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Il disegno di progetto nelle riviste fondate a Torino fra gli anni Settanta dell'Ottocento e i primi del Novecento /The design drawing in the magazines established in Turin between the Seventies of the nineteenth and early twentieth century
No full textFra gli anni Settanta dell'Ottocento e i primi del Novecento, come era già avvenuto alla fine degli anni Trenta in Germania, Inghilterra e Francia, si assiste a Torino alla nascita e alla proliferazione, favorita dalla presenza di solide imprese dedite all'editoria , di riviste che sviluppano i contenuti compositivi e tecnologici alla base dell'insegnamento dell'Architettura e dell'Ingegneria civile nella Regia Scuola di Applicazione di Torino, fondata nel 1859. La funzione di continuità nei confronti della Scuola e gli obiettivi di formazione permanente vengono dichiarati, nel 1889, da Daniele Donghi nella presentazione di una di queste riviste, l'"Architettura Pratica", da lui diretta: "Procurare agli architetti, e specialmente ai giovani, siffatta guida, è lo scopo di questa pubblicazione, in cui ci proponiamo di presentare, con alternata successione, edifizi d'ogni maniera ed ogni destinazione, accompagnandone i disegni con quelle brevi spiegazioni che occorrono" . La Scuola di Applicazione, poi divenuta Politecnico nel 1906, ambisce, avvalendosi della collaborazione del Museo Industriale, a riportare lo stato dell'istruzione tecnica torinese, anche nell'ambito dell'arte di edificare, al livello dello sviluppo culturale europeo. Numerosi fra i suoi docenti si fanno perciò promotori di una serie di iniziative editoriali volte alla diffusione del sapere tecnico-scientifico. Nell'arco di un trentennio vengono fondate una decina riviste, dedicate all'architettura e all'ingegneria sanitaria, dirette da insegnanti della Scuola , attivi in differenti settori della pubblicistica tecnica . L'approccio tipologico, di respiro internazionale, contraddistingue i due ambiti: le riviste di architettura si dedicano prevalentemente all'edilizia residenziale - case da pigione e villini -, quelle di ingegneria sanitaria all'edilizia pubblica - scolastica, ospedaliera -, alle costruzioni innovative - gallerie vetrate e padiglioni d'esposizione temporanea -, ai manufatti di particolare significato sociale - case operaie e lavatoi pubblici -. L'importanza del disegno per la documentazione del progetto viene esplicitamente espresso: "I disegni intendiamo pubblicare con quell'abbondanza di cui sarà bisogno perché ogni edifizio riesca interamente e chiaramente spiegato, non soltanto nelle parti principali, ma eziandio in quelle secondarie aventi qualche importanza; perciò ne pubblicheremo anche i particolari ed i finimenti allorché presenteranno qualche cosa di speciale o degno di considerazione" . Il contributo che si intende proporre conduce un'esplorazione, attraverso le diverse riviste, fra disegni di progetto - spesso rielaborati di propria mano dai direttori delle riviste - che contemperano una significativa valenza artistica con aggiornate attenzioni tecniche e che approfondiscono, volta per volta, i temi del rapporto dei manufatti con il contesto, della composizione architettonica, degli apparati decorativi e degli aspetti tecnologici fino alla recente dimensione impiantistica, attraverso elaborati in cui la specializzazione dei saperi e la complessificazione del processo costruttivo sono ricondotti a sintesi attraverso il disegno
The effects of the multimodal real time information systems on the travel behaviour
No full textThis paper aims at assessing the effects on travel behaviour of a multimodal real-time information navigator for smartphone, developed within the project Optimod'Lyon and launched in May 2015. To this end, a quali-quantitative approach was adopted, administering a questionnaire and organising focus groups before and after the test of the application, involving a stratified sample of 50 people living in the metropolitan area of Lyon. The Theory of Planned Behaviour was used as the theoretical framework for the questionnaire design, investigating attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control. To evaluate the behavioural change, data were analysed using parametric and non-parametric tests, factor analysis and binary logistic regression. The positive attitude towards Optimod'Lyon lessened over time. After the test, the use of the different travel modes remained stable, showing a consistency on the most used mode, on behavioural patterns and attitudes, strongly related to habits and to the frequency of the past behaviour
High barrier composite materials based on renewable sources for food packaging applications
No full textThis chapter reviews the current state of the art and the future perspectives concerning the design of polymer nanocomposite materials based on renewable sources, which show high barrier properties toward different diffusing species and hence are expected to be suitable for packaging applications: this peculiar use can be obviously strictly correlated to their structure, morphology and compatibility. More specifically, the potentialities of polymeric nanocomposites are thoroughly discussed, focusing on the structure/morphology peculiarities that promote the achievement of high barrier performances. Furthermore, some case studies referring to the exploitation of composite materials based on renewable sources specifically for food packaging applications are described in detail. Finally, some recent surface engineering approaches (like layer by layer treatments), which can be successfully exploited for improving the barrier properties of different packaging plastic films (also based on renewable sources), are discussed and exhaustively reporte
Integration between TLS and UAV photogrammetry techniques for forestry applications
No full textForests are significant resources from an ecological, economic and social point of view. Their protection and management could greatly benefit from a com- plete knowledge of the shape and distribution of trees in forest stands. To this purpose, aerial surveys, especially through Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS), were carried out in the last years to acquire point clouds to be used in 3D models aimed at achieving an accurate description of tree crowns and terrain. However, airborne data acquisition is expensive and may provide poor results in case of dense foliage. Further, point cloud resolution is not very high, as models with a grid of 2-3 m are usually obtained. In order to implement more accurate 3D forest models, a feasible solution is the integration of point clouds obtained by aerial acquisition (ALS or photogrammetry) for the treetops and the terrain description, with information from terrestrial surveys. In this paper, we investigated the possible integration of point clouds obtained by Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) with those collected by photogrammetric 3D models based on images captured by Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) in a test site located in northern Italy, with the aim of creating an accurate dataset of the forest site with high resolution and precision. The limits of ALS and TLS were bridged by aerial photogrammetry at low altitude (and vice versa). A 3D model of the study area was obtained with a resolution of 5 cm and a precision of 3 cm. Such model may be used in a wide range of applications in forestry studies, e.g., the reconstruction of 3D shapes of trees or the analysis of tree growth throught time. The implications of the use of such integrate approach as a support tool for decision-making in forest management are discussed
Improved 64-bit Radix-16 Booth Multiplier Based on Partial Product Array Height Reduction
No full textIn this paper we describe an optimization for binary radix-16 (modified) Booth recoded multipliers to reduce the maximum height of the partial product columns to ceil(n/4) for n = 64-bit unsigned operands. This is in contrast to the conventional maximum height of ceil((n + 1)/4). Therefore a reduction of one unit in the maximum height is achieved. This reduction may add flexibility during the design of the pipelined multiplier to meet the design goals, it may allow further optimizations of the partial product array reduction stage in terms of area/delay/power and/or may allow additional addends to be included in the partial product array without increasing the delay. The method can be extended to Booth recoded radix-8 multipliers, signed multi- pliers, combined signed/unsigned multipliers, and other values of n
Investigation of accuracy and dimensional limits of part produced in aluminum alloy by selective laser melting
No full textSelective laser melting (SLM) process, an additive manufacturing (AM) technology, has had a rapid growth in the biomedical and aerospace markets because of the ability to manufacture complex designs directly from computer-aided design (CAD) using materials such as titanium and aluminum alloys. Although this technology allows designers to fabricate geometries not achievable with conventional manufacturing, it has some restrictions. The paper presents the technological problems and restrictions resulting in the production of structures in aluminum alloy by SLM. In particular, it analyzed the input file of the process, .STL file, and the dimensional limits of geometries with sharp edges as a simple parallelepiped with a square base since the understanding of the limitations can help the designer in the creation of new components. The creation of function-independent design rules, easily transferrable on individual part designs, could allow a wide industrial usage and a better knowledge of AM technologies. The results presented in this paper showed that the choice of parameters of conversion from the CAD model to .STL file could be a restriction for the software for preprocessing part but also affects the surface roughness. Moreover, if a SLM machine with a laser beam of 100 μm is used, it is not possible to produce geometries with sharp edges with size base below 0.8 mm in an aluminum alloy
Detailed geological mapping in mountain areas using an unmanned aerial vehicle: application to the Rodoretto Valley, NW Italian Alps
No full textWe present a methodology to use a UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) to perform photogrammetric surveys and detailed geological mapping in mountain areas. This work is specially related to the presented case study with the aim to realize geomorphological maps from UAVs, since they can house different types of sensors and acquire data more rapidly and cheaply than traditional geological surveys directly obtained with field observations. This work explains how UAVs can obtain digital terrain models, orthophotos and 3D models in order to create slope and aspect maps for geological purposes. By integrating data from UAVs with geological surveys made on the field, geological maps can be produced where many of the geological elements are presented. This paper presents the integration of geomatics and geological techniques. Starting from UAV slope map and orthophotos, a new geological map was created in a faster and more detailed way compared to traditional geological survey on the ground. The application of this method regards a sector of the Western Alps (NW Italy), formed by glaciers and deep-seated gravitational slope deformations
Rheological characterization and performance-related evaluation of paint sludge modified binders
No full textApplication of paints by spraying, extensively used in the automotive industry, generates a solid waste, known as paint sludge, which, if improperly managed, may lead to significant environmental and economic burdens. In the research work described in this paper, use of paint sludge for the production of modified bituminous binders for paving applications was investigated. In particular, expected field performance of paint sludge modified binders (PSMBs) was assessed and compared to that of neat bitumen and polymer-modified binders. PSMBs considered in the study were prepared in the laboratory by employing variable dosages of sludge coming from different painting plants and derived either from basecoat or clearcoat application. PSMB characteristics were evaluated by means of rheological tests which led to construction of master curves, determination of performance grade (PG) according to the SUPERPAVE scheme, detailed evaluation of resistance to permanent deformation by means of multiple stress creep recovery tests, and analysis of resistance to fatigue damage by making use of time sweep and linear amplitude sweep tests. Obtained results showed that use of automotive paint sludge for the production of PSMBs is a feasible, cost-effective and environmentally compatible alternative to currently adopted management solutions which consist either in incineration or in energy production in cement kilns. Although fluxing and stiffening effects were observed in the case of basecoat and clearcoat sludge, respectively, only minor variations were recorded in terms of PG, elastic esponse, stress sensitivity, fatigue resistance and fatigue ductility of neat bitumen
Relevance and quality of climate planning for large and medium-sized cities of the Tropics
No full textIn the last seven years, the number of plans with climate measures for tropical cities has increased 2.3 times compared to the previous seven years as a result of the initiatives of central and local governments, multi-bilateral development aid and development banks. The plans matter in achieving the 11th United Nations' Sustainable development goal. Therefore, the objective of this chapter is to ascertain the relevance and quality of climate planning in large and medium-sized cities in the Tropics. The chapter proposes and applies the QCPI-Quality of Climate Plans Index, consisting of 10 indicators (characterization of climate, number, quantification, relevance, potential impact, cost, funding sources, timetable and responsibility of measures, implementation monitoring and reporting). It is revealed that 338 tropical cities currently have a local development, emergency, master, mitigation, adaptation, risk reduction plan or a resilience or smart city strategy. These tools were unquestionably more common in large cities, especially in OCDE and BRICS countries, while they were rare in Developing Countries. Local development plans (Municipal development, general, comprehensive) were the most common in medium-sized cities, along with those with the lowest quality, while stand-alone strategies and plans (resilience, mitigation, sustainable, adaptation), applied mostly in big cities, present much higher quality
Carrier mobility and scattering lifetime in electric double-layer gated few-layer graphene
No full textWe fabricate electric double-layer field-effect transistor (EDL-FET) devices on mechanically exfoliated few-layer graphene. We exploit the large capacitance of a polymeric electrolyte to study the transport properties of three, four and five-layer samples under a large induced surface charge density both above and below the glass transition temperature of the polymer. We find that the carrier mobility shows a strong asymmetry between the hole and electron doping regime. We then employ ab initio density functional theory (DFT) calculations to determine the average scattering lifetime from the experimental data. We explain its peculiar dependence on the carrier density in terms of the specific properties of the electrolyte we used in our experiments