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Benchmark comparison of Co3O4 spinel-structured oxides with different morphologies for oxygen evolution reaction under alkaline conditions
No full textIn this work a series of Co3O4 spinels were produced by different synthesis routes (precipitation, solution combustion synthesis, hard template method), and were used as non-noble catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) under basic conditions. The investigated catalysts have a proportional relation between electrochemical activity, surface roughness and specific surface area. The hard-template synthesis method resulted in the most active catalyst compared in this work, which we ascribe to its highly porous structure, and concomitant Co3+/Co4+ redox couple at a lower potential, attributed to the OER. The most performant catalyst was compared with a commercial catalyst (Ni@NiO, Alfa Aesar) showing only 0.01 V overpotential difference, evaluated at 10 mA·cm-2 (overpotential 0.44 V)
Building Energy Performance and Real Estate Market Value: an Application of the Spatial Autoregressive (SAR) Model
No full textThe paper explores the role of the buildings energy performance in the definition of the real estate market value, taking in consideration the presence of spatial auto-correlation. At this regard, it is necessary to put in evidence that a great heterogeneity exists on the Italian territory with reference to buildings energy performance; for this reason, being able to identify a class of most performing estimation models, suitable to separate the spatial effects from the influence of the building components - including the energy rating - on the value, seems to be an interesting goal. In particular, this work illustrates an experiment based on the Spatial Auto Regressive (SAR) model implemented on a sample of residential units located in the city of Turin and represents a first step of a more wide research progra
Influence of Zig-Zag and warping effects on buckling of functionally graded sandwich plates according to sinusoidal shear deformation theories
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A Low-Cost Reliability vs. Cost Trade-Off Methodology to Selectively Harden Logic Circuits
No full textFriction Calculation and Simulation of Column Electric Power Steering System
No full textThis study presents a procedure for friction calculation of column electric power steering (C-EPS) system which affects handling and comfort in driving. The friction losses estimation is obtained from experimental tests and mathematical calculation. Parts in C-EPS mainly involved in friction losses are bearings and worm gear. In the theoretical approach, the gear geometry and Hertz law were employed to measure the normal load and the sliding velocity and contact areas from the worm gears driving conditions. The viscous friction generated in the worm gear was obtained with a theoretical approach and the result was applied to model the friction in the steering system. Finally, by viscous friction coefficient and Coulomb friction coefficient, values of friction in worm gear were calculated. According to the Bearing Company and the characteristics of each bearing, the friction torques due to load and due to speed were calculated. A MATLAB Simulink model for calculating the friction in bearings and worm gear in C-EPS were done and the total friction value was estimate
Optimization of Pd catalysts supported on Co3O4 for low-temperature lean combustion of residual methane
No full textA series of Pd/Co3O4 catalysts with increasing palladium loading in the range of 0.5-5 wt.% was prepared by incipient wetness impregnation of Co3O4. Solution combustion synthesis with urea as a fuel was used to optimize the Co3O4 reactive support for palladium in the combustion of methane in lean conditions. The obtained catalysts were thoroughly examined by XRD, XPS, XRF, RS, FESEM, H2-TPR, TGA, and N2-BET techniques. The catalytic tests of CH4 combustion were performed for 0.5, 1, and 2 vol.% CH4, with constant lambda value. The obtained results revealed that a sub-stoichiometric fuel-to-oxidizer ratio, 0.75, results in the most catalytically active Co3O4 phase. The important differences in the catalysts' activity were apparent for the highest CH4 concentration, with the 3% Pd/Co3O4 being the most active catalyst. The observed activity was explained considering the physicochemical, spectroscopic, and microscopic characterization of the catalysts with the PdO nanocrystals surface distribution being the determining factor for the catalysts' reactivity. A simple model accounting for the observed dispersion effect is proposed. The model is based on a two types of the interaction of the surface PdO active phase with the Co3O4 support. Firstly, cobalt oxide helps to remove hydroxyl species from the PdO surface, thus making the active sites more available for methane activation. Secondly, cobalt spinel provides lattice oxygen to the PdO phase, again helping to recreate active sites thereon