Institute of Soil and Water Conservation,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources
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    黄河上游植被覆盖度空间分布特征及其影响因素

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    黄河上游地区由于其特有的恶劣生态环境和较为单一的植被类型,生态系统较为脆弱。对该地区植被覆盖度(FVC)空间分布特征及其影响因素的研究有助于该地区生态保护措施的制定。使用2000~2015年MODIS1M NDVI数据计算黄河上游年最大FVC,了解空间分布状况及变化特征;同时采用了一种基于统计学原理的地理探测器模型,考虑非气候类环境因素、气候类环境因素和人类活动因素,使用相应的代理变量对黄河上游FVC空间分布的影响因素做定量研究。研究表明:①黄河上游FVC总体上以改善为主,空间分布特征变化不大;②单因子方面,降水量(q值0.669)是该地区FVC空间分布的主要影响因素,其他因子的影响作用存在区域差异;③降水分别和土壤类型、土地利用方式的交互作用(q值0.777、0.775)对研究区FVC空间分布起主导作用,土壤类型和土地利用的影响作用在一定高程、降水条件下才得以体现;④总体上,气候类环境因素&gt;非气候类环境因素&gt;人类活动因素,人类活动在与降水等环境因子的共同作用能够更充分地解释FVC空间分布;⑤对研究区的生态恢复应重点放在降水的充分利用和土地利用方式改进等方面。</p

    工业碱木质素基缓释氮肥的制备及其缓释性能研究

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    &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 氮肥作为重要的农业生产资料,为全球粮食产量的提升做出了巨大贡献。而随着全球人口的指数式增长和人均粮食需求的不断攀升,农业生产中需要使用更多的氮肥才能满足未来不断增长的粮食需求。然而,传统氮肥的大量使用不仅会造成低的肥料利用率,高的农业生产成本,而且还会引起一系列的环境问题,如温室气体的排放,水体的富营养化,土壤的酸化等等,这已经引起了广大学者的高度重视。而缓、控释氮肥因具有低的养分释放速率和高的肥料利用率被认为是解决以上问题的一个可能途径。因此,本研究以工业碱木质素这一农林废弃物为原料,通过化学合成和物理负载两种方法来构建缓释模型,从而制备了两种木质素基缓释氮肥。主要的研究工作如下: &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;以工业碱木质素为原料,利用酸性体系下的酚化反应对其进行化学改性。并通过调节酚化反应参数和对酚化产物结构的详细表征,探究木质素酚化反应机理,并优选出最佳酚化反应条件。研究结果表明:在木质素酚化改性的过程中,苯酚主要与木质素侧链上的醇羟基发生反应,并通过自身酚羟基的对位或邻位取代的方式接入到木质素大分子结构中,且前者占据明显的优势。此外,酚化改性使工业碱木质素的曼尼希反应活性位点含量从最初的2.91 mmol/g增加到了8.26 mmol/g,反应活性被显著提高。通过对酚化条件的优化,本研究认为在110 ℃条件下,按照1:2(木质素/苯酚;g/g)的物料比,反应20 min为工业碱木质素酚化改性的最优条件。 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;以酚化改性后的工业碱木质素为原料,利用曼尼希反应来合成一种新型的木质素基缓释氮肥。并通过调整反应参数,筛选胺化试剂种类和对反应产物结构的详细表征,探究木质素基缓释氮肥的曼尼希合成机理和最佳制备条件。研究结果表明:在曼尼希反应过程中,胺化试剂的引入发生在木质素结构中酚羟基的邻位和对位上,且对位上的反应具有更高的活性。此外,与反应底物的物料比、反应温度、反应时间相比,胺化试剂的种类对产物的含氮量影响更大。在最优的合成条件下(木质素/乙二胺/甲醛的质量比为1:3:4;反应温度为70 ℃;反应时间为3 h),可以得到一种高含氮量(10.13 %)的木质素基缓释氮肥。另外,土柱淋溶实验结果表明:该木质素基缓释氮肥与尿素混施时,其不仅可以延缓尿素在土壤中的分解与释放,同时作为一种长效缓释组分,它也可以通过自身的降解在一个较长时期内向土壤中释放养分,因此是一种良好的长效缓释氮肥。 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;以工业碱木质素为原料,通过水热炭化和化学活化的方法来制备多孔碳材料,然后利用该多孔碳材料来负载尿素,并通过挤压造粒的方法制备了一种炭基缓释氮肥。通过调整木质素水热炭化和化学活化的条件,以及炭基缓释氮肥中多孔碳材料、木质素和尿素的比例,探究炭基缓释氮肥的最佳制备条件。结果表明:木质素水热炭化条件(包括反应温度和反应时间)的变化可以在一定程度上影响化学活化后所得碳材料的比表面积、孔体积和得率。在最优的条件下,可以得到一个具有较高比表面积(1923.51 m2/g)、孔体积(0.82 cm3/g)和得率(37.59 %)的多孔碳材料。此外,土柱淋溶实验结果表明:与尿素相比,该炭基肥具有良好的缓释性能,且在炭基肥的制备过程中,增加多孔碳材料的使用量可以进一步提高肥料的缓释效果。</p

    黄土旱塬区长期保护性耕作对玉米产量和土壤水肥效应影响研究

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    保护性耕作是针对长期传统耕作带来的对土壤结构破坏、引起土壤侵蚀等问题而提出来的一种新型耕作方式。考虑到耕作年限的效应,以及黄土旱塬区的降水特点,本研究以2003年中国科学院黄土高原农业生态试验站开展的保护性耕作定位试验为研究对象,有两种耕作方式,四种覆盖措施,共8个处理,分别为传统耕作、传统耕作地膜覆盖、传统耕作秸秆覆盖、传统耕作地膜+秸秆覆盖、免耕、免耕地膜覆盖、免耕秸秆覆盖、免耕地膜+秸秆覆盖。结合该区域气象资料,系统地从时间尺度上和划分不同降水年型,研究在2007年-2016年间黄土旱塬区保护性耕作措施对玉米产量的影响;对土壤剖面水分分布和水分利用效率的影响;对土壤养分含量动态变化特征的影响;对玉米养分吸收特性的影响,主要结论如下: 1. 传统耕作秸秆覆盖和有地膜覆盖的处理整体上提高了百粒重和穗粒数,进而提高了籽粒产量,籽粒产量较传统耕作提高了9.4%-23.8%。其中传统耕作的地膜+秸秆覆盖籽粒产量最高,达到了9381.6 kg hm-2。而免耕和免耕秸秆覆盖降低了百粒重和穗粒数,致使籽粒产量降低了8.3%-11.9%。传统耕作条件下的籽粒产量比免耕条件下提高了10.3%。在2007年-2016年间,不同降水年型间不同保护性耕作的籽粒产量变异系数在3.0%-17.7%之间。年际间呈波动性变化。 2. 有秸秆覆盖的处理有利于土壤水分深层补给;同一降水年型下0-300 cm土壤剖面水分分布差异较大;土壤水分消耗-补给深度受降水年份影响较明显。传统耕作覆盖和免耕地膜+秸秆覆盖的水分利用效率较传统耕作提高了9.98%-16.39%,而免耕其余处理降低了水分利用效率,传统耕作条件下的水分利用效率比免耕条件下提高了11.05%。不同降水年型间不同保护性耕作措施水分利用效率的变异系数在0.94%-13.17%之间。在时间尺度上,随着保护性耕作年限的增加,水分利用效率均呈现波动性变化。 3. 有覆盖的土壤有机质含量比传统耕作提高了0.18 g kg-1 -1.32 g kg-1,而免耕的有机质含量降低了0.30 g kg-1,传统耕作条件下的有机质含量比免耕条件下降低了0.10 g kg-1。有秸秆覆盖的处理土壤全氮和碱解氮含量也均有所提高,全氮含量提高了0.71%-12.27%,碱解氮含量提高了5.00%-19.08%;而免耕的全氮和碱解氮的含量分别降低了1.09%和3.14%,传统耕作条件下的全氮和碱解氮含量分别比免耕条件下降低了1.93%和6.97%。保护性耕作的土壤速效磷含量降低了2.56%-37.25%,传统耕作条件下的速效磷含量比免耕条件下提高了21.62%。有地膜覆盖的处理也降低了土壤速效钾含量,而秸秆覆盖的速效钾含量提高了7.80%-8.57%,传统耕作条件下的速效钾含量比免耕条件下降低了3.22%。不同降水年型间各种保护性耕作措施下的土壤养分含量的变异系数在1.67%-22.24%之间。年际间土壤养分含量均呈波动性变化。 4. 覆盖整体上提高了茎秆、叶片和籽粒的养分吸收量,总吸氮量提高了4.77%-38.74%,总吸磷量提高了21.67%-55.29%,总吸钾量提高了6.35%-39.35%;而免耕降低了各器官的养分吸收量,总吸氮量、总吸磷量和总吸钾量分别降低了16.36%、8.65%和10.09%。传统耕作条件下的植株总吸氮量、总吸磷量和总吸钾量分别比免耕条件下提高了15.10%、19.22和12.71%。传统耕作地膜覆盖和免耕地膜+秸秆覆盖的氮素利用效率分别较传统耕作提高了7.77%和7.99%,免耕地膜覆盖和免耕地膜+秸秆覆盖的磷素利用效率分别提高了9.60%和9.45%,有地膜覆盖的处理钾素利用效率提高了10.02%-39.62%;而秸秆覆盖的处理和免耕降低了氮磷钾素利用效率。免耕条件下的氮素利用效率和钾素利用效率分别较传统耕作条件下降低了1.83%和5.42%,而磷素利用效率提高了11.63%。</p

    Spatio-temporal dynamics of soil moisture driven by ‘Grain for Green’ program on the Loess Plateau, China

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    The continuous afforestation has led to significant changes in soil moisture (SM) dynamics on the Loess Plateau, China (LPC). However, evaluating the spatio-temporal distributions and driving factors of the SM changes following afforestation is challenging because of the difficulty of accessing areas and the lack of long-term series records. Here, we evaluated the accuracy of Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM) SM product by comparing with in-situ SM data in LPC, and quantified the spatio-temporal variations of SM in different periods from 1982 to 2015 under the &lsquo;Grain for Green&rsquo; program (GGP). The results showed that the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was well matched with the SM variations in more than 46% area of LPC from 1982 to 2015, which mainly located at the vegetated areas. The variations of SM responding to revegetation displayed obvious southeast-negative and northwest-positive patterns, which was the wet region (annual precipitation &gt; 450 mm) to be dry and dry region (annual precipitation &le; 450 mm) to be wet. Path coefficient value revealed that the positive effect of vegetation activity for grassland on SM was ascribed to its promotion on the occurrence of rainfall (mean path coefficient = 0.278). Precipitation played vital impact on the SM in bareland and sparsely vegetated area, and evapotranspiration played a dominant role in the SM dynamic of the forestland, especially at the early stage of GGP (From 2000 to 2010), while precipitation and NDVI had stronger effects than evapotranspiration on the SM dynamics of grassland. Our study suggests that in arid and semi-arid areas, vegetation achieves the optimal water retention capacity when the vegetation fractions are 1.4%&ndash;3.7% and 3.8%&ndash;7.2%, respectively. Hence, vegetation should not be further expanded in semi-humid areas, but should be further restored in arid and semi-arid areas with sparse or excessively sparse vegetation cover (especially in desert).&nbsp;</p

    基于 Google Earth Engine 分析黄土高原植被覆盖变化及原因

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    为探明黄土高原植被覆盖时空变化及其原因,基于 Google Earth Engine(GEE),采用 Landsat Surface Reflectance data(陆地卫星地表反射率数据)分 析了黄土高原 1987~2015 年间植被覆盖度的时空变化规律,并借助累积量斜率变化率方法对引起植被覆盖度变化的气候和人为因素进行了量化分析. 结果表明:黄土高原年均植被覆盖度由 1987 年的 41.78%增加到 2015 年的 53.23%,增速为 0.38%/a(P&lt;0.05).其中,1987~1999 年年均植被覆盖度变化趋势 不显著(P&gt;0.05);而退耕还林还草工程实施以来(2000~2015 年),年均植被覆盖度显著增加(P&lt;0.05),增速达到 0.59%/a.由像元尺度分析,黄土高原 72.93% 的区域植被覆盖度呈增加趋势,其中 38.31%的区域增加趋势显著(P&lt;0.05).植被覆盖度的变化受气候和人为因素的共同影响,以 1987~1999 年为基准期, 气候变化和人类活动对黄土高原 2000~2015 年间植被覆盖度变化的相对贡献率分别为 23.77%、76.23%,人类活动为引起黄土高原植被覆盖度变化的主 要原因.退耕还林还草工程极大地改善了黄土高原的植被覆盖状况,但是城市的扩张使得部分地区的植被覆盖呈显著退化现象. </div

    基于彭曼公式日均值时序分析的中国蒸发能力动态成因

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    蒸发能力是全球气候变化背景下水资源管理和水灾害防治的靶向性指标,其动态成因分析集中于年尺度,可靠性需多尺度验证。本文基于中国819 个气象站1961&mdash;2015 年的逐日数据,利用时间序列分析方法挖掘年潜在蒸发量趋势和突变; 提出彭曼公式全微分日求积方法,计算年均日潜在蒸发量变化的气象要素累积贡献率,甄别区域驱动因子和成因。经分析,各站年潜在蒸发量倾向率均值为-3.3 mm/(10a) ,东西部为负值、中部为正值; 各站年潜在蒸发量突变年份均值为1987 年; 东部潜在蒸发量减少由地表净辐射量减少所致,相应区域累积贡献率为280;西部潜在蒸发量减少由相对湿度增加所致,相应区域累积贡献率为175; 中部潜在蒸发量增加由温度和风速增加所致,相应区域累积贡献率分别为355 和121。</p

    Mid-infrared spectroscopy tracing of channel erosion in highly erosive catchments on the Chinese Loess Plateau

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    Whether channel erosion or topsoil erosion constitutes the dominant erosion process throughout in the hilly region of the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP),which suffers perhaps themost severe soil erosion in theworld, had been controversial for a long time. The present article attempts to use the mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy fingerprinting method to trace sediment sources within nine small catchments in the hilly region of the CLP. Two major categories of sediment sources are identified: channel sediment and topsoil. Sediments trapped by check dams are used as the final sediment transferred by soil erosion. Discriminant analysis shows thatMIR spectroscopy can differentiate between the two kinds of source sediments very well. The contributions of channel sediment and topsoil to the total final sediment are quantified using partial least squares regression (PLSR) analyses of MIR spectra to compare the trapped sediment samples with experimental models. The results of the root mean square error of calibration, root mean square error of validation and coefficient of determination for 18 models all show that the MIR-PLSR models boast very high prediction abilities in the nine catchments. A comparison between the geochemical fingerprinting method and the MIR spectroscopy method in one catchment reveals that although the two methods agree well on the channel sediment contributions, the two methods produce a significant difference (R2=0.4). Overall, theMIR-PLSR results showthat channel sediments contribute 19% to 66% of the total sediment with an average of 33&plusmn; 16% in the nine small catchments. Our results indicate&nbsp;that although channel bank sediment is important, topsoil erosion is the predominant process in small damcontrolled catchments on the CLP. Furthermore, the MIR spectroscopy fingerprinting method can provide a useful, non-destructive, rapid and inexpensive tool for tracing sediment sources from different kinds of loess.</p

    Above-Ground Biomass Models of Caragana korshinskii and Sophora viciifolia in the Loess Plateau, China

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    Abstract: The quantification of above-ground biomass is based on the calculation of carbon storage, which is important for the balance of carbon cycling. However, the allometric models of shrubs for calculating the above-ground biomass of shrubs in the Loess Plateau are scarce. In order to solve this issue, this study analyzed some highly correlated variables, including height (H), branch diameters (D), canopy volume (C v ), canopy area (C a ), and then built a regression model to predict the above-ground biomass in two common shrubs (Caragana korshinskii and Sophora viciifolia) in the Loess Plateau, China. The results show that the above-ground biomass of these two shrubs can be accurately predicted by H and D, and then we can use allometric model (y = axb ) to calculate shrub above-ground biomass (including leaf biomass and branch biomass). Furthermore, the correlation between leaf biomass and branch biomass in Caragana korshinskii and Sophora viciifolia indicates that the components of above-ground biomass are closely related to each other. In addition, there is a strong linear relationship (p &lt; 0.01) between the observed and estimated biomass values, which confirms the data accuracy of the above-ground biomass estimation models. In summary, these two biomass estimation models provide an accurate way to estimate the quantification of carbon for shrubs in the Loess Plateau.</p

    基于地统计学的土壤团聚体空间变异研究进展

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    团聚体是土壤基本结构单元,犹如生物体的细胞,深刻影响着土壤肥力和植物生长,并在土壤抗蚀性、土壤修复、全球碳汇效应等方面起着重要作用。过去研究多关注于土壤团聚体的微观形成过程与稳定机制。由于土壤特性、自然要素、人为活动等多因素共同驱动,团聚体的微观尺度分析并不能完全理解团聚体在生态系统中的作用与功能;同时,团聚体结构和稳定性具有高度空间异质性,传统的经典统计学方法难以反映真实状态下团聚体的空间格局,使得其研究方法逐渐过渡到地统计学。本文综述国内外基于GIS和地统计学的土壤团聚体空间变异性的研究现状,分析空间定量方法和尺度效应,总结团聚体空间变异的定量方法、影响因素、空间变异预测模型及其可视化方法,提出了当前研究存在的主要问题,展望了GIS和地统计学在土壤团聚体空间变异性中的研究前景。</p

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    Institute of Soil and Water Conservation,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources
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