Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy Of Sciences
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Changes of bacterial community compositions after three years of biochar application in a black soil of northeast China
No full textAlthough biochar has been widely evaluated as a soil-amendment, the response of soil bacterial community to biochar addition, especially after several years' addition, has not yet been fully understood. Here, we studied the effect of a single addition of biochar on bacterial community compositions in a black soil of northeast China. The biochar was added with dosages of 0%, 2%, 4% and 8% of the total mass of the top 20 cm soils in the spring of 2012, and soil samples were collected seasonally four times in 2014. The abundance and composition of bacterial community were determined using quantitative real-time PCR and Illumina MiSeq sequencing methods, respectively. The results showed that soil pH, moisture, total C, total N, total P, NO3--N, available K and the C/N ratio significantly increased with biochar addition, but that soil bulk density and total K content decreased. The bacterial abundance increased with biochar addition, especially at a higher dosage. The biochar addition increased the alpha-diversity of soil bacterial community and changed the bacterial community compositions. Taxonomic analyses showed that Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi and Bacteroidetes were the dominant phyla in this study, and the relative abundances of Acidobacteria decreased but Chloroflexi increased with biochar addition. Additionally, biochar addition increased the relative abundances of Bacillus and Pedomicrobium, but decreased the relative abundance of Bradyrhizobium. Canonical correspondence analysis indicated that bacterial community compositions were closely associated with soil parameters such as pH, total C, total N and total K. Given the changes of these soil parameters were highly correlated with the amounts of biochar addition, which suggested that the impacts of long-term biochar amendment on the soil bacterial community were linked to the alteration of soil physiochemical properties. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
Effects of anthelmintic treatment on ewe feed intake, digestion, milk production and lamb growth
No full textTwenty Small Tailed Han (STH) and 20 Ujumqin (UJU) ewes naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes were randomly assigned to one of four treatments arranged in a 2x2 factorial design, receiving anthelmintic treatment (AT) or non-anthelmintic treatment (NonAT) prior to lambing. After lambing, the effects of AT on feed intake, digestion and milk yield in ewes, and the growth rates of lambs fed their mother's milk were assessed for 28 days. Faecal samples were collected to determine faecal egg counts (FECs), milk was collected to measure milk yield and ewes and lambs were weighed to quantify daily body weight change. The results showed that AT significantly increased ewe dry matter intake (2411g/d for AT and 2209g/d for NonAT) and decreased FECs (50 eggs/g for AT and 2655 eggs/g for NonAT). All ewes lost weight after lambing, but body weight loss in the AT (43g/d) was significantly less than in NonAT (84g/d), and STH ewes (70g/d) lost more weight than UJU ewes (58g/d). Anthelmintic-treated ewes produced more milk for their lambs to consume. However, the extent of these positive effects of AT differed between STH and UJU ewes. The average daily body weight gain of lambs in AT was higher than those in NonAT. In conclusion, effective AT in ewes before lambing benefits subsequent lactation in ewes and growth rate in lambs
Typical atmospheric haze during crop harvest season in northeastern China: A case in the Changchun region
No full textThis study presents the mass concentrations of PM2.5; O-3; SO2 and NOx at one urban, one suburban and two rural locations in the Changchun region from September 25 to October 27 2013. Major chemical components of PM2.5 at the four sites were daily sampled and analyzed. Most of daily concentrations of SO2 (7-82 mu g/m(3)), O-3 (27-171 mu g/m(3)) and NOx (14-213 mu g/m(3)) were below the limits of the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) in China. However, PM2.5 concentrations (143-168 mu g/m3) were 2-fold higher than NAAQS Higher PM2.5 concentrations (similar to 150 mu g/m(3)) were measured during the pre-harvest and harvest at the urban site, while PM2.5 concentrations significantly increased from 250 to 400 mu g m(-3) at suburban and rural sites with widespread biomass burning. At all sites, PM2.5 components were dominated by organic carbon (OC) and followed by soluble component sulfate (SO42-), ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3-). Compared with rural sites, urban site had a higher mineral contribution and lower potassium (K+ and K) contribution to PM2.5. Severe atmospheric haze events that occurred from October 21 to 23 were attributed to strong source emissions (e.g., biomass burning) and unfavorable air diffusion conditions. Furthermore, coal burning originating from winter heating supply beginning on October 18 increased the atmospheric pollutant emissions. For entire crop harvest period, the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) analysis indicated five important emission contributors in the Changchun region, as follows: secondary aerosol (39%), biomass burning (20%), supply heating (18%), soil/road dust (14%) and traffic (9%). (C) 2016 The Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V
Relationship between built environment, socio-economic factors and carbon emissions from shopping trip in Shenyang City, China
No full textPromoting active travel behavior and decreasing transport-related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions have become a priority in many Chinese cities experiencing rapid urban sprawl and greater automobile dependence. However, there are few studies that holistically examine the physical and social factors associated with travel CO2 emissions. Using a survey of 1525 shoppers conducted in Shenyang, China, this study estimated shopping-related travel CO2 emissions and examined how the built environment and individual socioeconomic characteristics contribute to shopping travel behavior and associated CO2 emissions. We found that, firstly, private car trips generate nearly eight times more carbon emissions than shopping trips using public transport, on average. Second, there was significant spatial autocorrelation with CO2 emissions per trip, and the highest carbon emissions were clustered in the inner suburbs and between the first and second circumferential roads. Third, shopping travel CO2 emissions per trip were negatively correlated with several built environment features including population density, the quantity of public transport stations, road density, and shop density. They were also found to be significantly related to the individual socio-economic characteristics of car ownership, employment status, and education level using a multinomial logistic regression model. These empirical findings have important policy implications, assisting in the development of measures that contribute to the sustainability of urban transportation and meet carbon mitigation targets
Genome-wide identification and evolution of the PIN-FORMED (PIN) gene family in Glycine max
No full textSoybean (Glycine max) is one of the most important crop plants. Wild and cultivated soybean varieties have significant differences worth further investigation, such as plant morphology, seed size, and seed coat development; these characters may be related to auxin biology. The PIN gene family encodes essential transport proteins in cell-to-cell auxin transport, but little research on soybean PIN genes (GmPIN genes) has been done, especially with respect to the evolution and differences between wild and cultivated soybean. In this study, we retrieved 23 GmPIN genes from the latest updated G. max genome database; six GmPIN protein sequences were changed compared with the previous database. Based on the Plant Genome Duplication Database, 18 GmPIN genes have been involved in segment duplication. Three pairs of GmPIN genes arose after the second soybean genome duplication, and six occurred after the first genome duplication. The duplicated GmPIN genes retained similar expression patterns. All the duplicated GmPIN genes experienced purifying selection (K-a/K-s < 1) to prevent accumulation of non-synonymous mutations and thus remained more similar. In addition, we also focused on the artificial selection of the soybean PIN genes. Five artificially selected GmPIN genes were identified by comparing the genome sequence of 17 wild and 14 cultivated soybean varieties. Our research provides useful and comprehensive basic information for understanding GmPIN genes
Evaluation of water flux prediction with heat-pulse technique in saturated soils
No full textHeat-pulse technique (HPT) has shown promise for predicting soil water flux (J(w)). This study evaluated the accuracy of HPT in predicting Jw in packed saturated columns of quartz, sand, silt loam, and sandy clay loam. J(w) was predicted using the maximum dimensionless temperature differences (MDTD), ratio of downstream to upstream temperature increases (T-d/T-u), and an improved T-d/T-u method. Results indicated that J(w) predictions had a good linear relationship with measurements (R-2 > 0.93). The HPT underestimated J(w) to varying degrees, and the underestimations increased as J(w) increased and soil texture became fine. The T-d/T-u method outperformed the MDTD and the improved T-d/T-u because of its higher accuracy, fewer parameters, and simpler calculations. The MDTD exhibited the poorest performance. In coarse-textured soil materials (e.g. quartz and sand), Jw predictions by the T-d/T-u method were most accurate, and even with high J(w) (up to 72.4 mu m s(-1)), relative errors still remained within 9.8%. However, in fine-textured soil materials, J(w) was underestimated significantly by 16.9% in silt loam and by 23.3% in sandy clay loam. The lower J(w) limits were 1.0, 2.3, 2.4, and 4.0 mu m s(-1) for quartz, sand, silt loam, and sandy clay loam, respectively (P > 0.05)
Temporal and Spatial Changes in Snow Cover and the Corresponding Radiative Forcing Analysis in Siberia from the 1970s to the 2010s
No full textIn the context of global climate change, the extent of snow cover in Siberia has significantly decreased since the 1970s, especially in spring. The changes of snow cover at middle and high latitudes have significant impacts on the meteorological and hydrological processes because the snow cover can affect the surface energy, water balance, and the development of the atmospheric boundary layer. In this paper, the temporal and spatial changes in snow cover were firstly estimated based on a long time series of remote sensing snowcover data, both showing a decreased trend. Based on this, we estimated the radiative forcing caused by the snowcover changes from the 1970s to the 2010s and compared it with the radiative forcing caused by the vegetation cover changes over the same time period in Siberia, indicating that the snow cover changes in Siberia can accelerate climate warming and the vegetation cover changes here have the opposite effect. Furthermore, the snow cover changes may play a more important role than the vegetation cover changes in regulating the surface radiation balance in Siberia on the regional scale
High performance and prospective application of xanthate-modified thiourea chitosan sponge-combined Pseudomonas putida and Talaromyces amestolkiae biomass for Pb(II) removal from wastewater
No full textBiosorption using microbes has been proved to be an efficient technology to remove heavy metals from wastewater, whereas the imperfections in mechanical property and separation limit their practical application. In this study, Pseudomonas putida 13 and Talaromyces amestolkiae Pb respectively combined with xanthate-modified thiourea chitosan sponge (PXTCS and TXTCS) were synthesized to investigate the Pb (II) removal ability from solutions. The prepared biosorbents possessed a three-dimensional macroporous structure convenient for separation. Experimental data indicated their biosorption behaviors well followed the pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum biosorption capacities of PXTCS and TXTCS were 232.03 and 241.61 mg g (1) with 40% P. putida 13 and 15% T. amestolkiae Pb, respectively. For the effects of co-existing metal ions on Pb(II) biosorption, the promoting degree followed the sequence: Zn(II) > Na(I) approximate to K(I) > Ca(II) > Mg(II) approximate to Al(III) >> Cd(II) > Fe(III). Both prepared biosorbents were effective in removing heavy metals from simulated industrial effluents containing various trace-level heavy metals or high concentration Pb(II). (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved