of Botany,Chinese Academy Of Sciences
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The Chromosome-Level Genome of Elaeagnus moorcroftii Wall., an Economically and Ecologically Important Tree Species in Drylands
No full textElaeagnus moorcroftii Wall. (Elaeagnaceae) is an important tree species naturally growing in arid Northwest China that has great economic and ecological values in drylands. In this study, we de novo assembled a chromosome-level genome for E. moorcroftii by using PacBio's high-fidelity (HiFi) sequencing and Hi-C-assisted assembly technology. The assembled genome size was 529.56 Mb, of which 94.56% was anchored to 14 pseudochromosomes with a contig N50 up to 28.21 Mb. In total, 29,243 protein-coding genes were annotated, and 98.5% of the Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs (BUSCOs) were captured in the genome. Evolutionary genomic analysis showed that E. moorcroftii split with Elaeagnus mollis 9.38 million years ago (Ma), and contrasted evolutionary trajectories of gene family expansion and contraction were observed for these two closely related species. Furthermore, we identified two successive whole genome duplication (WGD) events occurred in the genome of E. moorcroftii, in addition to the ancient gamma hexaploidization event shared by core eudicots. Together, the chromosome-level genome assembly for E. moorcroftii decoded here provides valuable genomic information for the further genetic improvement and molecular breeding of this indigenous species in drylands
Temporal-Spatial Variability of Dissolved Carbon in the Tributary Streams of the Lower Yangtze River Basin
No full textDissolved carbon has been widely investigated in natural rivers worldwide. However, it has been rarely studied in riverine system of farming regions, where small streams have been usually modified by a water gate and flood levee. This study was conducted to investigate dissolved organic and inorganic carbon (DOC, DIC) in artificially modified tributary streams, namely the Desheng and Shuangqiao-Shiba streams, in a farming region of the lower Yangtze River basin. The results showed that the DOC and DIC concentrations had remarkable temporal-spatial variability in the Desheng and Shuangqiao-Shiba streams. The mean DOC concentrations were 5.4 and 6.7 mg L-1 in the Desheng and Shuangqiao-Shiba streams during the period of about 1 year, while the DIC concentrations were 14.0 and 9.6 mg L-1 in both streams, respectively. The DOC and DIC concentrations mainly showed the linear decreasing trends from source through to export in the spring, summer, autumn, and winter. The DOC concentration was almost always lower than the DIC concentration. The DOC concentration was positively correlated with the DIC concentration in the Desheng stream over the four seasons, indicating that the DOC and DIC potentially had similar sources. The DOC and DIC concentrations increased with sewage discharge, which introduced a potential hazard to human health. The water gate and flood levee in the Desheng and Shuangqiao-Shiba streams were constructed for discharging floods and recharging irrigation in the farming region, and their effects on dissolved carbon require further research
ABSCISIC ACID-INSENSITIVE 5-ω3 FATTY ACID DESATURASE3 module regulates unsaturated fatty acids biosynthesis in Paeonia ostii
No full textPaeonia ostii is an authorized novel vegetable oil crop due to its seeds rich in unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) especially a-linolenic acid (ALA), which overweight the current available edible oil. However, little is known on the regulation mechanism of UFAs biosynthesis during its seed development. Here, we used transcriptome and proteome data combining phytochemistry means to uncover the relationship between abscisic acid (ABA) signaling and UFAs biosynthesis during P. ostii seed development. Based on transcriptome and proteome analysis, two desaturases of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acid, named as PoFAD2 and PoFAD3 responsible for ALA biosynthesis were identified. Then, an ABSCISIC ACID-INSENSITIVE 5 (ABI5) proteins was identified as an upstream transcriptional factor, which activated the expression of PoFAD3 instead of PoFAD2. Moreover, silencing of PoABI5 repressed the response of PoFAD3 to ABA. This study provides the first view on the connection between the function of ABA signaling factors and ALA biosynthesis in the P. ostii seed, which lays the foundation for studies on the regulatory mechanism of ABA signaling involved in the UFAs synthesis during seeds development, meanwhile, it will shed light on manipulation of ALA content for satisfying human demands on high quality of edible oil or healthy supplement
Regulation of anthocyanin and sugar accumulation in grape berry through carbon limitation and exogenous ABA application
No full textTo optimize vineyard management practices to adapt viticulture to climate change, knowledge of the regulation mechanism of metabolite accumulation under carbon source limitation and abscisic acid (ABA) application in grapes should be deepened. Here, carbon source limitations were imposed by reducing leaf area from 12 to 2 leaves per vine (at pea sized stage, -2L-P; or one week prior to veraison -2L-V) and phloem girdling between the second and third leaf from bottom to top (one week prior to veraison -12L-girdling) were compared for their effects on berry composition. All three modalities significantly reduced sugar, anthocyanin and ABA content in comparison with berries under sufficient carbon supply (12 leaves per vine -12L), with 2L-V being the greatest. Allowing leaf area to partially recover (2L-R) or berry ABA application (400 mg. L-1) one week before veraison increased the ratio of anthocyanin to sugar under source limitation. Combined with the analysis of berry metabolites and transcript abundances, our results indicate that source limitation and exogenous ABA co-regulated anthocyanins content through differential gene expression
Biogeography of soil protistan consumer and parasite is contrasting and linked to microbial nutrient mineralization in forest soils at a wide-scale
No full textDespite their essential role in soil microbiome and the global ecological processes, large-scale biogeographical patterns and predictors of protists are poorly characterized. Investigating the diversity and distribution of protists is crucial for understanding their biogeographic patterns and underlying the drivers across phylogenetic, ecological, and functional scales. Here, we explored a wide-scale pattern of protistan communities, and linked it with soil functions, in 107 soil samples from nine forest sites along a large climatic gradient. Our results showed that the biogeography of protistan communities in forest soils generally fitted the temperature diversity gradients (TDG), metabolic niche theory (MNT) and distance-decay relationships (DDR). Strikingly, the dominant protistan phyla, Cercozoa (consumer) and Apicomplexa (parasite), followed highly different/contrasting biogeographic patterns along the climatic gradient, as a result of environmental selection and stochastic processes. Cercozoa were relatively more abundant in cold arid soils while Apicomplexa thrived in tropical wet sites. Homogenizing dispersal had a stronger effect on the distribution of the Cercozoa, while ecological drift controlled the distribution of the Apicomplexa. In addition, we found that protist network modularization explained 57.5% of the variation in soil nutrient mineralization, suggesting the critical roles of Cercozoa and Apicomplexa in nutrient cycling. Collectively, we showed the general applicability of TDG, MNT and DDR to the soil protistan communities and revealed contrasting biogeographic patterns of protistan consumer and parasite along climatic gradients. Our study highlights the crucial contribution of protistan communities to nutrient mineralization in forest soils
New insights on the analysis of phytosterols in pollen and anther wall of tree peony (Paeonia ostii 'Fengdan') revealed by GC-MS/MS
No full textPhytosterols exhibit a wide range of pharmacological activities and have no side-effects, which have attracted more and more attention. In this study, two pre-treatment methods (alkaline hydrolysis and acid-alkali hydrolysis) were performed in parallel for the first time to investigate the effects on phytosterol analysis. The aim is to develop an analytical method for phytosterols in pollen and anther wall of tree peony (Paeonia ostii 'Fengdan') by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The result indicated that the contents of phytosterols in pollen (3390.02 mg/100 g DW) and anther wall (929.70 mg/100 g DW) of P. ostii 'Fengdan' were relatively high. Meanwhile, eleven phytosterols were identified, among which five phytosterols were first identified in tree peony pollen. Moreover, the effects of wall breaking and different developmental stages on phytosterol contents of pollen and anther wall of P. ostii 'Fengdan' were also discussed. The result showed that wall breaking was beneficial to sterol detection of pollen, but not necessary for anther wall. For the best harvest time, the stage of S2 had the highest content of phytosterols. In conclusion, this study successfully establishes an analytical method for phytosterols by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and lays a foundation for the development and utilization of pollen and anther wall of P. ostii 'Fengdan' in functional foods and pharmaceutical industry
New 8-prenylated quercetin glycosides from the flowers of Epimedium acuminatum and their testosterone production-promoting activities
No full textPhytochemical investigation was carried out for the flowers of Epimedium acuminatum Franchet. by first conducting LC-MS analysis, leading to the identification of 32 compounds. Furthermore, guided by LC-MS profiling, three new 8-prenylated quercetin glycosides (3'-hydroxylikarisoside C, 3'-hydroxylepimedoside E, 3'-hydroxyldiphylloside B), one new anthocyanin (delphinidin-3-O-p-coumaroyl-sophoroside) and six known compounds were isolated from the flowers of E. acuminatum for the first time, and their structures were characterized based on spectroscopic methods including 1D and 2D NMR, and HRESIMS. Combining our discoveries and literature survey, a revised classification of Epimedium flavonols was proposed as Type A (8-prenylated kaempferol based), which was further subdivided into subtype icaritin and subtype demethylicaritin, and Type B (8-prenylated quercetin based), which was further subdivided into subtype 3'-hydroxylicaritin and subtype 3'-hydroxyldemethylicaritin. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) study was carried out by comparing testosterone production-promoting activities of all the new compounds along with nine related Epimedium flavonols, revealing that the new 8-prenylated quercetin glycosides (subtype 3'-hydroxyldemethylicaritin in Type B) exhibited lower testosterone production-promoting activities in rat primary Leydig cells than Epimedium flavonols of subtype demethylicaritin in Type A, but possessed higher activities than the Epimedium flavonols of subtype icaritin in Type A. These results suggested that either methylation at C-4' position or hydroxylation at C-3' position of ring B could significantly reduce the testosterone production-promoting activities of Epimedium flavonols
ROS and calcium oscillations are required for polarized root hair growth
No full textRoot hairs are filamentous extensions from epidermis of plant roots with growth limited to the apical dome. Cell expansion undergoes tightly regulated processes, including the coordination between cell wall loosening and cell wall crosslinking, to form the final shape and size. Tip-focused gradients and oscillations of reactive oxygen species (ROS) together with calcium ions (Ca2+) as indispensable regulated mechanisms control rapid and polarized elongation of root hair cells. ROS homeostasis mediated by plasma membrane-localized NADPH oxidases, known as respiratory burst oxidase homologues (RBOHs), and class III cell wall peroxidases (PRXs), modulates cell wall properties during cell expansion. The expression levels of RBOHC, an NADPH oxidase that produces ROS, and class III PRXs are directly upregulated by ROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE SIX-LIKE 4 (RSL4), encoding a basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor, to modulate root hair elongation. Cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (CNGCs), as central regulators of Ca2+ oscillations, also regulate root hair extension. Here, we review how the gradients and oscillations of Ca2+ and ROS interact to promote the expansion of root hair cells
The calcium signaling module CaM-IQM destabilizes IAA-ARF interaction to regulate callus and lateral root formation
No full textInduction of a pluripotent cell mass, called callus, from detached organs is an initial step in in vitro plant regeneration, during which phytohormone auxin-induced ectopic activation of a root developmental program has been shown to be required for subsequent de novo regeneration of shoots and roots. However, whether other signals are involved in governing callus formation, and thus plant regeneration capability, remains largely unclear. Here, we report that the Arabidopsis calcium (Ca2+) signaling module CALMODULIN IQ-MOTIF CONTAINING PROTEIN (CaM-IQM) interacts with auxin signaling to regulate callus and lateral root formation. We show that disruption of IQMs or CaMs retards auxin-induced callus and lateral root formation by dampening auxin responsiveness, and that CaM-IQM complexes physically interact with the auxin signaling repressors INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID INDUCIBLE (IAA) proteins in a Ca2+-dependent manner We further provide evidence that the physical interaction of CaM6 with IAA19 destabilizes the repressive interaction of IAA19 with AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 7 (ARF7), and thus regulates auxin-induced callus formation. These findings not only define a critical role of CaM-IQM-mediated Ca2+ signaling in callus and lateral root formation, but also provide insight into the interplay of Ca2+ signaling and auxin actions during plant regeneration and development
Phylogenomics and diversification drivers of the Eastern Asian - Eastern North American disjunct Podophylloideae
No full textEvolutionary and biogeographic processes determine species richness patterns of vascular plants between Eastern Asia (EA) and Eastern North America (ENA). However, the strikingly higher species richness of EA relative to ENA remains poorly understood from this perspective. Here, we studied the relative importance of biogeographical, evolutionary and ecological factors underlying differences in species richness between EA and ENA in Podophylloideae (Berberidaceae, Ranunculales; in total 10 spp. in EA vs. 2 spp. in ENA). Based on large-scale transcriptome data, our phylogenomic analyses strongly supported Podophylloideae and its two multi-species genera, i.e. Dysosma (EA) and Diphylleia (EA/ENA), as monophyletic groups. Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (EA) was identified as sister to the remainder of Podophylloideae. Dysosma (7 spp.) was recovered as sister to Podophyllum peltatum (ENA), forming an EA-ENA disjunct pair with a strong bias of species diversity in the EA counterpart. Our biogeographic analyses support the 'out-of-Tibet' hypothesis, suggesting that Podophylloideae started to diversify in the Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains (Mid-Miocene) and migrated eastward (since the Late Miocene) into Central-eastern China, Japan, and ENA (only P. peltatum and Diphylleia cymosa). Overall, we conclude that the striking species diversity anomaly between EA and ENA in Podophylloideae may be explained by a combination of (1) a longer period of time available to accumulate species in EA; and (2) a greater diversification rate in EA, which might have been promoted by greater physiographic and environmental heterogeneity in this region