Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy Of Sciences
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The expanding and function of NLRC3 or NLRC3-like in teleost fish: Recent advances and novel insights
No full textThe nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing family (NLR) proteins are innate immune sensors which recognize highly conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Mammals have small numbers of NLR proteins, whereas in some species such as in invertebrates and jawless vertebrates, NLRs have expanded into very large families. Nearly 400 NLR proteins are identified in the zebrafish genome. Members of the NLR family can be divided into two functional sub-groups based on their ability to either positively or negatively regulate host immune response or inflammatory signaling cascades. Mammalian NLRC3 has been identified as an inhibitory NLR, and serves as a negative regulator in the NE-KB-mediated inflammatory response, STING-mediated DNA sensing and PI3K-mTOR pathways. Different from mammalian NLRC3, the analysis from genomes or transcriptomes revealed that the expansions of NLRC3 existed in different species of fish. Furthermore, piscine NLRC3-like genes were confirmed to have a negative or positive regulatory function in response to different kinds of pathogen infections and in the production of pminflammatory cytokines. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the expanding and function of NLRC3 or NLRC3-like genes in teleost fish, and give our view of important directions for future studies. The knowledge of piscine NLRC3 or expansive NLRC3-like genes-mediated biological functions in homeostasis and diseases will shed new light on the prevention and control of inflammatory and/or infectious diseases
An identified PfHMGB1 promotes microcystin-LR-induced liver injury of yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)
No full textMicrocystin-LR (MC-LR) is a potent hepatotoxin that can cause liver inflammation and injury. However, the mode of action of related inflammatory factors is not fully understood. PfHMGB1 is an inflammatory factor induced at the mRNA level in the liver of juvenile yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) that were intraperi-toneally injected with 50 mu g/kg MC-LR. The PfHMGB1 mRNA level was highest in the liver and muscle among 11 tissues examined. The full-length cDNA sequence of PfHMGB1 was cloned and overexpressed in E. coli, and the purified protein rPfHMGB1 demonstrated DNA binding affinity. Endotoxin-free rPfHMGB1 (6-150 mu g/mL) also showed dose-dependent hepatotoxicity and induced inflammatory gene expression of primary hepatocytes. PfHMGB1 antibody (anti-PfHMGB1) in vitro reduced MC-LR (30 and 50 mu mol/L)-induced hepatotoxicity, suggesting PfHMGB1 is important in the toxic effects of MC-LR. In vivo study showed that MC-LR upregulated PfHMGB1 protein in the liver. The anti-PfHMGB1 blocked its counterpart and reduced ALT/AST activities after MC-LR exposure. Anti-PfHMGB1 partly neutralized MC-LR-induced hepatocyte disorganization, nucleus shrinkage, mitochondria, and rough endoplasmic reticula destruction. These findings suggest that PfHMGB1 promotes MC-LR-induced liver damage in the yellow catfish. HMGB1 may help protect catfish against widespread microcystin pollution
Occurrence, Toxicity, and Removal Methods of Triclosan: a Timely Review
No full textPurpose of Review Triclosan (TCS) is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent that has been widely used in pharmaceutical and personal care products. TCS enters the environment mainly in effluent and biosolids from wastewater treatment plants, and persists in the aquatic environment and edatope. TCS is potentially harmful to the environment and biohealth because of its properties, being lipophilic, accumulative, toxic, and persistent. Therefore, TCS has become a research hotspot in recent years. The purpose of this review is to summarize the occurrence, toxicity, ecological effects, and removal methods of TCS. Recent Findings TCS has a long half-life, and is found widely in the environment. Toxicity and ecological effects of TCS have been found in recent studies. Moreover, TCS has joint effects with multiple pollutants, and many of its transformation products are also toxic. Methods to remove TCS from the environment include adsorption, advanced oxidation technology, ecological engineering, and applying multiple methods in tandem. Each method is constantly being updated. This paper reviews recent research done on TCS, focusing on its occurrence, toxicity, ecological effects, and removal. Finally, several perspectives for research on this substance are outlined
Bibliometrics and visualization analysis regarding research on the development of microplastics (Jan, 10.1007/s11356-021-12366-2, 2021)
No full textA correction to this paper has been published: 10.1007/s11356-021-12767-
Comparative mitogenome analyses uncover mitogenome features and phylogenetic implications of the subfamily Cobitinae
No full textAbstractBackgroundLoaches of Cobitinae, widely distributed in Eurasian continent, have high economic, ornamental and scientific value. However, the phylogeny of Cobitinae fishes within genera or family level remains complex and controversial. Up to now, about 60 Cobitinae mitogenomes had been deposited in GenBank, but their integrated characteristics were not elaborated.ResultsIn this study, we sequenced and analyzed the complete mitogenomes of a female Cobits macrostigma. Then we conducted a comparative mitogenome analysis and revealed the conserved and unique characteristics of 58 Cobitinae mitogenomes, including C. macrostigma. Cobitinae mitogenomes display highly conserved tRNA secondary structure, overlaps and non-coding intergenic spacers. In addition, distinct base compositions were observed among different genus and significantly negative linear correlation between AT% and AT-skew were found among Cobitinae, genus Cobitis and Pangio mitogenomes, respectively. A specific 3?bp insertion (GCA) in the atp8-atp6 overlap was identified as a unique feature of loaches, compared to other Cypriniformes fish. Additionally, all protein coding genes underwent a strong purifying selection. Phylogenetic analysis strongly supported the paraphyly of Cobitis and polyphyly of Misgurnus. The strict molecular clock predicted that Cobitinae might have split into northern and southern lineages in the late Eocene (42.11?Ma), furthermore, mtDNA introgression might occur (14.40?Ma) between ancestral species of Cobitis and ancestral species of Misgurnus.ConclusionsThe current study represents the first comparative mitogenomic and phylogenetic analyses within Cobitinae and provides new insights into the mitogenome features and evolution of fishes belonging to the cobitinae family
Acute hypoxia and reoxygenation: Effect on oxidative stress and hypoxia signal transduction in the juvenile yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)
No full textDissolved oxygen (DO) is essential for the survival of aquatic organisms, while its absence from water effectively compromises the health of fish in aquacultures. Here, we simulated acute hypoxia (DO: 1.14 +/- 0.04 mg L-1), and reoxygenation (DO: 6.90 +/- 0.14 mg L-1) conditions, analyzed tissue biochemical indicators, antioxidant parameters, and hypoxia signaling molecules in the brain, liver, and gills of yellow catfish exposed to various durations of deoxygenation (40 and 70 min), hypoxia (1, 3, and 6 h) and reoxygenation (1, 3, and 6 h). All enzymatic activities and gene expression in tissues followed a similar pattern throughout the experimental duration. During acute hypoxia and reoxygenation, the levels of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HT), cortisol (COR), and malondialdehyde (MDA) increased significantly in the liver and gills, however, this increase in the brain was primarily concentrated in the acute reoxygenation phase. Regarding antioxidant parameters, the activities of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and catalase (CAT) increased significantly under acute hypoxia and exposure to reoxygenation, however, unlike in the brain and gills, the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in the liver was significantly reduced under acute hypoxic exposure, indicating intertissue differences in the antioxidant capacity of yellow catfish. The mRNA expression of hypoxia signaling molecules (e.g. hif1a/2a) in the liver, gills, and brain was upregulated to varying degrees under acute stress, indicating that the hypoxia signaling pathway was activated in tissues of yellow catfish in response to low oxygen availability. Our research provides a valuable reference for further elucidating the response and adaptation mechanisms of fish to acute hypoxia and reoxygenation stress and may prove essential for avoiding oxidative damage and maintaining the quality of farmed fish
The involvement of TNF-alpha and TNF-beta as proinflammatory cytokines in lymphocyte-mediated adaptive immunity of Nile tilapia by initiating apoptosis
No full textTumor necrosis factors (TNFs) are pleiotropic cytokines with important functions in homeostasis and disease pathogenesis. Recent advances have shown that TNFs are also involved in the regulation of adaptive immune responses. However, the knowledge about how TNF participates in and regulates adaptive immune response in early vertebrates is still limited. In present study, we identified two isoforms of TNF, TNF-alpha and TNF-beta, from Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (On-TNF-alpha and beta). After analyzing the sequence characteristics, we investigated their regulatory roles in adaptive immune response of this fish species. On-TNF-alpha and beta are evolutionarily conserved compare with their homologs from other vertebrates. Both TNFs were distributed in a wide range of tissues in O. niloticus, and with relative higher expression level in gill. After the animals were infected by Streptococcus agalactiae, mRNA levels of On-TNF-alpha and TNF-beta in spleen lymphocytes were significantly upregulated during the primary response stage of adaptive immunity. Meanwhile, both TNF proteins in spleen lymphocytes were also dramatically elevated during the adaptive immune stage after bacterial infection. These results indicate the potential participation of On-TNF-alpha and TNF-beta in adaptive immune response of Nile tilapia. Furthermore, OnTNF-alpha and beta transcripts were obviously augmented, once spleen lymphocytes were activated by T cell-specific mitogen PHA. More importantly, both recombinant On-TNF-alpha and beta could induce the apoptosis of head kidney leukocytes of Nile tilapia. And On-TNF-beta but not On-TNF-alpha promoted the apoptosis by activating caspase-8 in the target cells. Altogether, our study revealed that TNF-alpha and TNF-beta participated in the lymphocyte mediated adaptive immune response of Nile tilapia by initiating the apoptosis, and thus shed novel perspective for the regulatory mechanism of adaptive immunity in teleost
Cloning and functional characterization of IRAK1 from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
No full textAs a key molecule in innate immune signalling pathway, interleukin (IL)-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1) mediates downstream signalling cascades in immune response. In the present study, an IRAK1 orthologue was characterized from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), with a 2115 bp open reading frame (ORF), encoding a protein of 704 amino acids (aa). Multiple alignments showed that IRAK1 contains highly conserved features among different species, with a conservative N-terminal death domain (DD) and a C-terminal conserved serine/threonine protein kinase (STKc) domain. Expression analysis indicated that IRAK1 was widely expressed in examined organs/tissues, with the highest level observed in muscle and lowest in stomach. In RTG-2 cell line, the induced expression of IRAK1 was observed following the stimulation by the fish bacterial pathogen Flayobacterium columnare. Luciferase activity assays revealed that IRAK1 induced significantly the activity of NF-kappa B in Human embryonic kidney 293T (HEK293T) cell line; but after co-transfected with rainbow trout IL-1 receptorassociated kinase 4 (IRAK4), the induction was significantly down-regulated when compared with the expression of IRAK1 alone. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays indicated that IRAK1 was associated with rainbow trout myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), IRAK4 and TNF receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6) in transfected HEK293T cells, and may form a complex with MyD88, IRAK4 and TRAF6 during the signalling pathway
Enhanced Metabolic Potentials and Functional Gene Interactions of Microbial Stress Responses to a 4,100-m Elevational Increase in Freshwater Lakes
No full textElevation has a strong influence on microbial community composition, but its influence on microbial functional genes remains unclear in the aquatic ecosystem. In this study, the functional gene structure of microbes in two lakes at low elevation (ca. 530 m) and two lakes at high elevation (ca. 4,600 m) was examined using a comprehensive functional gene array GeoChip 5.0. Microbial functional composition, but not functional gene richness, was significantly different between the low- and high-elevation lakes. The greatest difference was that microbial communities from high-elevation lakes were enriched in functional genes of stress responses, including cold shock, oxygen limitation, osmotic stress, nitrogen limitation, phosphate limitation, glucose limitation, radiation stress, heat shock, protein stress, and sigma factor genes compared with microbial communities from the low-elevation lakes. Higher metabolic potentials were also observed in the degradation of aromatic compounds, chitin, cellulose, and hemicellulose at higher elevations. Only one phytate degradation gene and one nitrate reduction gene were enriched in the high-elevation lakes. Furthermore, the enhanced interactions and complexity among the co-occurring functional genes in microbial communities of lakes at high elevations were revealed in terms of network size, links, connectivity, and clustering coefficients, and there were more functional genes of stress responses mediating the module hub of this network. The findings of this study highlight the well-developed functional strategies utilized by aquatic microbial communities to withstand the harsh conditions at high elevations
A global perspective on the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on freshwater fish biodiversity
No full textThe COVID-19 global pandemic and resulting effects on the economy and society (e.g., sheltering-in-place, alterations in transportation, changes in consumer behaviour, loss of employment) have yielded some benefits and risks to biodiversity. Here, we considered the ways the COVID-19 pandemic has influenced (or may influence) freshwater fish biodiversity (e.g., richness, abundance). In many cases, we could only consider potential impacts using documented examples (often from the media) of likely changes, because anecdotal observations are still emerging and data-driven studies are yet to be completed or even undertaken. We evaluated the potential for the pandemic to either mitigate or amplify widely acknowledged, pre-existing threats to freshwater fish biodiversity (i.e., invasive species, pollution, fragmentation, flow alteration, habitat loss and alteration, climate change, exploitation). Indeed, we identified examples spanning the extremes of positive and negative outcomes for almost all known threats. We also considered the pandemic's impact on freshwater fisheries demand, assessment, research, compliance monitoring, and management interventions (e.g., restoration), with disruptions being experienced in all domains. Importantly, we provide a forward-looking synthesis that considers the potential mechanisms and pathways by which the consequences of the pandemic may positively and negatively impact freshwater fishes over the longer term. We conclude with a candid assessment of the current management and policy responses and the extent to which they ensure freshwater fish populations and biodiversity are conserved for human and aquatic ecosystem benefits in perpetuity