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Methodology for establishing the EU list of critical raw materials - Guidelines
No full textThis is a prescriptive document containing the guidelines and the ‘ready-to-apply' methodology for the EU criticality assessment and the revision of the list of critical raw materials (CRM) for the EU. These synthesised guidelines build on the methodology used to establish the lists of CRM in 2011 and 2014 and integrate the methodological improvements identified by the European Commission in the project ‘Assessment of the methodology on the list of critical raw materials', in close consultation with the ad hoc working group ‘Defining critical raw materials'. Additional information regarding the methodology, including justification and discussion, can be found in the background report developed by the Directorate General Joint Research Centre (JRC) and in related annexes. These guidelines also contain recommendations on how to reorganise and improve the single fact sheets of the assessed raw material
Asymptotic distributions of kappa statistics and their differences with many raters, many rating categories and two conditions
No full textTransparent Data Mining for Big and Small Data
No full textThis book focuses on new and emerging data mining solutions that offer a greater level of transparency than existing solutions. Transparent data mining solutions with desirable properties (e.g. effective, fully automatic, scalable) are covered in the book. Experimental findings of transparent solutions are tailored to different domain experts, and experimental metrics for evaluating algorithmic transparency are presented. The book also discusses societal effects of black box vs. transparent approaches to data mining, as well as real-world use cases for these approaches.As algorithms increasingly support different aspects of modern life, a greater level of transparency is sorely needed, not least because discrimination and biases have to be avoided. With contributions from domain experts, this book provides an overview of an emerging area of data mining that has profound societal consequences, and provides the technical background to for readers to contribute to the field or to put existing approaches to practical use
Irreversible thermodynamic analysis and application for molecular heat engines
No full textIs there a link between the macroscopic approach to irreversibility and microscopic behaviour of the systems? Consumption of free energy keeps the system away from a stable equilibrium. Entropy generation results from the redistribution of energy, momentum, mass and charge. This concept represents the essence of the thermodynamic approach to irreversibility. Irreversibility is the result of the interaction between systems and their environment. The aim of this paper is to determine lost works in a molecular engine and compare results with macro (classical) heat engines. Firstly, irreversible thermodynamics are reviewed for macro and molecular cycles. Secondly, irreversible thermodynamics approaches are applied for a quantum heat engine with -1/2 spin system. Finally, lost works are determined for considered system and results show that macro and molecular heat engines obey same limitations. Moreover, a quantum thermodynamic approach is suggested in order to explain the results previously obtained from an atomic viewpoint
Impact dynamics of tool steel penetrators
No full textArmor-piercing (AP) ammunition generally carries a hard penetrator within a copper jacket. Upon impact on a hard target, the copper case is destroyed, but the penetrator continues its motion and pierces the target. The most efficient AP ammunition is built with penetrators made from either tungsten alloys or depleted uranium, but alloy steel penetrators are also commonly used, because they are less expensive and less polluting, even if they are much less efficient. The impact deformation and fracture behavior of armor-piercing penetrators fabricated with three tool steels, and their resultant ballistic efficiency, are investigated, both to better understand the optimal mechanical properties of armor piercing materials, and to describe the fracture mechanics of the tested materials. Moreover, the ballistic results of the three tool steels are compared with those of plain medium-carbon steel and cemented tungsten carbide
Preliminary analysis to design a 77 GHz weather radar
No full textThe European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) defines the frequency band around 77 GHz as the one dedicated to automatic cruise control long-range radars. This work presents the preliminary analysis for the design of a mini weather radar and/or a microwave rain gauge operating at such a frequency. Firstly, the Mie scattering formulation applied to a weather radar working in the W-band is briefly introduced, then the operative conditions are described in order to define the system functional requirements. Atmospheric attenuation, including the contribution due to water vapor, is estimated taking into account the ITU-T recommendations. The technical specifications are evaluated in order to meet the functional requirements, paying particular attention to the use of already developed components for radars installed on cars. A sensitivity analysis of the system is also given considering the proper relationship between the radar reflectivity factor Z and the rain rate R determined for a 77 GHz radar. Results provide the basis for the design and realization of a 77 GHz weather radar
Variability of FinFET AC parameters: A physics-based insight
No full textThis paper presents a fully physics-based variability analysis of single-fin double-gate Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET) AC parameters, without resorting to any approximated quasi-static analysis based on the variations of theDCdrain current or charge.Variations of theACparameters have been investigated as a function of all the relevant geometrical and physical parameters, with emphasis on the ones affecting the device parasitics, especially important for high-frequency analog applications. A numerically efficient Green's function technique is applied to reduce the simulation time to a few percent of the time required for standard Monte Carlo-based variability analysis. The Green's function approach especially allows for a deep insight into the so-called local variability source, highlighting the regions of the device where physical variations most significantly affect the output AC performances and opening the way for possible structure optimization. Although presently implemented in a 2D in-house software, the technique can be easily exported to standard 3D Technology Computer-Aided Design (TCAD) tools, eg, for tri-gate FinFET analysi
Scan chain encryption for the test, diagnosis and debug of secure circuits
No full textScan attacks exploit facilities offered by scan chains to retrieve embedded secret data, in particular secret keys used in crypto-processors for encoding information in such a way that only knowledge of the secret key allows to access it. This paper presents a scan attack countermeasure based on the encryption of the scan chain content. The goal is to counteract the security threats and, at the same time, to preserve test efficiency, diagnosis and debugging abilities. We propose to use the secret-key management policy embedded in the device under test in order to encrypt both control and observed data at test time. This solution does not require additional key management, provides same test/diagnostic and debug facilities as under classical scan design with marginal impacts on area and test time