Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute
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Development of new coal washability index\ud
No full textA new coal washability index, termed as ‘near gravity material index (NGMI)’, has been developed based on the sink-float data. This new index incorporates the effect of ash distribution in the near gravity material at various specific gravities of separation. The optimum specific gravity of separation of a particular coal may be determined by plotting NGMI as a function of various specific gravities of separation or the desired clean coal ash content. The concept and the method of calculation of this index have been discussed in detail. Using some published float-sink analytical data, a quick comparison of the washability characteristics of several different coals is demonstrated utilizing the NGMI curves for these coals
Performance Evaluation of different Types of Steel for Duck Foot Sweep Application.
No full textField trials were carried out with an agricultural implement used for secondary soil manipulation and equipped with tines known as duck foot sweeps. The tines were fabricated out of various types of steel such as leaf spring steel (En47) (both from automobile strip indicated as 'used En47' and heat-treated virgin steel), En8, Enl9, En24 and mild steel (En3) with and without case carburisation. The trials were conducted on rainfed fallow, black cotton soil to a depth of 15 cm at a tractor speed of 1.03 m/s for cultivation time of 30 h. The performance of these experimental sweeps was evaluated and compared with commercially available sweeps made out of mild steel (En3), which were used as the control' for the performance evaluation. Microstructures and mechanical properties of the steel in heat-treated and in 'as-received' condition were also evaluated to establish the criteria of their performance for facilitating selection of appropriate materials for manufacture. The weight loss during the 30 h field test and the profiles of worn-out cutting edges have been considered as measures of wear and hence, performance criteria for the sweeps. The 30 h field trial revealed that the weight loss was minimal (18 g) in heat-treated Enl9 in comparison with all the other grades of steel used. The maximum weight loss observed in the experimental sweeps was 29 g in the case of carburised mild steel (En3), whereas the weight loss was 72 g in the control sweep made of mild steel (En3) and 61 g in used En47 made from 'as-received' automobile leaf steel. To ascertain the required mechanical properties, the tillage forces on the sweep were also measured using a triaxial tillage dynamometer at three different tractor cultivating speeds viz. 0.33, 0.88, 1.03m/s under similar soil conditions. The horizontal draught force was observed to be in the range of 2.5-4.5 kN and vertical draught force was 2.9-6.4 kN at the cultivating speed of 1.03m/s and 15 cm depth. All the sweeps were found to have sufficient strength to withstand such high tillage forces
Kinetic constants for anaerobic fixed bed reactor system
No full textAnalysing the importance of kinetic formulations in the successful design and application of a treatment technology, an approach has been made to evaluate the kinetic constant for anaerobic fixed film fixed bed reactor system treating herbal pharmaceutical wastewater. The research reported herein is concerned with the bench scale performance evaluation of the reactor system treating the said wastewater and the application of the data to various models to evaluate the kinetic constants for substrate bio‐oxidation, biomass growth and biogas yield
Effects of Material Composition and Microstructural Features on Dry Sliding Wear Behaviour of Fe-TiC Composite and a Cobalt-Based Stellite
No full textSorption mechanism of some Divalent metal Ions Onto Low - Cost Mineral Adsorbent
No full textThis paper investigates the underlying mechanism of uptake from aqueous solution of divalent metal cations (Pb2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+) by a low-cost mineral adsorbent. Batch adsorption studies were carried out for the concentration ranges of 24.1−2410 μmol/L for lead, 78.65−7865 μmol/L for copper, and 76.45−7645 μmol/L for zinc solutions under natural conditions. Two simple kinetic models, that is, pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models, were tested to investigate the adsorption mechanism. All of the parameters of these models were calculated and are discussed. Rate constants were found to be nearly constant at all metal concentrations for the first-order model, whereas they gradually decreased with increasing metal concentration in the order Pb2+ > Cu2+ > Zn2+ for the second-order model. The sorption kinetics appears to be mainly controlled by liquid-film diffusion. External-diffusion and film-diffusion models were tested to evaluate mass-transfer coefficients and film-transfer constants at different initial concentrations of solute (metal cation). Both mass-transfer and film-transfer constants were noticed to be affected by the initial metal concentration. They gradually decreased with increasing initial concentration of metal cation in the order Pb2+ > Cu2+ > Zn2+. The film-diffusion model was found not to be applicable for the adsorption of lower concentrations of divalent cations. The equilibrium data were described to a lesser extent by Freundlich model, and the Langmuir model seemed to be more appropriate, giving maximum fixation capacities for Pb2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+ of 90.9, 270.2, and 250.0 μmol/g, respectively. The crystallographic dimensions of the treated mineral adsorbent samples were measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD), which revealed appreciable expansion of the crystal size as a result of the incorporation of divalent cations in the place of exchangeable cations of the adsorbent. The affinity order for the adsorption of cations by the mineral adsorbent is validated by ionic radius theory. Cation exchange along with complexation were found to be the most probable mechanisms for the sorption of divalent cations. An attempt was made to quantify the ion-exchange and complexation mechanisms