Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy Of Sciences
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Ecosystem Service Comparison before and after Marshland Conversion to Paddy Field in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China
No full textWetland ecosystems provide important services to human societies. However, with the rapid growth of population and the national demand for food, the natural marshlands in Sanjiang Plain have been reclaimed extensively since 1950s. Faced to these pressures, marshland services had usually been paid less attention. This study evaluated the dominant ecosystem services including carbon budget, soil water conservation, biodiversity maintenance and grain production services across year by comparable price. The results indicated that carbon budget value was the highest among the ecosystem services of marshlands before and after conversion, which was 1.94 x 10(9) Yuan and 1.15 x 10(9) Yuan, respectively. Soil water conservation value of marshlands before and after conversion was 0.13 x 10(9) Yuan and 0.02 x 10(9) Yuan, respectively. Biodiversity maintenance value of marshlands before conversion was 1.05 x 10(9) Yuan and grain production value of marshlands after conversion was 1.38 x 10(9) Yuan. Soil water conservation value and biodiversity maintenance value of marshlands before conversion was 85.5% of grain production value of marshlands conversion to paddy fields. Overall, conversion of marshlands resulted in 0.57 x 10(9) Yuan of net services loss. Our research provided a reference for assessing the potential loss of ecosystem services when wetland ecosystems were disturbed
Assessment of parasitic fungi for reducing soybean cyst nematode with suppressive soil in soybean fields of northeast China
No full textExperiments were conducted to study the inhibitor factors present in suppressive soil that suppressed the soybean cyst nematode (SCN) in the black soil fields with 21 years continuous cropping of soybean (SSSS) and 3 years continuous cropping of soybean followed by 1 year corn (SSSC). Compared with the SSSC field, the densities of SCN significantly (P < 0.05) declined in SSSS field. In a soil microcosm with suppressive soil, the population of SCN decreased after the addition of pimaricin (fungal inhibitor) and streptomycin (bacterial inhibitor), but the population of SCN declined more significantly by adding streptomycin to the suppressive soil than adding pimaricin. Fusarium equiseti, Pochonia chlamydosporia and Purpureocillium lilacinum were isolated from cysts, eggs and J2 of SCN and soil in SSSS and SSC field. The population density of these parasitic fungi was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in SSSS field than in SSSC field. The density of P. chlamydosporia was higher than other fungi. Real-time PCR was used to test genomic DNA of P. chlamydosporia in SSSS and SSC field soil. The mass of genomic DNA and the population density of P. chlamydosporia were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in SSSS field than in SSSC field. This study has revealed that fungi, especially P. chlamydosporia, may play an important role in the suppression of SCN population in the suppressive soil
Conceptualizing and Measuring Economic Resilience of Resource-based Cities: Case Study of Northeast China
No full textThis paper develops a conceptual model and an indicator system for measuring economic resilience of resource-based cities based on the theory of evolutionary resilience and the related concepts of persistence, adaptation, and transformation. Nineteen resource- based cities in Northeast China were analyzed using the indicator system. The results showed that Liaoning and Jilin provinces had higher economic resilience than Heilongjiang Province. Panjin, Benxi, and Anshan in Liaoning Province were the top three cities, while Shuangyashan and other coal-based cities in Heilongjiang Province ranked last. Metals- and petroleum-based cities had significantly higher resilience than coal-based cities. The differences in persistence, adaptability, transformation, and resilience among resource-based cities decreased since the introduction of the Northeast Revitalization Strategy in 2003. Forestry-based cities improved the most in terms of resilience, followed by metals-based and multiple-resource cities; however, resilience dropped for coal-based cities, and petroleum-based cities falling the most. The findings illustrate the importance and the way to develop a differentiated approach to improve resilience among resource-based cities
GmILPA1, Encoding an APC8-like Protein, Controls Leaf Petiole Angle in Soybean
No full textLeaf petiole angle (LPA) is an important plant architectural trait that affects canopy coverage, photosynthetic efficiency, and ultimately productivity in many legume crops. However, the genetic basis underlying this trait remains unclear. Here, we report the identification, isolation, and functional characterization of Glycine max Increased Leaf Petiole Angle1 (GmILPA1), a gene encoding an APC8-like protein, which is a subunit of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome in soybean ( Glycine max). A gamma ray-induced deletion of a fragment involving the fourth exon of GmILPA1 and its flanking sequences led to extension of the third exon and formation of, to our knowledge, a novel 3'UTR from intronic and intergenic sequences. Such changes are responsible for enlarged LPAs that are associated with reduced motor cell proliferation in the Gmilpa1 mutant. GmILPA1 is mainly expressed in the basal cells of leaf primordia and appears to function by promoting cell growth and division of the pulvinus that is critical for its establishment. GmILPA1 directly interacts with GmAPC13a as part of the putative anaphase-promoting complex. GmILPA1 exhibits variable expression levels among varieties with different degrees of LPAs, and expression levels are correlated with the degrees of the LPAs. Together, these observations revealed a genetic mechanism modulating the plant petiole angle that could pave the way for modifying soybean plant architecture with optimized petiole angles for enhanced yield potential
Natural variation at the soybean J locus improves adaptation to the tropics and enhances yield
No full textSoybean is a major legume crop originating in temperate regions, and photoperiod responsiveness is a key factor in its latitudinal adaptation. Varieties from temperate regions introduced to lower latitudes mature early and have extremely low grain yields. Introduction of the long-juvenile (LJ) trait extends the vegetative phase and improves yield under short-day conditions, thereby enabling expansion of cultivation in tropical regions. Here we report the cloning and characterization of J, the major classical locus conferring the LJ trait, and identify J as the ortholog of Arabidopsis thaliana EARLY FLOWERING 3 (ELF3). J depends genetically on the legume-specific flowering repressor E1, and J protein physically associates with the E1 promoter to downregulate its transcription, relieving repression of two important FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) genes and promoting flowering under short days. Our findings identify an important new component in flowering-time control in soybean and provide new insight into soybean adaptation to tropical regions
Increase in soil organic carbon in a Mollisol following simulated initial development from parent material
No full textBetter understanding of the effects of land use and agricultural management on organic carbon (C) sequestration is needed to optimize the restoration of fertility in degraded soil, maintain agricultural sustainability and mitigate emissions of greenhouse gases with C sequestration. Most current studies of C sequestration focus on mature soil, whereas there has been little research on soil development from C-poor parent material. The aim of this study was to assess soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks and C sequestration rates during the early stages of development of a Mollisol from parent material under different types of vegetation, fertilizer application regimes and organic matter inputs, and to compare the results with C sequestration of a mature Mollisol under similar management. Carbon stocks were recorded from 2004 to 2012 in the parent material of a Mollisol under natural fallow (NatF), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) (Alfa) or soya beans (Glycine max (Merrill.) L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) (S-M) rotations with and without fertilizer application and crop residues returned or removed at harvest. There was a positive non-linear relation between C inputs and SOC stocks; increases in SOC stocks decreased with larger additions of C. After 8 years of treatments, the SOC stocks at 0-20-cm depth had increased in the order S-M + fertilizer + all residues returned (61%) > Alfa (60%) > S-M + fertilizer + part of residues returned (50%) > NatF (30%) > S-M + fertilizer without residue return (17%) > S-M without fertilizer or residue return (7%). These increases in SOC stocks corresponded to annual C sequestration rates of 0.02-0.83 Mg C ha(-1) year(-1). In contrast, SOC stocks in the 0-20-cm layer of the mature Mollisol changed little under similar treatments in a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-maize-soya bean rotation. Our results have practical implications for how vegetation and agricultural practices could be used to optimize soil restoration and C sequestration in a temperate continental monsoon climate.Highlights What management practices and vegetation lead to carbon sequestration during soil development?Use of a subsoil (parent material) to study soil development.Carbon stocks increased as much in alfalfa as in soya bean-maize rotations with residue return.Perennial legume systems sequester carbon comparable to annual systems with larger carbon inputs
