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Maternal chemical defenses predict ofspring defenses in a dendrobatid poison frog
Get PDFWithin and among populations, alkaloid defenses of the strawberry poison frog (Oophaga pumilio) vary spatially, temporally, and with life history stage. Natural variation in defense has been implicated as a critical factor in determining the level of protection aforded against predators and pathogens. Oophaga pumilio tadpoles sequester alkaloids from nutritive eggs and are, thus, entirely dependent on their mothers for their defense. However, it remains unclear how tadpole alkaloid composition relates to that of its mother and how variation in maternally provisioned defenses might result in varying levels of protection against predators. Here, we demonstrate that natural variation in the alkaloid composition of a mother frog is refected as variation in her tadpole’s alkaloid composition. Tadpoles, like mother frogs, varied in their alkaloid composition but always contained the identical alkaloids found in their mother. Alkaloid quantity in tadpoles was highly correlated with alkaloid quantity in their mothers. Additionally, alkaloid quantity was the best predictor of tadpole palatability, wherein tadpoles with higher alkaloid quantities were less palatable. Mother frogs with greater quantities of alkaloids are, thus, providing better protection for their ofspring by provisioning chemical defenses during one of the most vulnerable periods of life
Arriving at the empirically based conceptualization of restricted and repetitive behaviors: A systematic review and meta-analytic examination of factor analyses
Get PDFAn empirically based understanding of the factor structure of the restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRB) domain is a prerequisite for interpreting studies attempting to understand the correlates and mechanisms un- derpinning RRB and for measurement development. Therefore, this study aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of RRB factor analytic studies. Sets of meta-analyses were performed to examine (a) the factor structure of individual RRB instruments, (b) associations between RRB subdomains across instruments, and (c) the association between RRB factors and other variables. Searches for peer-reviewed articles evaluating the factor structure of the RRB domain were performed in PsycINFO (Ovid), Medline (Ovid), and Embase (Ovid). No age, measurement, or informant-type limits were imposed. Quality and risk of bias for individual studies were assessed using relevant COSMIN sections. Among the 53 studies retained for review, 41 examined RRB factor structures among individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and 12 among non-ASD samples. Meta- analysis of factor correlations provided evidence that the RRB domain encompasses the following eight spe- cific factors: repetitive motor behaviors, insistence on sameness, restricted interests, unusual interests, sensory sensitivity, and repetitive, stereotyped language. Although interrelated, RRB factors were distinct, showing a unique pattern of associations with demographic, cognitive, and clinical correlates. Meta-analyses of the asso- ciations between RRB factors and specific correlates, specifically adaptive functioning and communication im- pairments, should be considered preliminary due to the limited number of studies. Despite limitations, this review provides important insights into the factor structure of the RRB domain and highlights critical conceptual, measurement, and methodological limitations of the current research that will need to be addressed in order to improve our understanding of RRB
Faculty Notes
Get PDFSpring 2023, Volume 16, Issue 1https://collected.jcu.edu/faculty_notes/1045/thumbnail.jp
Plato versus Aristotle: Philosophical Debates
No full textPlato and Aristotle (fourth century B.C.E.) were two of the greatest philosophers of all time. Ever the best of friends, they disagreed about nearly everything. By taking opposite sides on controversial issues, these two philosophers launched widespread debates that go on to this day. All through history, famous thinkers have taken sides and have further developed the opposing perspectives.
The works of Plato and Aristotle contain timeless insights for students to interpret in their own way. This book introduces students to some of the most significant issues that Plato and Aristotle debated—and that humans have ever wondered about—giving students a chance to enter the conversation, think deeply about important questions, critique the arguments of others, and ultimately form their own opinions—and maybe their own philosophies along the way