Centro de Documentación de las Artes Escénicas y de la Música
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The Alkaloids of the Madangamine Group
No full textThis chapter is focused on madangamines, a small group of complex diamine alkaloids isolated from marine sponges of the order Haplosclerida, and covers their isolation, characterization, biogenesis, biological activity, and synthesis. Structurally, madangamines are pentacyclic alkaloids with an unprecedented skeletal type, characterized by a common diazatricyclic core and two peripheral macrocyclic rings. The isolation of these alkaloids from Xestospongia ingens (madangamines A E) and Pachychalina alcaloidifera (madangamine F) is described in detail. Physical and complete spectroscopic 1H and 13C NMR data are included. The proposed biogenesis of madangamines from ammonia, a functionalized three-carbon unit, and saturated or unsaturated linear long-chain dialdehydes, via partially reduced bis-alkylpyridine macrocycles, is discussed. The synthesis of alkaloids of the madangamine group has been little explored, with only one total synthesis reported so far, that of (þ)-madangamine D. This review also describes several model synthetic approaches to the diazatricyclic ABC core of these alkaloids, as well as model studies on the construction of the (Z,Z)-unsaturated 11-membered E macrocycle common to madangamines A E, the 13- and 14-membered D rings of madangamines C E, and the all-cistriunsaturated 15-membered D ring of madangamine A. Some members of this group have shown significant in vitro cytotoxicity against a number of cancer cell lines
Sensor systems
No full textThis chapter introduces the topic of detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) via nanomaterial-based sensors for health applications. Sensors are fast and relatively inexpensive tools for noninvasive diagnostics of health status by the detection of VOCs excreted from human breath or different body fluids and tissues, and they can be used to determine the volatilomic print of an individual. Utilization of the knowledge on different chemical families toward tuning sensor approaches is demonstrated. The chapter introduces the approach of semiselective/cross-reactive sensors for VOC detection and its advantages compared to selective sensor approaches. Different sensor technologies are reviewed, and it is shown that they are capable of easy adaptation in the field. As sensor systems provide high-dimensional outputs when applied to volatilomic analysis, predictive models for diagnosis are an integral part of the analysis. The chapter reviews current developments and future advancements of nanomaterial-based sensors and assesses the hidden difficulties in developing machine learning models for volatilome applications, offering recommended best practices for model validation and assessment
Effect of cocoa powder on the modulation of inflammatory biomarkers in patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease
No full textBackground: Epidemiologic studies have suggested that flavonoid intake plays a critical role in the prevention of coronary heart disease. Because atherosclerosis is considered a low-grade inflammatory disease, some feeding trials have analyzed the effects of cocoa (an important source of flavonoids) on inflammatory biomarkers, but the results have been controversial. Objective: The objective was to evaluate the effects of chronic cocoa consumption on cellular and serum biomarkers related to atherosclerosis in high-risk patients. Design: Forty-two high-risk volunteers (19 men and 23 women; mean 6 SD age: 69.7 6 11.5 y) were included in a randomized crossover feeding trial. All subjects received 40 g cocoa powder with 500 mL skim milk/d (C+M) or only 500 mL skim milk/d (M) for 4 wk. Before and after each intervention period, cellular and serum inflammatory biomarkers related to atherosclerosis were evaluated. Results: Adherence to the dietary protocol was excellent. No significant changes in the expression of adhesion molecules on T lymphocyte surfaces were found between the C+M and M groups. However, in monocytes, the expression of VLA-4, CD40, and CD36 was significantly lower (P = 0.005, 0.028, and 0.001, respectively) after C+M intake than after M intake. In addition, serum concentrations of the soluble endothelium-derived adhesion molecules P-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 were significantly lower (both P = 0.007) after C+M intake than after M intake. Conclusions: These results suggest that the intake of cocoa polyphenols may modulate inflammatory mediators in patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease. These antiinflammatory effects may contribute to the overall benefits of cocoa consumption against atherosclerosis. This trial was registered in the Current Controlled Trials at London, International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Number, at controlled-trials.com as ISRCTN75176807
Inflammatory markers of atherosclerosis are decreased after moderate consumption of cava (sparkling wine) in men with low cardiovascular risk
No full textAtherosclerosis is considered a low-grade inflammatory disease. Polyphenol-rich alcoholic beverages (red wine) have shown a more pronounced antiinflammatory effect than polyphenol-free alcoholic beverages (gin). However, no studies to our knowledge have evaluated the antiinflammatory effects of alcoholic beverages with medium-level polyphenol content such as cava (sparkling wine). We enrolled 20 healthy men (aged 34 6 9 y) in a randomized crossover study to receive 30 g ethanol/d as cava or gin for 28 d. Before both interventions, subjects abstained from alcohol for 2 wk. Inflammatory biomarkers of atherosclerosis and expression of adhesion molecules on peripheral leukocytes were measured before and after each intervention. Likewise, dietary intake and exercise were also evaluated. Expression of lymphocyte function associated antigen-1 (LFA-1), very late activation antigen-4 (VLA-4), Sialyl-Lewisx (SLex), and CD40 on monocytes decreased after cava intake (all P , 0.05), whereas only SLex was reduced after gin intake (P ¼ 0.036). Circulating markers of atherosclerosis including vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, E-selectin, and P-selectin decreased after both interventions (all P , 0.05). High-sensitivity C-reactive protein, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), IL-6, monocyte hemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and CD40L were diminished only after cava intake (all P , 0.05). The effects of cava on circulating CD40L, ICAM-1, and MCP-1, and monocyte surface expression of CD40, LFA-1, and VLA-4 were greater than those of gin (all P , 0.05). In conclusion, both cava and gin showed antiinflammatory properties; however, cava had a greater protective effect, probably due its polyphenol content
Acuerdo de confección y posterior entrega de Obra material: su calificación contractual en la regulación de la compraventa internacional de mercaderías y sus precedentes romanos
No full textEl objeto del presente trabajo no es otro que aproximarme al problema de la calificación contractual del acuerdo que tiene por objeto la fabricación y posterior entrega de bienes muebles corporales a cambio de un precio. Con tal fin, centro mi atención en la solución, de claro corte romanista, adoptada por la Convención de Viena de 11 de abril de 1980 sobre compraventa internacional de mercaderías, para después reflexionar sobre el que puede considerarse su precedente romano inmediato, que no es otro que el conocido caso sobre el que discurre GAYO en Instituciones 3, 147
La discriminación entre hombres y mujeres en el ámbito laboral. Un problema persistente en la Unión Europea
No full textEl presente trabajo está dedicado al examen del principio de igualdad de trato y del principio de igualdad de oportunidades entre hombres y mujeres en el ámbito laboral. Parte de que la igualdad efectiva en el empleo no constituye una realidad en ningún Estado miembro de la Unión Europea a pesar de que la Unión Europea tiene normas al respecto que datan del momento de su creación que han experimentado un desarrollo significativo a lo largo de los años. El artículo analiza el porqué de esta situación a través del estudio del derecho originario y del derecho derivado aplicable y propone vías de solución para este problema
La prueba en el proceso de consumo: las facultades del juez y las normas de prueba como mecanismo de igualdad de las partes
No full textEn este artículo analizo la prueba en el proceso en el que una de las partes es un consumidor. Para ello desarrollo en primer lugar el carácter de orden público de la protección del consumidor y los efectos en el proceso. A continuación estudio como se implanta la obligación de practicar prueba de oficio en el proceso civil y su incidencia en las normas de carga de la prueba. Finalmente expongo como desde el ordenamiento de la Unión se han implantado normas de prueba para la protección del consumidor, poniendo de manifiesto la contradicción en el desarrollo de alguna de ellas
Las notificaciones electrónicas
No full textEn este artículo analizo el régimen de notificaciones electrónicas y las Sentencias del Tribunal Constitucional 6/2019, de 17 de enero y 47/2019, de 7 de abril, que se pronuncia sobre las mismas. A continuación desarrollo la obligación que impone el artículo 155.2.2. LEC de indicar la dirección del correo electrónico de la parte demandada en el escrito de demanda y las consecuencias procesales de la omisión. Finalmente estudio los efectos procesales de la negativa a recibir una comunicación electrónica y los errores que se pueden producir en las mismas
El incidente de tercero ocupante en la ejecución hipotecaria
No full text[spa] El presente artículo tiene como objeto analizar el incidente de tercero ocupante en la ejecución hipotecaria regulado por la Ley de Enjuiciamiento Civil. Se dedica especial atención a su regulación normativa, problemas prácticos, sustanciación, resolución y efectos con la finalidad de detectar las deficiencias o necesidades que, en su caso, pudiera presentar el incidente de tercero ocupante. Por último, se sugieren pautas a fin de mejorar la regulación actual del incidente.[eng] The paper studies an important aspect of the enforcement proceeding on mortgage property —foreclosure— regulated by the Spanish Civil Procedural Law: the incident of thrid occupant. The legal regulation, the practical problems, the procedure and the effects of its resolution are studied with the aim to fi nd some needs or defi ciencies. Finally the author also proposes some specific criteria that improve the current incident regulation
The lipopolysaccharide of Aeromonas spp: structure-activity relationships
No full textMarine microorganisms, including Aeromonas, are a source of compds. for drug development that have generated great expectations in the last decades. Aeromonas infections produce septicemia, and ulcerative and haemorrhagic diseases in fish. Among the pathogenic factors assocd. with Aeromonas, the lipopolysaccharides (LPS), a surface glyconconjugate unique to Gram-neg. bacteria consisting of lipid A (lipid anchor of the mol.), core oligosaccharide and O-specific polysaccharide (O antigen), are key elicitors of innate immune responses. The chem. structure of these three parts has been characterized in Aeromonas. Based on the high variability of repeated units of O-polysaccharides, a total of 97 O-serogroups have been described in Aeromonas species, of which four of them (O:11; O:16; O:18 and O:34) account for more than 60% of the septicemia cases. The core of LPS is subdivided into two regions, the inner (highly conserved) and the outer core. The inner core of Aeromonas LPS is characterized by the presence of 3-deoxy-d-manno-oct-2-ulosonic (ketodeoxyoctonic) acid (Kdo) and l-glycero-d-manno-Heptoses (l,d-Hep), which are linked to the outer core, characterized by the presence of Glc, GlcN, Gal, and GalNAc (in Aeromonas salmonicida), d,d-Hep (in Aeromonas salmonicida), and l,d-Hep (in Aeromonas hydrophila). The biol. relevance of these differences in the distal part of the outer core among these species has not been fully assessed to date. The inner core is attached to the lipid A, a highly conserved structure that confers endotoxic properties to the LPS when the mol. is released in blood from lysed bacteria, thus inducing a major systemic inflammatory response known as septic or endotoxic shock. In Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida the Lipid A components contain three major lipid A mols., differing in acylation patterns corresponding to tetra-, penta- and hexa-acylated lipid A species and comprising of 4'-monophosphorylated β-2-amino-2-deoxy-d-glucopyranose-(1→6)-2-amino-2-deoxy-d-glucopyranose disaccharide. In the present review, we discuss the structure-activity relationships of Aeromonas LPS, focusing on its role in bacterial pathogenesis and its possible applications