were built using typical blueprints. Masonry was used both for 
residential and public buildings as a low-cost construction method. 
Today these buildings are still in use and mainly serve for residential 
purposes (Guri, 2016).  
Albania is one of countries most prone to seismic action in the 
Balkans. The recent destructive earthquakes in neighbouring countries 
(Italy, 2009, Greece and Turkey-2008-1999) have shown that masonry 
buildings have suffered the maximum damage and are responsible for 
maximum losses of life. Due to reasons such as seniority, human-made 
interventions, and improper design code of that time, these types of 
buildings are endangered by earthquakes.  
On the other hand, the construction sector is one of the greatest 
generators of inert wastes in Europe, approximately 900 million tons per 
year (Torres-Gómez, 2016). An important part of these wastes is 
masonry which in some countries is still underutilized. Every year 3000 
Mt (metric ton) of waste are produced in the European Union, of which 
90 million are considered hazardous. The construction industry 
generates in the EU around 900 million tons per year of wastes. 
Therefore, this waste flow represents around 25% - 30% of all wastes 
produced. CDW (construction and demolition waste) have a very 
heterogeneous composition. The most important fraction corresponds 
to inert material, i.e. between 40% and 85% of the overall waste volume 
discounting excavation soils. The main sources of inert material are 
concrete and ceramic materials. Researchers reports that the amount 
of “concrete, masonry and mortar” in inert material, accounts for 58% 
and 67% in Portugal and Norway, 85% in Italy and Spain, respectively 
(Torres-Gómez, 2016). The amount of waste from the construction 
industry used as filling material or illegally dumped in vacant lots has 
been increasing over time. This has led to an increasing lack of landfill 
areas, useful lands becoming dumping yards and highly increased 
dumping costs at landfill sites. So, handling wastes has become one of 
the most important environmental issues in developed countries. In 
2010, around 75% of all CDW (construction and demolition waste) 
produced in the EU were dumped. However, reuse ratios over 80% 
have already been reached by countries such as the Netherlands, 
Denmark and Germany. The Community Directive 2008/98/EC 
establishes that the EU state members must take the necessary 
 
 
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measures to reach until 2020 a minimum of reuse ratio 70% (in weight) 
of the CDW produced (Bravo, 2015). Currently, in Spain, the fine 
fraction obtained from the recycling process of masonry waste is 
underutilized, and in most cases, it is deposited in landfill or stored in 
recycling plants (Torres-Gómez, 2016).  
On the other hand, in Mediterranean countries, the main 
components of masonry waste are ceramic bricks and mortar, and 
roughly estimating the ratio of brick to mortar for a portion of masonry 
is 1.5/1 by weight. 
For that reason, research on development of different 
methodologies to recycle these types of wastes has become a 
necessity. 
MATERIALS AND METHODS 
Preparation of the Specimen Mixtures 
Seven mortar mixtures of different combinations of (PC Portland 
Cement/BD Brick Dust/MD Mortar Dust), 1350 sand and 0.5 water to 
binder ratio were produced. The materials used for the preparation of 
the specimens were weighed separately on an accuracy scale. The 
ingredients used for the mixture are shown in table 1. 
 
Table 1: Preparation of specimens 
 (MD/BD/PC) sand 
(g) 
PC 
(g) 
water 
(g) 
BD 
(g) 
MD 
(g) 
1 
 
 
450/0/0 
 
1350 400 225 0 0 
2 400/25/25 
 
1350 400 225 25 25 
3 375/75/0 
 
1350 375 225 75 0 
4 375/0/75 
 
1350 375 225 0 75 
5 350/50/50 
 
1350 350 225 50 50 
6 325/25/100 1350 325 225 25 100 
7 325/100/25 1350 325 225 100 25 
 
Casting of the Specimens 
Every mortar mixture is mixed in the Hobart mixer according to 
EN 196-1. The specimens were cast into prismatic moulds of 40 x 40x 
160 mm dimensions. 24 hours after casting, the specimens are 
 
 
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removed from their moulds and cured for a period of 3, 7 and 28 days 
in water at 21±1 ºC. 
 
Determination of the Water Absorption  
The sample were weighted in saturated surface dry conditions 
(SSD) and completely dry (CD) in the oven at 105°C for the next 24 
hours. After that, the specimens were taken out of the oven. They 
stayed in the room temperature until they cooled up. The water 
absorption followed the equation, where: 
WA (%) = ((SSD-CD)/ (CD)) * 100 (1) 
 
WA: Water absorption (%) 
CD: Mass of the completely dried specimen (g) 
SSD: Mass of the saturated surface dried specimen (g) 
 
Determination of the Flexural and Compressive Strength 
The flexural test of the specimens requires a performance 
according to the (EN 1015–11) Standard. The specimens were strength 
tested for 3, 7 and 28 days under three-point loading and the span used 
among in order to support is 100 mm. These tests are developed in two 
fineness levels of the brick dust and mortar dust such as 0.250mm and 
0.125mm. Whereas the compressive strength test was performed 
based on (EN 196-1). The loading area is 40 x 40 mm. 
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 
Water absorption results 
 
Figure 1: Water Absorption 
0.00
5.00
10.00
W
at
er
 A
b
so
rp
ti
o
n
 (
%
)
C/BD/MD (gr)
Water Absorption (%)
 
 
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Figure 1 shows the Water absorption values of the mortar series. 
It can be noticed notice that the highest percentage of water absorption 
is found in No. 5 (350/50/50). The water absorption values vary between 
6.8% and 8.6%. this graph it can be concluded that the ground mortar 
absorbs more water than brick dust. While the lowest percentage is 
found in No. 2 (400/25/25) where the amount of additional materials is 
at the lowest rate.  
 
Flexural Strength Results 
The Flexural Strength test was performed on 3,7 and 28-day with 
two different Brick Dust and Mortar Dust fractions. The values were 
compared with the control mixture. Two different fractions were used to 
study the change of results and to reduce the processing cost of Brick 
Dust and Mortar Dust. In the graph we have seen both types of 
materials to conclude and compare the change of the values achieved. 
 
Figure 2: 3-Days Flexural Strength 
 
Noticed that the examples used with the 0.125mm sieve opening 
have a Flexural Strength increase compared to the examples used with 
the 0.250mm opening. Concerning cement mortar, there is an increase 
in Flexural Strength of other compounds when we used the 0.125 mm 
aperture fraction while the maximum value in relation to cement mortar 
is 3.3 MPa larger. The highest maximum values achieved in the 3-day 
tests are examples 5 (350/50/50) and 6 (325/25/100). 
 
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
Fl
ex
u
ra
ls
tr
en
gt
h
 (
M
p
a)
C/BD/MD (gr)
3-Days Flexural strength(Mpa)
0,250mm Aperture 0,125mm Aperture
 
 
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Figure 3: 7- Days Flexural Strength 
 
Even for the 7-day tests, the same difference is observed from the 
fraction of the material used. The increase of Flexural Strength appears 
even in the 7 days- tests, where the finest material makes the 
difference. The highest values are reached in series 7 (325/100/25) and 
6 (325/25/100) where there is a difference of 2.8 MPa compared to 
cement mortar. 
 
Figure 4: 28- Days Flexural Strength 
 
Unlike the 3- and 7-day results, the material fraction does not 
show an increase in the Flexural Strength, meanwhile there is a 
decrease also of Flexural Strength compared to the control specimen. 
 
Compressive Strength Results 
 
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
Fl
ex
u
ra
ls
tr
en
gt
h
 (
M
p
a)
C/BD/MD (gr)
7-Days Flexural strength(Mpa)
0,250mm Aperture 0,125mm Aperture
 
 
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Figure 5: Results of 3-day Compressive Strength 
 
The 3-day test shows that the Compression Strength values of 
the composite mixes, are lower than the value of cement mortar itself. 
Only series 2 (400/25/25) with a 0.125 mm fraction shows an increase 
of 3.2 MPa. While the lowest value in relation to the cement mortar is 
that of the series 7 (325/100/25) with a difference of 8.87 MPa.  
 
Figure 6: Results of 7-day Compressive Strength 
 
The 7-day test values have a significant increase. Some of them 
show higher values than the ones of cement mortar. But this increase 
occurred in the 0.125 mm fraction and is noticed in all the samples 
except for series 5 (350/50/50) where there is a 7.2 MPa decrease. The 
highest value is again series 2 (400/25/25) where this time, it reaches 
4.8 MPa higher than cement mortar. 
0
10
20
30
40
50
C
o
m
p
re
ss
iv
e
 S
tr
e
n
gt
h
 (
M
p
a)
C/BD/MD (gr)
7-Days Compressive Strength (Mpa)
0,250mm Aperture 0,125mm Aperture
0
10
20
30
40
C
o
m
p
re
ss
iv
e
 S
tr
e
n
gt
h
 (
M
p
a)
C/BD/MD (gr)
3-Days Compressive Strength (Mpa)
0,250mm Aperture 0,125mm Aperture
 
 
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Figure 7: Results of 28-day Compressive Strength 
 
On 28-day compressive test results there is an increase of series 
2 (400/25/25) and series 3 (375/75/0) of 0.125 mm fraction. Series 2 
and series 2 values are 7.1 MPa and 6.3 MPa respectively higher than 
the values of cement mortar. While another series, that is similar to 
cement mortar is series 5 (350/50/50). These results show that Brick 
Dust increases the value of Compression Strength. While in cases 
where the amount of Mortar Dust is greater in relation to Brick Dust, we 
do not have any increase in value compared to cement mortar. 
CONCLUSION 
In this experimental study the partial replacement of brick and 
mortar dust in cement mortar has been analysed.  
From the conducted test of the water absorption, it is observed 
that if used in controlled amounts the use of these waste materials can 
improve the water absorption values of the mortars. 
The particle size of the supplementary material has an important 
effect on the increase of the flexural strength result during the 3- and 7-
days period, but in the 28 days test there is a decrease in these values. 
The results show that Brick Dust increases the value of 
Compression Strength. While in cases where the amount of Mortar Dust 
is greater in relation to Brick Dust, we do not have any increase in value 
compared to cement mortar. 
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
C
o
m
p
re
ss
iv
e
 S
tr
e
n
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 (
M
p
a)
C/BD/MD (gr)
28-Days Compressive Strength (Mpa)
0,250mm Aperture 0,125mm Aperture
 
 
Proceedings of the 3rd ICAUD International Conference in Architecture and Urban Design  
Epoka University, Tirana, Albania, 24-26 October 2019 
 
207 
 
Based on these results, it is concluded that masonry can be used 
as cement substitute in mortar and also give high and acceptable 
results. In these mixtures the brick dust has a greater impact than 
mortar dust in increasing the compressive strength values. But when 
combined in controlled quantities higher result can be achieved. 
 
REFERENCES 
Guri, M. 2016. Kerkime mbi teknikat bashkekohore per perforcimin e ndertesave 
me murature. Tirana: Universiteti Politeknik i Tiranes, Fakulteti i Inxhinierise se 
Ndertimit. 
 
Bravo, J. 2015 Mechanical performance of concrete made with aggregates from 
construction and demolition waste recycling plants. Journal of Cleaner 
Production, 99, 59-74. 
 
Torres-Gómez, A. I. 2016 Combined Effects of Non-Conforming Fly Ash and 
Recycled Masonry Aggregates on Mortar Properties. Materials, 9 (9), 729. 
 
EN 1015-11 2006, Methods of Test for Mortar for Masonry-Part 11-Determination 
of Flexural and Compressive Strength of Hardened Mortar 
 
EN 196-1 2005, Methods of Testing Cement - Part 1: Determination of Strength 
  


RECYCLING OF BRICK DUST/GROUND MORTAR MIXTURES AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF PORTLAND CEMENT