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Magnet shape optimization of surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous machine through FEA method
No full textThis work analyzes the effects of permanent magnet shape on the performance of surface - mounted permanent magnet (SPM) machine, including average torque, c ogging torque, magnet volume and de - magnetization limit. Analytical expressions are introduced to obtain the relationship between magnet shape and torque behavior s . Secondly, a multi - objective Differential Evolution (MODE) algorithm is used to get the best tradeoff model between torque performances. An automatic design process via MODE for SPM motor with magnet shaping is introduced. All the models are validated by Finite Element Analysis (FEA)
Metamaterials on Demand: The Use of 3D Printing to Create New Metamaterials
No full textHere we are discussing some scientific articles about the use of 3D printing in creating new metamaterials. As we will see from this literature, the printing on-demand seems to be the best manner to have materials possessing specific properties, that is, to have metamaterials on demand
Dissolved organic carbon retention by coprecipitation during the oxidation of ferrous iron
No full textThe adsorption of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on iron (Fe) (hydr)oxides represents an important stabilization mechanism for soil organic matter (OM) and contributes to soil C accumulation. However, in soils that experience periodic fluctuations in redox conditions the interaction between DOC and Fe (hydr)oxides may not only involve organic coatings on mineral surfaces, but also Fe-DOC coprecipitates that form during the oxidation of soil solutions containing important amounts of DOC and Fe2+. The aim of this work is to provide new insights into the mechanisms involved, and the amount and selectivity of C retained during the coprecipitation process. A series of Fe-OM associations with increasing C loading was synthesized at pH 6 by surface adsorption or coprecipitation (oxidation of ferrous iron) utilizing rice-straw derived dissolved organic matter. The kinetics of Fe2+ oxidation and complexation, and the total and selective retention of DOC during the coprecipitation process were evaluated. Moreover, synthesized associations, as well as a field coprecipitate collected in situ from a paddy soil, were studied by X-ray diffraction, N2 gas adsorption-desorption isotherms, electrophoretic mobility measurements and thermogravimetric analyses. Coprecipitation resulted in higher organic C contents (49-213 mg g−1) with respect to adsorbed systems (18-47 mg g−1), and favoured the inclusion of OM within highly aggregated associations having particularly low BET specific surface areas. Although coprecipitation led to a strong, selective retention of aromatic constituents, the initial complexation of Fe2+ by aliphatic carboxylic moieties and precipitation as C-rich Fe-OM associations contributed to the total C retention, particularly at higher solution C/Fe ratios. These aliphatic complexes formed during coprecipitation may play an important, though often underestimated, role in C stabilization in soils experiencing frequent redox fluctuations and often characterized by elevated soluble Fe2+ and DOC concentrations
DIY: polar fleece as a new material for handmade artefacts
No full textThe paper deals with a cultural and didactic experience regarding textile world, its history and traditions, its manufacturing processes and its innovative possible uses. The experience, that involved different actors from academic and commercial fields as well as interested people from citizenry, was organized in two directions: a workshop and a thesis in Design (Bachelor Degree). In both cases, the object of the design process was the polar fleece, a technical fabric made from polyester (PET). The aim of the presented actions was to reassess the fabric, considered as a well-known fabric and not as a technical one, despite its high technical requirements (insulating, lightweight, etc.). Specifically, the aim was to investigate how designers, thanks to learning by doing, "do it yourself" and participatory design methodologies can help manufacturing industries to define new possible market fields and new products or semi-finished products
Space heating models at urban scale for buildings in the city of Turin (Italy)
No full textToday 54 % of the world's population resides in urban areas and in 2050 the projections are for 66 %. Therefore, the issue of city sustainability becomes increasingly important. This paper analyzes city energy sustainability with consideration to the complex built environment, high population densities, anthropogenic activities, energy demands, environmental impacts, as well as limits on both space availability and renewable energy sources. The evaluation considers models of thermal energy consumption for both residential and non-residential buildings based on a GIS tool. The thermal energy-use models consider established statistical methods as well as the introduction of energy-dependent urban-scale variables
Exploring the benefits of a traveller clustering approach based on multimodality attitudes and behaviours
No full textThis paper presents a new market segmentation study of travellers based on measures of multimodality attitudes and behaviours. The study involved a sample of researchers and clerical workers of the French national transport research institute to allow for a long and detailed questionnaire on multimodality habits. Two different cluster analyses are implemented. The first one considers variables related to the specific trip that was investigated in the survey, namely the intention to make such trip with changing travel means over time and the propensity to use a different mode in the future. The second study focuses on the more general multimodality behaviour, contemplating the actual and desired frequencies of use of different means and the propensity to try new services that are not yet existing in reality. The resulting market segments are compared and they are consistently pointing at almost the same classification of travellers. The best transport policy measures to achieve a behavioural change for each market segment are discussed
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Biosourced polymers for aqueous solar cells: a possible breakthrough towards green photovoltaic commercialization
No full textIn recent years, with the idea of creating efficient, safe, and low-cost DSSCs, the research moved the attention towards alternative solvent-based electrolytes. Above all, DSSCs with water-based electrolytes have been proposed as one of the possible solution providing reduced costs, non-flammability and environmental compatibility. Recently we demonstrated that stability issues can be properly addressed by choosing sensitizers with appropriate molecular structure. Moreover, the possibility of gelling the liquid solvent into a polymeric matrix can reduce the electrolyte leakage outside the device, increasing the long-term stability, without limiting the overall photovoltaic performances. In this contribution, the investigation on a series of iodine and cobalt-based 100% aqueous electrolytes is presented. Thanks to our previous experience and to a multivariate approach (Design of Experiment), the effects of the change in redox mediator concentrations and in photoanode preparation on DSSCs performances have been evaluated. Finally, the gelation of the best aqueous electrolytes with low-cost, bio-derived polymers has been performed. Photovoltaic performances and stabilities will be discussed by comparing liquid and gel electrolytes. In lab-scale solar cells interesting photovoltaic efficiencies close to 4.5% were achieved
Examining the role of flame topologies and in-cylinder flow fields on cyclic variability in spark-ignited engines using large-eddy simulation
No full textIn this work, we have studied cycle-to-cycle variation in a spark-ignited engine using large-eddy simulation in conjunction with the G-equation combustion model. A single cylinder of a four-cylinder port-fueled spark-ignited engine was simulated. A total of 49 consecutive full cycles were computed. The operating condition studied in this work is stoichiometric and stable and represents a load of 16 bar brake mean effective pressure and an engine speed of 2500 r/min. The computational fluid dynamics simulation shows good agreement in terms of in-cylinder pressure prediction with respect to the experiments and is also able to capture the range of cycle-to-cycle variation observed in experiments. Furthermore, neither the simulation nor the experiments show any distinguishable pattern in the sequence of high and low cycles. We numerically decoupled the effects of variations in equivalence ratio fields and velocity fields to isolate the effects of differences in the velocity field and differences in the equivalence ratio field on flame development and propagation. Based on this study, we inferred that for this engine, under the operating conditions studied, the differences in burn rates can be attributed to the differences in the velocity flow-field in the region around the spark gap during ignition. We then performed an analysis to identify the correlation between peak cylinder pressure and flame topologies over all the simulated cycles. We found that high cycles (higher peak cylinder pressure values) are strongly correlated to flatter flame volume shapes (flattened in the piston-to-head direction) and volumes that are more symmetric about the ignition axis. In addition, these kinds of flame volumes were found to correlate well with lower values of prior-to-ignition velocity going from the intake to the exhaust side (mean flow caused by tumble) at the spark and also higher values of prior-to-ignition velocity in the piston-to-head direction