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Sensor placement strategies with application to the Hall B of Torino Esposizioni by Pier Luigi Nervi
No full textThe Torino Esposizioni complex consists of the main Hall B and the smaller adjacent Hall C, both designed and constructed by Pier Luigi Nervi (1947-1948, and 1950). In this work, Nervi combined for the first time his personal technique of ferrocement in a large-scale project with an extensive use of prefabrication. The first part of the paper presents a FE numerical analysis aimed at the evaluation of the seismic behaviour of the Hall B, in the light of its modal features. Based on numerical strategies already applied to Hall C within a previous study, optimal sensor placement solution will be extended to the more complex Hall B, taking into account the possible effects of non-structural elements
Il disegno come strumento per conoscere l'architettura e l'ambiente costruito
No full textLo studio di un luogo, di un settore di città, di un'architettura, è fondamentale per un architetto che voglia comprenderli nella loro complessità, fatta di rapporti tra le parti (fisici ma anche nel modo di essere percepiti e vissuti), talora anche conflittuali. Attraverso il caso qui proposto - riguardante una zona di Milano - questo contributo vuole sottolineare lo stretto legame tra disegno e rilievo, in cui il disegno, nelle varie valenze e sfaccettature, è strumento essenziale per comunicare le peculiarità individuate nella fase conoscitiva del rilievo, trasmettendone i risultati. Attraverso la sintesi di uno dei casi studio da me seguiti nel Corso "Rilievo urbano e ambientale" al Politecnico di Milano alcuni anni fa, desidero qui sottolineare alcuni aspetti riguardanti l'individuazione e la trasmissione di caratteri dell'architettura e dell'ambiente che costituiscono tasselli della realtà studiata. L'analisi, basata su lettura e confronto di caratteri tipici o anomali, fisici o intangibili, dalla scala urbana a quella di dettaglio, si fonda su approcci metodologici già da me sperimentati in anni di ricerche e nella didattica di ogni livello, dai corsi di base a quelli negli Ateliers del CdL Magistrale "Architettura per il progetto sostenibile". L'approccio metodologico qui descritto, pur non fruendo di tutte le risorse offerte dalle nuove tecnologie, ritengo sia fondamentale per permettere l'integrazione tra verifiche oggettive sul costruito e studi percettivi, per valutare il peso, non solo visivo, che ciascun elemento riveste nel genius dei luoghi e delle architetture. Un metodo in cui il disegno e il rilievo dialogano strettamente col fine di individuare, comprendere e descrivere caratteri dell'ambiente costruito, quali presupposti per interventi consapevoli sull'esistente. The study of a place, of a city sector, of an architecture, is essential for an architect who wants to comprehend them in their complexity, made of relations among the parts (physical but also in the way they are perceived and lived), sometimes conflictual too. Through the case here proposed - about an area of Milano - this paper aims to highlight the strong link between drawing and survey, in which drawing, in its various values and aspect, is an essential instrument to transmit the peculiarities identified in the survey cognitive phase, imparting the results. Through the synthesis of one of the cases studied during the course I held "Urban and Environmental Survey" at Politecnico di Milano a few years ago, I would like to emphasize some aspects relating the identification and transmission of architectural and environmental characters that are parts of the studied reality. The analysis, based on reading and comparison of typical or anomalous characters, physical or intangible, from the urban scale to the detail one, is based on methodologycal approaches I sperimented during many years of researches and teaching of every level, from base courses to those ones in Ateliers of CdL Magistrale "Architecture for sustainable project". The methodological approach here described, even if it doesn't use all the resources offered by new technologies, I think is fundamental to permit the integration of objective verifications on built and perceptive studies, in order to evaluate the importance, not only visual, that every element has in the genius of places and architectures. A method in which drawing and survey are strictly related with the aim of identifying, comprehending and describing the characters of built environment, as prerequisites for aware interventions on the existing
Multiple resistive switching in core-shell ZnO nanowires exhibiting tunable surface states
No full textSurface and quantum confinement effects in one-dimensional systems such as ZnO nanowires are responsible for novel electrical properties, and can be exploited to tune electrical transport on the nanoscale. The investigation of new physical mechanisms for resistive switching can be fulfilled by studying metal/insulator/metal memristive devices that take advantage of the unique properties of one-dimensional nanoscale metal oxides. In particular, the mechanisms of resistive switching between multiple resistance states in such nanostructures can be associated with the variation of internal physical states. Here we demonstrate both experimentally and theoretically that core-shell structures based on polyacrylic acid coated ZnO nanowires exhibit a resistive switching behavior characterized by internal multiple resistance states, owing to the changes in surface states induced by redox reactions occurring at their surfaces. The introduction of a thin layer of polymer coating resulted in a resistive switching between more than two states. Specifically, the existence of two intermediate states in addition to the high and low resistance states was revealed during DC measurements in voltage sweep mode. All resistive states showed low variability over cycling. The mechanism of switching between multiple steps, as probed by density functional theory calculations, was associated with redox reactions involving species at the interface (e.g. methanal or hydroxyl groups), each characterized by a given redox potential. Therefore, multiple resistance states were induced by specific and stable threshold voltages, as shown experimentally
Planos y proyectos de los ingenieros militares
No full textResumen A principios del siglo xvii, en el norte del territorio peninsular itálico, los ingenieros militares estaban involucrados en las operaciones militares, asedios y batallas, y gestionaban las infraestructuras defensivas de todo el país. Las autoridades encargan a este grupo de técnicos la realización de expediciones, en el curso de las cuales trazan planos y todo este material a Madrid. A día de hoy, todavía permanecen en la forma urbana de algunas ciudades del Piamonte [región noroccidental de la península itálica] los rastros de los proyectos «españoles» que se desarrollaron durante todo el siglo xvii y frágiles. Las decisiones de los ingenieros militares condicionaron la ciudad preexistente, decretaron la destrucción de último con que la ciudad se asoma al territorio). En otras Palabras clave: . Abstract Spain focused their attention on the northern Italian peninsula. The governors asked for surveys to be sent to Madrid, which still preserve traces of «Spanish» projects, accrued during the Seventeenth century. These were years of bloody wars interspersed always with a too short and fragile peace. The military engineers' choices affected the existing cities, territory). The city was shaped in equal measure both by the war urgencies and by the peace needs. Keywords: military engineers; maps; drawings; fortresses; urban history
Advanced epoxy-based anticorrosion coatings containing graphite Oxide
No full textA cycloaliphatic epoxy resin was used as polymer matrix where graphene oxide (GO) was directly dispersed in the range between 0.05 and 1.0 wt% by ultraturrax mixing, followed by sonication. A cationic photoinitiator was added in the proper amount and the formulations were coated on poliethylene (PET) or steel substrates and ultraviolet (UV) light irradiated. Transparent UV-cured films were obtained and tested as protective coatings in terms of water permeability and corrosion protection. Water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) was determined by permeometer measurements compared with untreated PET samples while impedance measurements on the coated steel plates, in contact with an aggressive corrosive solution, were carried out to assess the efficience as corrosive protective coatings. Promising results were obtained in both cases, in particular on low GO loaded samples, attributed to the good dispersion of GO in the polymer matrix. The progress of the photopolymerization process was followed by real time Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Moreover, static contact angle was determined with water, the surface morphology of the films was investigated by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) while the film transparency was measured by UV-vis spectrophotometer. The obtained results are comparable and even better than those reported for other polymer/inorganic composites, even though using very low amounts of GO dispersed in the polymeric matrix, suggesting many potential applications in anticorrosive coatings, electronic devices, pharmaceuticals and food packaging
Cable driven Automated People Movers for urban applications: modelling the roller for investigating energy consumption / Impianti automatici con trazione a fune per trasporti urbani: modellazione dei rulli per la verifica del consumo energetico
No full textThe importance of cable driven APMs (Automated People Movers) has become much higher in the recent years, for hourly capacities up to nearly 8-9 thousand passengers per direction. This is due also to their undeniably competitive energy consumption per passenger and per km since they do not need to be provided with a motor on board and - consequently - neither the mechanical transmission to the wheels nor a structure suitable for such weights; this leaves power transmission to a mechanical component with small inertia, such as a steel wire rope. However, in any rope transport system based on a carrying-hauling rope, a relevant part of energy losses comes from rollers and related roller assemblies, in particular from the interaction between the metal rope and the rubber on rollers. So, having the possibility to quantify and, possibly, reduce their contribution to energy losses may result in positive effect on the overall energy performance of APMs. The temperature of rubber increases under cyclic loads; this is due to hysteresis losses and low rubber thermal conductivity. This paper presents a new procedure to assess the generation of heat in the ropeway roller with rubber band. The procedure consists in assessing hysteresis loss, i.e. the dissipated energy within the rubber band, by an analytical procedure. The model works with a limited number of data and without direct experimental measures on the rubber compound, which would be hardly feasible in practice. The dissipated energy obtained was used as an input for steady state thermal analysis. Verification of the proposed procedure was performed by comparing the simulation results to the data obtained experimentally during the periodical tests that have been developed in various plants. This model allows obtaining a preliminary value about the actual roller energy consumption, in order to provide a better comparison between different urban transport systems in terms of energy consumption
Technical, economic and environmental analysis of lactic acid and biogas production from kitchen waste
No full textNowadays, the concept of sustainable production and consumption is a key lever towards bio-based economy, which has biomass conversion into bio-products and bio-energy production as essential elements. In this study, a two-step bio-refinery process fed with kitchen waste was investigated for the sequential fermentative production of two added-value products: lactic acid (LA) and biogas. Organic waste, representing a massive social, economic and environmental problem, could be employed in bio-refinery processes with three important benefits: production of added value products (LA and biogas), decrease of bio-refinery process costs and reduction of waste amount. LA and biogas production through biological pathways is based on mature technologies, already implemented on pilot and full scale. The aim of this research is the evaluation of technical, economic and environmental feasibility and sustainability of the proposed bio-refinery system, which is coherent with EU strategy on Circular Economy. The novelty of the approach consists of taking into account the conversion of kitchen waste into LA and biogas through two biological fermentative processes performed in sequence and combined into a value chain. The consistency of this study is verified by the implementation of the proposed value chain in areas with 2000 to 1 million inhabitants
Environmental effect of the WWTP discharge on the quality of the receptor river
No full textThe aim of this paper is to examine the Po River water quality in a small stretch in Piedmont (northern Italy). In this stretch a large pollution load, derived from the wastewater treatment plant of Torino area (more than 2 million inhabitants), is discharged and diluted in the water. In this study this load has been quantified and modeled in order to understand the sources, destinations and effects of the emitted pollutants. The objective was to determine the impact produced by the Torino Wastewater Treatment Plant on the quality of the water, based on various hydrological conditions and the possible intervention on the point and diffuse loads
