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G6PD deficiency alleles in a malaria-endemic region in the Western Brazilian Amazon
No full textAbstract\ud
\ud
Background\ud
\ud
Plasmodium vivax parasites are the predominant cause of malaria infections in the Brazilian Amazon. Infected individuals are treated with primaquine, which can induce haemolytic anaemia in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)-deficient individuals and may lead to severe and fatal complications. This X-linked disorder is distributed globally and is caused by allelic variants with a geographical distribution that closely reflects populations exposed historically to endemic malaria. In Brazil, few studies have reported the frequency of G6PD deficiency (G6PDd) present in malaria-endemic areas. This is particularly important, as G6PDd screening is not currently performed before primaquine treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of G6PDd in the region of Alto do Juruá, in the Western Brazilian Amazon, an area characterized by a high prevalence of P. vivax infection.\ud
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\ud
Methods\ud
Five-hundred and sixteen male volunteers were screened for G6PDd using the fluorescence spot test (Beutler test) and CareStart™ G6PD Biosensor system. Demographic and clinical-epidemiological data were acquired through an individual interview. To assess the genetic basis of G6PDd, 24 SNPs were genotyped using the Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR assay.\ud
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Results\ud
Twenty-three (4.5%) individuals were G6PDd. No association was found between G6PDd and the number of malaria cases. An increased risk of reported haemolysis symptoms and blood transfusions was evident among the G6PDd individuals. Twenty-two individuals had the G6PDd A(−) variant and one the G6PD A(+) variant. The Mediterranean variant was not present. Apart from one polymorphism, almost all SNPs were monomorphic or with low frequencies (0–0.04%). No differences were detected among ethnic groups.\ud
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Conclusions\ud
The data indicates that ~1/23 males from the Alto do Juruá could be G6PD deficient and at risk of haemolytic anaemia if treated with primaquine. G6PD A(−) is the most frequent deficiency allele in this population. These results concur with reported G6PDd in other regions in Brazil. Routine G6PDd screening to personalize primaquine administration should be considered, particularly as complete treatment of patients with vivax malaria using chloroquine and primaquine, is crucial for malaria elimination.This work was primarily funded by grants from National Counsel of Technological\ud
and Scientifc Development (Grant No. 475762/2013-4) and São\ud
Paulo Research Foundation (Grant Nos. 2014/09964-5; 2014/20451-0). JGD is\ud
supported by FAPESP fellowships (Grant Nos. 2012/04755-3 and 2016/13465-\ud
0) and, LAG was supported by FAPESP Visitor Researcher fellowships (Grant No.\ud
2015/06106-0). NRMS is supported by CAPES/PROEX. ARG is funded by the\ud
Medical Research Council, UK (Grant No. MC_PC_15103). TGC is supported by\ud
the Medical Research Council, UK (Grant Nos. MR/K000551/1, MR/M01360X/1,\ud
MR/N010469/1, MC_PC_15103). SC is funded by the Medical Research\ud
Council, UK (Grant Nos. MR/M01360X/1, MC_PC_15103). The MRC eMedlab\ud
computing resource was used for data analysis
Performance of cone beam computed tomography and conventional intraoral radiographs in detecting interproximal alveolar bone lesions: a study in pig mandibles
No full textAbstract\ud
\ud
Background\ud
Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) has been largely used in dentistry. Nevertheless, there is lack of evidence regarding CBCT accuracy in the diagnosis of early periodontal lesions as well as the correlation between accuracy and lesion size. The aim of this study was to evaluate accuracy of CBCT and conventional intraoral radiographs in detecting different-sized interproximal bone lesions created in pig mandibles. The hypothesis was that CBCT accuracy would be superior to radiographs in detecting incipient bone lesions.\ud
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Methods\ud
Twenty swine dry mandibles were used, totalizing 80 experimental sites. Four groups were created according to exposure time to perchloric acid 70–72%: controls (no exposure), 2-hour exposure, 4-hour exposure, and 6-hour exposure. Standardized CBCT and conventional intraoral radiographs were taken and analyzed by two trained radiologists. The presence of lesions in the dry mandible was considered the gold standard. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy in detecting different-sized bone lesions were calculated for CBCT and intraoral radiographs.\ud
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Results\ud
Accuracy of CBCT ranged from 0.762 to 0.825 and accuracy of periapical radiography ranged from 0.700 to 0.813, according to examiner and time of acid exposure. Inter-examiner agreement varied from slight to fair, whereas intra-examiner agreement varied from moderate to substantial.\ud
\ud
\ud
Conclusions\ud
CBCT performance was not superior to that provided by conventional intraoral radiographs in the detection of interproximal bone loss.This study was supported by a grant from São Paulo Research Foundation,\ud
Project 2009/53982-0, which enabled the acquisition of the CBCT equipment
The traditional lunch pattern is inversely correlated with body mass index in a population-based study in Brazil
No full textAbstract\ud
\ud
Background\ud
The association of obesity and dietary patterns has been well documented in scientific literature; however, information on the impact of meal patterns on obesity is scarce. The objective of this study was to investigate the association of adherence to lunch patterns and body mass index (BMI) in a representative sample of individuals aged 20 years or older in Sao Paulo.\ud
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Methods\ud
Data for 933 participants were retrieved from the Health Survey of São Paulo (ISA-Capital 2008), a cross-sectional population-based survey. The usual dietary intake of individuals with at least one 24-h recall was estimated by the Multiple Source Method. The definition of lunch was self-reported by the participant. Five lunch patterns were derived from twenty-two food groups by exploratory factor analysis: Traditional, Western, Sweetened juice, Salad, and Meats. To estimate the effect of lunch patterns on BMI, we used a generalized linear model with link identity and inverse Gaussian distribution. Analyses were adjusted by age, gender, household income per capita, physical activity levels, smoking status, alcohol consumption, total energy intake, and misreporting status.\ud
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Results\ud
The greater adherence to the traditional pattern at the lunch meal was associated with lower BMI, only in insufficiently active individuals (ß = −0.78; 95% CI -1.57; −0.02).\ud
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Conclusions\ud
The traditional Brazilian lunch pattern might protect the insufficiently active individuals against obesity.This research was supported by the Health Department of the City of Sao\ud
Paulo, São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP process no. no 2009/15831–\ud
0), and the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development\ud
(CNPq process no. proceeding no 473100/2009–6). ROS received a graduate\ud
student stipend from the Coordination for improvement of Higher Education\ud
Table 2 Regression coefficients for the association of the\ud
dietary patterns with body mass index in the study population\ud
Lunch Patterns\ud
Crude model β 95% CI\ud
Traditional Pattern (ref. 1st tertile)\ud
2nd tertile −0.27 −1.01; 0.48\ud
3rd tertile −1.07 −1.80;-0.34\ud
Western Pattern (ref. 1st tertile)\ud
2nd tertile 0.01 −0.74; 0.75\ud
3rd tertile −0.38 −1.11; 0.35\ud
Sweetened juice Pattern (ref. 1st tertile)\ud
2nd tertile 0.22 −0.53; 0.97\ud
3rd tertile −0.56 −1.29; 0.17\ud
Salads Pattern (ref. 1st tertile)\ud
2nd tertile 0.78 0.04; 1.52\ud
3rd tertile 0.46 −0.27; 1.19\ud
Meats Pattern (ref. 1st tertile)\ud
2nd tertile 0.22 −0.52; 0.96\ud
3rd tertile −0.16 −0.90; 0.56\ud
Model adjusteda β 95% CI\ud
Traditional Insufficiently active Pattern (ref. 1st tertile)\ud
2nd tertile −0.50 −1.23, 0.24\ud
3rd tertile −0.78 −1.57, −0.02\ud
Sufficiently active 2nd tertile 1.99 −0.99, 5.05\ud
3rd tertile 0.84 −2.09, 3.82\ud
Western Pattern (ref. 1st tertile)\ud
2nd tertile −0.07 −0.77, 0.63\ud
3rd tertile 0.14 −0.58, 0.85\ud
Sweetened juice Pattern (ref. 1st tertile)\ud
2nd tertile 0.17 −0.54, 0.87\ud
3rd tertile −0.29 −0.99, 0,40\ud
Salads Pattern (ref. 1st tertile)\ud
2nd tertile 0.37 −0.33, 1.07\ud
3rd tertile 0.06 −0.62, 0.75\ud
Meats Pattern (ref. 1st tertile)\ud
2nd tertile 0.01 −0.68, 0.70\ud
3rd tertile −0.29 −0.98, 0.39\ud
a\ud
Adjusted for age, sex, household per capita income, physical activity levels,\ud
smoking status, alcohol consumption, total energy intake, misreporting status\ud
and lunch patterns\ud
ISA-Capital 2008. Sao Paulo. Brazil\ud
de Oliveira Santos et al. BMC Public Health (2018) 18:33 Page 5 of 7\ud
Personnel (CAPES). DASV and AAMM received a graduate student stipend\ud
from the FAPESP
Social vulnerability and factors associated with oral impact on daily performance among adolescents
No full textAbstract\ud
\ud
Background\ud
Oral disorders may negatively affect the quality of life (QoL) of adolescents.\ud
To investigate how social vulnerability and oral-health status factors affect QoL in 15–19 years olds who participated in the “SB São Paulo 2015” state survey.\ud
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Methods\ud
The relationship of several independent variables, namely Paulista Social Vulnerability Index (PSVI) score, gender, skin color, family income, age, untreated caries, tooth loss [determined by the Decayed, Missing, Filled-Teeth (DMF-T) index], toothache, periodontal condition [determined by the Community Periodontal Index (CPI)], and malocclusion (maxillary overjet, cross bite, or open bite) affect daily life, measured by the Oral Impacts on Daily Performance (OIDP) instrument. Logistic regression analyses were carried out based on a hierarchical model.\ud
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Results\ud
The final sample consisted of 5402 adolescents. The prevalence of at least one negative impact of oral health on QoL was 37.3%. After adjustment, demographic factors that were found to influence this impact significantly (p < 0.01) were female gender [odds ratio (OR) 1.78, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.59–2.0], non-white skin color (OR 1.66, 95% CI = 1.47–1.88), and a low family income (OR 1.28, 95% CI = 1.28–1.29). Additionally, oral conditions associated with oral health impact on QoL included the presence of at least one untreated tooth decay lesion (OR 1.42, 95% CI = 1.25–1.61), loss of at least one tooth (OR 1.49; 95% CI = 1.25–1.78), toothache (OR 4.87, 95% CI = 4.25–5.59), bleeding on probing (OR 1.45, 95% CI = 1.25–1.68), and severe maxillary overjet (OR 1.68, 95% CI = 1.15–2.45).\ud
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Conclusion\ud
Social vulnerability (PSVI score) was not associated with the OIDP score, but oral health conditions and socio-demographic variables, including gender, skin color, and income, were found to affect adolescents’ daily activities. Strategies that consider the perceptions of this segment of the population should be implemented to strengthen their autonomy and totality of care.This study was funded by Foundation for Research Support of the State of\ud
São Paulo – FAPESP (grants # 14/50109–1)
Um cosmonauta nos trópicos: Július Koller na América do Sul
No full textO artigo discute a participação do artista eslovaco Július Koller (J.K.) em exposições na América do Sul nos anos 1970, focando-se em especial nos card-texts por ele enviados pelo correio para a mostra Prospectiva’74 realizada no MAC USP. Tem por objetivo sugerir paralelos entre as práticas artísticas experimentais no Leste da Europa e na América Latina no contexto de regimes ditatoriais
Gestational, perinatal, and postnatal factors that interfere with practice of exclusive breastfeeding by six months after birth
No full textAbstract\ud
\ud
Background\ud
Despite evidences indicating the superiority of breastfeeding and recent advances in the indicators of breastfeeding in Brazil, exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) during the first six months after birth continues to be an infrequent practice in the country. The objective of the present study was to determine which gestational, perinatal, and postnatal factors of the mother-baby dyad might be associated with the cessation of EBF by six months after birth.\ud
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Methods\ud
Data were collected at the rooming-in facility of the Reference Center of Women’s Health of Ribeirão Preto-Mater (CRSM-Mater) during the postpartum period (24 to 72 h after birth) from December 2012 to April 2013 and by telephone contact between the researcher and participating mothers by six months after birth.\ud
Questionnaires were applied to collect data, such as the practice of EBF in the last 24 h in the sixth month after birth. The hierarchical theoretical model was proposed and data were analyzed statistically by log-binomial regression models using SAS 9.3.\ud
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Results\ud
The study involved 283 mother-baby dyads in which the mother evaluated did not present pregnancy-puerperal complications that could impede breastfeeding and confirmed the interest in breastfeeding her child. After the telephone contact in the exact sixth month after the birth of each participating baby, 84.8% of the participating mothers reported that they were no longer exclusively breastfeeding their babies. After statistical analysis, we found that there was a significant association between cessation of EBF and maternal report of previous experience with EBF for one month (0.91, 95% CI 0.81, 0.99) and six months (0.81; 95% CI 0.68, 0.94). These practices were associated with the maintenance of EBF and, even after adjustment for maternal socio-demographic variables, this association was maintained (0.85; 95% CI 0.73, 0.99). Thus, there is a greater chance of practicing and maintaining EBF by six months after birth when mother had previous experience with it.\ud
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Conclusion\ud
The identification of the risk variables associated with cessation of EBF by six months postpartum, such as previous experience with exclusive breastfeeding, may contribute to the effectiveness of EBF intervention and support measures during the first six months after birth.CAPES (Coordination of Improvement of Higher Education Personnel – Brazil) supported this research
Fatal haemorrhage and neoplastic thrombosis in a captive African lion (Panthera leo) with metastatic testicular sex cord–stromal tumour
No full textAbstract\ud
\ud
Background\ud
The study of neoplasia in wildlife species contributes to the understanding of cancer biology, management practices, and comparative pathology. Higher frequencies of neoplasms among captive non-domestic felids have been reported most commonly in aging individuals. However, testicular tumours have rarely been reported. This report describes a metastatic testicular sex cord–stromal tumour leading to fatal haemorrhage and thrombosis in a captive African lion (Panthera leo).\ud
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Case presentation\ud
During necropsy of a 16-year-old male African lion, the left testicle and spermatic cord were found to be intra-abdominal (cryptorchid), semi-hard and grossly enlarged with multiple pale-yellow masses. Encapsulated haemorrhage was present in the retroperitoneum around the kidneys. Neoplastic thrombosis was found at the renal veins opening into the caudal vena cava. Metastases were observed in the lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes. Histology revealed a poorly differentiated pleomorphic neoplasm comprised of round to polygonal cells and scattered spindle cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm. An immunohistochemistry panel of inhibin-α, Ki-67, human placental alkaline phosphatase, cytokeratin AE1/AE3, cKit, vimentin and S100 was conducted. Positive cytoplasmic immunolabeling was obtained for vimentin and S100.\ud
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Conclusions\ud
The gross, microscopic and immunohistochemical findings of the neoplasm were compatible with a poorly differentiated pleomorphic sex cord–stromal tumour. Cause of death was hypovolemic shock from extensive retroperitoneal haemorrhage and neoplastic thrombosis may have contributed to the fatal outcome. To our knowledge, this is the first report of sex cord–stromal tumour in non-domestic felids
Fructose ingestion impairs expression of genes involved in skeletal muscle’s adaptive response to aerobic exercise
No full textAbstract\ud
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Background\ud
The inverse relationship between exercise capacity and its variation over time and both cardiovascular and all-cause mortality suggests the existence of an etiological nexus between cardiometabolic diseases and the molecular regulators of exercise capacity. Coordinated adaptive responses elicited by physical training enhance exercise performance and metabolic efficiency and possibly mediate the health benefits of physical exercise. In contrast, impaired expression of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis or protein turnover in skeletal muscle—key biological processes involved in adaptation to physical training—leads to insulin resistance and obesity. Ingestion of fructose has been shown to suppress the exercise-induced GLUT4 response in rat skeletal muscle. To evaluate in greater detail how fructose ingestion might blunt the benefits of physical training, we investigated the effects of fructose ingestion on exercise induction of genes that participate in regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and protein turnover in rat’s skeletal muscle.\ud
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Methods\ud
Eight-week-old Wistar rats were randomly assigned to sedentary (C), exercise (treadmill running)-only (E), fructose-only (F), and fructose + exercise (FE) groups and treated accordingly for 8 weeks. Blood and quadriceps femoris were collected for biochemistry, serum insulin, and gene expression analysis. Expression of genes involved in regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and autophagy, GLUT4, and ubiquitin E3 ligases MuRF-1, and MAFbx/Atrogin-1 were assayed with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.\ud
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Results\ud
Aerobic training improved exercise capacity in both E and FE groups. A main effect of fructose ingestion on body weight and fasting serum triglyceride concentration was detected. Fructose ingestion impaired the expression of PGC-1α, FNDC5, NR4A3, GLUT4, Atg9, Lamp2, Ctsl, Murf-1, and MAFBx/Atrogin-1 in skeletal muscle of both sedentary and exercised animals while expression of Errα and Pparδ was impaired only in exercised rats.\ud
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Conclusions\ud
Our results show that fructose ingestion impairs the expression of genes involved in biological processes relevant to exercise-induced remodeling of skeletal muscle. This might provide novel insight on how a dietary factor contributes to the genesis of disorders of glucose metabolism.This is study was supported by FAPESP – Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (Grant Number 2013/06720–5)
Fatty acid content in epididymal fluid and spermatozoa during sperm maturation in dogs
No full textAbstract\ud
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Background\ud
During sperm maturation, there is a reorganization of fatty acids from plasmatic membrane of the spermatozoa, which allows higher membrane integrity and acquisition of sperm motility. However, the fatty acid profile during sperm maturation remains unclear in dogs. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify the fatty acids from the epididymal spermatozoa and plasma during the sperm maturation, and observed changes in the motility and plasmatic membrane parameters. Twenty one adult dogs were used, subsequently to bilateral orchiectomy and epididymal storage, sperm samples were collected from the different segments of the epididymis. Samples were evaluated for conventional microscopy, computer-assisted motility analysis, sperm plasma membrane permeability and the fatty acid analysis (lipids were extracted, transmethylated and analyzed by chromatography).\ud
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Results\ud
Caput and corpus sperm showed lower values for the motility variables evaluated and plasmatic membrane integrity, indicating different levels of the fatty acids organization. Saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids were in higher concentrations in the spermatozoa from epididymis cauda. Highlighting the presence of caprylic, stearic and docosahexaenoic acids.\ud
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Conclusions\ud
These findings demonstrate the influence of the fatty acid profile during sperm maturation, assigning physical and chemical changes in sperm cells, essential for fertilization.This research was financially supported by FAPESP 2011/15689-9
Mining a differential sialotranscriptome of Rhipicephalus microplus guides antigen discovery to formulate a vaccine that reduces tick infestations
No full textAbstract\ud
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Background\ud
Ticks cause massive damage to livestock and vaccines are one sustainable substitute for the acaricides currently heavily used to control infestations. To guide antigen discovery for a vaccine that targets the gamut of parasitic strategies mediated by tick saliva and enables immunological memory, we exploited a transcriptome constructed from salivary glands from all stages of Rhipicephalus microplus ticks feeding on genetically tick-resistant and susceptible bovines.\ud
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Results\ud
Different levels of host anti-tick immunity affected gene expression in tick salivary glands; we thus selected four proteins encoded by genes weakly expressed in ticks attempting to feed on resistant hosts or otherwise abundantly expressed in ticks fed on susceptible hosts; these sialoproteins mediate four functions of parasitism deployed by male ticks and that do not induce antibodies in naturally infected, susceptible bovines. We then evaluated in tick-susceptible heifers an alum-adjuvanted vaccine formulated with recombinant proteins. Parasite performance (i.e. weight and numbers of females finishing their parasitic cycle) and titres of antigen-specific antibodies were significantly reduced or increased, respectively, in vaccinated versus control heifers, conferring an efficacy of 73.2%; two of the antigens were strong immunogens, rich in predicted T-cell epitopes and challenge infestations boosted antibody responses against them.\ud
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Conclusion\ud
Mining sialotranscriptomes guided by the immunity of tick-resistant hosts selected important targets and infestations boosted immune memory against salivary antigens.This work was supported by grants from the Conselho Nacional de\ud
Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq (grant numbers 559603/\ud
2009-6, 471946/2010-9, 420067/2005-1 and 505810/2004-2) and the\ud
Fundacão de Amparo e Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo - FAPESP (2004/\ud
09992-7 and 2009/53645-3) to IKFMS. SRM received scholarships from\ud
FAPESP (2006/54041-6, 2007/59357-4, 2012/15464-0 and 2012/04087-0). FRT\ud
received a scholarship from FAPESP (2010/16464-8). JMCR and JGV were\ud
supported by the Intramural Research Program of the Division of Intramural\ud
Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID),\ud
National Institutes of Health (NIH; USA). Because JMCR, JGV and JMA are\ud
government employees and this is a government work, the work is in the\ud
public domain in the United States. Notwithstanding any other agreements,\ud
the NIH reserves the right to provide the work to PubMedCentral for display\ud
and use by the public, and PubMedCentral may tag or modify the work\ud
consistent with its customary practices. Rights can be established outside of\ud
the United States subject to a government use license