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Cause-specific mortality for 249 causes in Brazil and states during 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2015
No full textAbstract\ud
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Background\ud
Reliable data on cause of death (COD) are fundamental for planning and resource allocation priorities. We used GBD 2015 estimates to examine levels and trends for the leading causes of death in Brazil from 1990 to 2015.\ud
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Methods\ud
We describe the main analytical approaches focused on both overall and specific causes of death for Brazil and Brazilian states.\ud
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Results\ud
There was an overall improvement in life expectancy at birth from 1990 to 2015, but with important heterogeneity among states. Reduced mortality due to diarrhea, lower respiratory infections, and other infectious diseases contributed the most for increasing life expectancy in most states from the North and Northeast regions. Reduced mortality due to cardiovascular diseases was the highest contributor in the South, Southeast, and Center West regions. However, among men, intentional injuries reduced life expectancy in 17 out of 27 states. Although age-standardized rates due to ischemic heart disease (IHD) and cerebrovascular disease declined over time, these remained the leading CODs in the country and states. In contrast, leading causes of premature mortality changed substantially - e.g., diarrheal diseases moved from 1st to 13th and then the 36th position in 1990, 2005, and 2015, respectively, while violence moved from 7th to 1st and to 2nd. Overall, the total age-standardized years of life lost (YLL) rate was reduced from 1990 to 2015, bringing the burden of premature deaths closer to expected rates given the country’s Socio-demographic Index (SDI). In 1990, IHD, stroke, diarrhea, neonatal preterm birth complications, road injury, and violence had ratios higher than the expected, while in 2015 only violence was higher, overall and in all states, according to the SDI.\ud
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Conclusions\ud
A widespread reduction of mortality levels occurred in Brazil from 1990 to 2015, particularly among children under 5 years old. Major shifts in mortality rates took place among communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional disorders. The mortality profile has shifted to older ages with increases in non-communicable diseases as well as premature deaths due to violence. Policymakers should address health interventions accordingly.The Ministry of Health of Brazil was responsible for funding the GBD 2015 Brazil Study (Fundo Nacional de Saúde, grant number 25000192049/2014–14)
Anthropometric multicompartmental model to predict body composition In Brazilian girls
No full textAbstract\ud
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Background\ud
Anthropometric models remain appropriate alternatives to estimate body composition of peripubertal populations. However, these traditional models do not consider other body components that undergo major changes during peripubertal growth spurt, with restrictions to a multicompartimental approach as a quantitative growth. DXA has great potential to determine pediatric body composition in more than one component (3-C), but has limited use in field settings. Thus, the aim of this study was to propose and validate an anthropometric model for simultaneous estimation of lean soft tissue (LST), bone mineral content (BMC) and fat mass (FM) in healthy girls, from a multivariate approach of densitometric technique, as the criterion method.\ud
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Methods\ud
A sample of 84 Brazilian girls (7-17 years) was defined by chronological age and maturity offset. Whole total and regional DXA body scan were performed and, the components were defined (LST, BMC and FM) and considered as dependent variables. Twenty-one anthropometric measures were recorded as independent variables. From a multivariate regression, an anthropometric multicompartmental model was obtained.\ud
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Results\ud
It was possible to predict DXA body components with only four predictive measurements: body weight (BW); supra-iliac skinfold (SiSk); horizontal abdominal skinfold (HaSk) and contracted arm circumference (CaCi) with high coefficients of determination and low estimation errors (LST = 0.6662657 BW - 0. 2157279 SiSk - 0.2069373 HaSk + 0.3411678 CaCi - 1.8504187; BMC = 0.0222185 BW - 0.1001097 SiSk - 0.0064539 HaSk - 0.0084785 CaCi + 0.3733974 and FM = 0.3645630 BW + 0.1000325 SiSk - 0.2888978 HaSk - 0.4752146 CaCi + 2.8461916). The cross-validation was confirmed through the sum of squares of residuals (PRESS) method, presenting accurate coefficients (Q2\ud
PRESS from 0.81 to 0.93) and reduced error reliability (SPRESS from 0.01 to 0.30).\ud
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Conclusions\ud
When sophisticated instruments are not available, this model provides valid estimates of multicompartmental body composition of girls in healthy Brazilian pediatric populations
MAC USP no século XXI: a era dos artistas
No full textFolheto de exposição realizada no MAC USP em 2017
Chemical, physical, and mechanical properties evolution in electron beam irradiated isotactic polypropylene
No full textIsotactic Polypropylene 3 mm thick tensile samples, prepared by compression molding, were subject to electron beam irradiation with doses 0, 20, 40, 60, 100, 200 and 300 kGy. These samples were characterized by spectroscopic methods (UV spectroscopy), X-ray diffraction and mechanical tests (tensile tests and instrumented indentation), with the aim to investigate the ability of the instrumented indentation test to detect the changes in the macroscopic properties which arise from the changes in the chain structure. The use of larger irradiation doses compared with the commercial levels led to an unexpected behavior. At the smaller doses (up to 60 kGy), as expected, sample crystallinity decreases, characterizing irradiation induced amorphization. For the 100 kGy dose, however, the sample recrystallizes, returning to crystal/amorphous phase ratios similar to the ones observed for the pristine material. These changes correlated with the progressive production of –Cdouble bond; length as m-dashO and –Cdouble bond; length as m-dashC– chromophores in the chain and with a loss in yield strength and Young modulus up to 200 kGy (the sample subjected to 300 kGy is brittle). In spite of this, the indentation test showed limited sensitivity to the changes in the macroscopic tensile properties.CNP
Erratum to: Functional and evolutionary analyses of the miR156 and miR529 families in land plants
No full textRNAseq reveals hydrophobins that are involved in the adaptation of Aspergillus nidulans to lignocellulose
No full textAbstract\ud
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Background\ud
Sugarcane is one of the world’s most profitable crops. Waste steam-exploded sugarcane bagasse (SEB) is a cheap, abundant, and renewable lignocellulosic feedstock for the next-generation biofuels. In nature, fungi seldom exist as planktonic cells, similar to those found in the nutrient-rich environment created within an industrial fermenter. Instead, fungi predominantly form biofilms that allow them to thrive in hostile environments.\ud
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Results\ud
In turn, we adopted an RNA-sequencing approach to interrogate how the model fungus, Aspergillus nidulans, adapts to SEB, revealing the induction of carbon starvation responses and the lignocellulolytic machinery, in addition to morphological adaptations. Genetic analyses showed the importance of hydrophobins for growth on SEB. The major hydrophobin, RodA, was retained within the fungal biofilm on SEB fibres. The StuA transcription factor that regulates fungal morphology was up-regulated during growth on SEB and controlled hydrophobin gene induction. The absence of the RodA or DewC hydrophobins reduced biofilm formation. The loss of a RodA or a functional StuA reduced the retention of the hydrolytic enzymes within the vicinity of the fungus. Hence, hydrophobins promote biofilm formation on SEB, and may enhance lignocellulose utilisation via promoting a compact substrate-enzyme-fungus structure.\ud
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Conclusion\ud
This novel study highlights the importance of hydrophobins to the formation of biofilms and the efficient deconstruction of lignocellulose.Funding\ud
We would like to thank the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico\ud
e Tecnológico (CNPq), the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de\ud
São Paulo (FAPESP) in Brazil for funding this research. Rothamsted Research\ud
receives grant-aided support from the Biotechnology and Biological Sci‑\ud
ences Research Council (BBSRC) UK as part of the 20:20® wheat programme.\ud
Neil Brown receives support from the BBSRC National Capability PHI-base\ud
programme [BB/J/004383/1] and the BBSRC Future Leader Fellowship [BB/\ud
N011686/1]
Interactions between kidney disease and diabetes: dangerous liaisons
No full textAbstract\ud
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Background\ud
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) globally affects 18–20 % of adults over the age of 65 years. Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is one of the most frequent and dangerous complications of DM2, affecting about one-third of the patients with DM2. In addition to the pancreas, adipocytes, liver, and intestines, the kidneys also play an important role in glycemic control, particularly due to renal contribution to gluconeogenesis and tubular reabsorption of glucose.\ud
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Methods\ud
In this review article, based on a report of discussions from an interdisciplinary group of experts in the areas of endocrinology, diabetology and nephrology, we detail the relationship between diabetes and kidney disease, addressing the care in the diagnosis, the difficulties in achieving glycemic control and possible treatments that can be applied according to the different degrees of impairment.\ud
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Discussion\ud
Glucose homeostasis is extremely altered in patients with DKD, who are exposed to a high risk of both hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. Both high and low glycemic levels are associated with increased morbidity and shortened survival in this group of patients. Factors that are associated with an increased risk of hypoglycemia in DKD patients include decreased renal gluconeogenesis, deranged metabolic pathways (including altered metabolism of medications) and decreased insulin clearance. On the other hand, decrease glucose filtration and excretion, and inflammation-induce insulin resistance are predisposing factors to hyperglycemic episodes.\ud
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Conclusion\ud
Appropriate glycaemic monitoring and control tailored for diabetic patients is required to avoid hypoglycaemia and other glycaemic disarrays in patients with DM2 and kidney disease. Understanding the renal physiology and pathophysiology of DKD has become essential to all specialties treating diabetic patients. Disseminating this knowledge and detailing the evidence will be important to initiate breakthrough research and to encourage proper treatment of this group of patients.Our workgroup formed by nephrologists, endocrinologists and diabetologists\ud
worked between 2014 and 2015 discussing issues related to diabetes and the\ud
kidney were sponsored by Novartis in a complete independent educational\ud
program
A computational tool for automated language production analysis aimed at dementia diagnosis
No full textCoh-Metrix-Dementia is a unified computational environment that allows for the automated analysis of language production in clinical (and similar) settings. In its current version, the tool is composed of an underlying Python library – built on top of several Natural Language Processing (NLP) tools for the Portuguese language – that can be used as a component inside other applications, and a web interface, suitable for use by health professionals. From a transcribed or written text sample produced by a subject, Coh-Metrix-Dementia can extract 73 textual metrics, comprising several levels of linguistic analysis from word counts to semantics and discourse, which can be used in language evaluation. The tool has been evaluated in automated classification tasks involving dementia patients, where it demonstrated to have a high classification accuracy, and is freely available under the GPLv3 license
Um estudo sobre o uso do GeoGebra na aprendizagem de geometria analítica no ensino médio
No full textEste estudo investigou em uma abordagem quanti-qualitativa de natureza descritiva, em que medida o software GeoGebra contribuiu para a aprendizagem dos conteúdos de Geometria Analítica, ponto e reta. Participaram duas turmas do período diurno do 3º. Ano do Ensino Médio de uma escola pública da Grande São Paulo, que foram submetidas a uma Sequência de Atividades que considerava os diferentes Registros de Representação Semiótica de Duval. A primeira turma (T1), trabalhou com atividades em abordagens instrucionista e construcionista utilizando o GeoGebra, enquanto a outra (T2) trabalhou as atividades em ambiente lápis e papel. Os dados foram obtidos a partir de um questionário sobre o perfil dos participantes, um Pré-Teste, Avaliação Intermediária e um Pós-Teste. Verificamos que nas questões que abordavam as habilidades de visualização (localize, identifique) e construção (trace, represente) a Turma 1 apresentou médias superiores às dos participantes da Turma 2. Contudo nas questões que exigiam habilidade de cálculo, a Turma 2 obteve médias melhores. Desta forma, consideramos que o GeoGebra, contribuiu para aprendizagem dos conteúdos de ponto e reta, favorecendo a representação dos objetos matemáticos em diferentes registros. Porém, acreditamos que ele deva ser associado a outras metodologias que deem conta da compreensão e apropriação da habilidade de cálculo pelos alunos, a qual apenas o uso do software não contribuiu para desenvolver.SEE-S
