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Braiding Knowledge through breath, language, and movement: culturally rooted, trauma-informed Yoga for First Nations Women

Author: Barudin Jessica W.G.
Publication venue
Publication date: 03/07/2023
Field of study

This doctoral research weaves in several distinct cultural and philosophical knowledge systems, including Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw, Indigenous knowledge of India through the practice of Yoga, and Western science of trauma theory and mindfulness. The primary research aim is to describe the process and impact of the First Nations Yoga Initiative (FNWYI), a trauma-informed, community program that combined virtual and land-based learning in an 80-hour curriculum piloted to a Cohort of twenty Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw and other First Nations women who participated in the program. A range of qualitative methods were used to gain in-depth insights into the experiences of wellness, healing, and language learning experiences of participants through an Indigenous Research Paradigm, bridging intercultural wisdom and spirit-based inquiry that centers Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw ways of knowing alongside the Yogic tradition, and Trauma-Informed Yoga (TIY) principles. The yoga program was co-created, implemented, and evaluated alongside a First Nations advisory circle of learners, fluent Kwak̓wala speakers and knowledge keepers. A culturally-responsive framework offers ways of sharing parallel Indigenous knowledge systems and advances awareness into how First Nations women prioritize standing in their own roots and values of respect and reciprocity when honoring the roots of Yoga. The research project builds upon existing findings from the fields of culturally rooted and TIY training and education, as well as offering an Indigenized approach to community wellness, trauma healing and language revitalization. The FNWYI introduced embodied language-learning through the exploration of Kwak̓wala values, worldviews, ancestral practices, chants and songs to promote an intentional learning community. The research project emphasizes the identity-building process and decolonizing practices through the embodiment of ancestral language, ceremonial practices, and trauma-informed yoga. This study addresses a gap in TIY research and practice by centering the priorities and stories of First Nations women as they cope with varying degrees of trauma, grief and stress - magnified by the Covid-19 pandemic. ‘Braiding Knowledge through Breath, Language, and Movement’ provides a strategic framework and grassroots model for creating trauma-informed, culturally-rooted yoga programs, engrained with embodied language learning, ancestral healing practices, and virtual and land-based learning throughout

Intolerance of Uncertainty and Coping Motives for Drinking: Examining the Mediating Role of Perceived Stress

Author: Nahas Jean
Publication venue
Publication date: 2023
Field of study

Alcohol use tends to peak in early adulthood, often coinciding with university attendance—a period linked with increased alcohol consumption. During this period, using alcohol to cope with negative emotions (coping motives) is associated with alcohol-related problems. The stress-response dampening hypothesis and empirical evidence suggest that those who are high in intolerance of uncertainty (IU) are at a greater risk of coping motives, and that stress perception may explain part of this association. The goal of the current study was to examine the mediating role of perceived stress (PSS) in the association between IU and coping motives across time in university students. We hypothesized that IU would predict PSS and coping motives, that PSS would predict coping motives, and that PSS would mediate the association between IU and coping motives. In our study, (N = 379 at baseline) first-year undergraduate students completed four online questionnaires at 1-month intervals. Using Confirmatory Factor Analyses and Latent Curve Models with Structured Residuals, we found a positive correlation between IU, PSS, and coping motives at the trait level, consistent with our hypotheses. However, at the state level, there were no cross-lagged effects between these constructs except for IU negatively predicting PSS, contradicting our initial hypotheses. Our results suggest that while IU, PSS, and coping motives are related to each other at a trait level, their association is more nuanced at the state level. This indicates a distinction in the dynamics of these constructs between and within individuals

Ambassador Animal Welfare: Impact of Education Programs on Behavioral and Physiological Wellbeing

Author: Doyon-Degroote Shao
Publication venue
Publication date: 16/08/2023
Field of study

The welfare of ambassador animals – zoo animals that have direct contact with the public as part of education programs – is a priority issue, since these animals are potentially exposed to more stressors than exhibited animals. This study investigated if education programs generated more stress in eight ambassador species at the Zoo de Granby and the Ecomuseum Zoo in Québec, Canada. We compared activity treatments involving handling and/or transport to a baseline treatment without programmed activities and used fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (FGM) levels and activity budgets to measure physiological and behavioral stress, respectively. Overall, we found in camels (Camelus bactrianus) and opossums (Monodelphis domestica) that animal rides and zoo workshops, respectively, had higher FGM levels exceeding the baseline thresholds. The FGM levels varied depending on the ambassador’s total participation in programmed activities, so less used animals experienced acute stress sooner than most used ones. Undesirable behaviors, such as pacing and interaction with transparent boundaries, in some camels, armadillos, skinks, and pythons represented over 10 % of an individual’s activity budget, but the species’ mean did not exceed the threshold. Finally, the activity treatments significantly affected resting behaviors in birds, reptiles, and camelids without changing the activity rate between treatments. Overall, education programs did not significantly affect ambassadors’ welfare, but targeted individuals among the species were stressed. Our findings will benefit the zoological community for example, by providing baseline FGM levels for each ambassador species and contribute to improving the understanding of repetitive and stereotyped behaviors across multiple species

The n! Conjecture and the Isospectral Hilbert Scheme of Points

Author: Bosio Niccolò
Publication venue
Publication date: 01/09/2023
Field of study

The goal of this thesis is to introduce and prove the

n!

conjecture, this work is mainly based on the work of Mark Haiman from 1992 to 2001.\\ The

n!

conjecture was for the first time approached to try to prove another conjecture, the positivity conjecture about the Kostka coefficients

K_{\lambda\mu}(q,t)

which states that they belongs to the polynomial ring

\mathbb{N}[q,t]

.\\ It was known that the modules involved in the

n!

conjecture are quotients of the ring

R_n

of coinvariants for the action of

S_n

\mathbb{C}[x_1,\ldots,x_n,y_1,\ldots,y_n]

, denoted as

\mathbb{C}[\bold x, \bold y]

, and also that

R_n

was isomorphic to the space of diagonal harmonics. Unfortunately, despite the computations suggesting that the dimension of

R_n

should be

(n+1)^{n-1}

, proving it resulted very hard.\\ In the spring of 1992 Procesi and Haiman discussed the topic: Procesi suggested that the Hilbert scheme

H_n

and what we now call the isospectral Hilbert scheme

X_n

should be relevant to the determination of the dimension and character of

R_n

. Specifically, he observed that there is a natural map from

R_n

to the ring of global functions on the scheme-theoretic fiber in

X_n

over the origin in the symmetric power

S_n\mathbb{C}^2

, and with some luck this map could be an isomorphism! But let us make a step back and introducing the

n!

conjecture properly.\\ Let

\mu=(\mu_{1},\mu_{2},\dots,\mu_{m})

be a tuple of natural numbers such that

\sum_{i\in [m]}\mu_{i}=n

.\\ We define the Young Diagram associated to

\mu

as the subset of

\mathbb{N}\times\mathbb{N}

such that \begin{equation*} d(\mu)=\{(p,q)\,|\,p<\mu_{q+1}\}. \end{equation*} The conjecture states that if we take the alternating polynomial

\Delta_{\mu}

defined as

\Delta_{\mu}=\det[x_i^{p_j}y_i^{q_j}]

for

(p_j,q_j)\in \mu

and we compute the space of all derivatives \begin{equation*} D_{\mu}=\mathbb{C}[\partial \bold x, \partial \bold y]\Delta_{\mu}, \end{equation*} the dimension of

D_{\mu}

is always

n!

.\\ Now it is important to see that there are three main topics to treat: \begin{enumerate} \item\label{intro_n!_conj} The

n!

conjecture regarding the space

D_{\mu}

\item \label{intro_pos_conj} The positivity conjecture regarding the Kostka coefficients

K_{\lambda\mu}(q,t)

\item\label{intro_X_n} The isospectral Hilbert scheme of points

X_{n}

and its natural map

\rho:X_n\to H_n

to the Hilbert scheme. \end{enumerate} In this introduction my goal is to make clear the connections between the points \ref{intro_n!_conj} and \ref{intro_X_n} as they are the main focus of this thesis. In Chapter

1

the curious reader will also find a brief explaination of the connection between points \ref{intro_pos_conj} and \ref{intro_n!_conj}.\\ Let us begin with some mathematics.\\ The first thing that we can notice is that, if we take the ideal generated by

x^py^q

for

(p,q)\notin \mu

it is a monomial ideal, we will denote it by

I_{\mu}

.\\ There is a very nice property of monomial ideals: they are the fixed points of the action of

T=(\mathbb{C}^*)^{2}

on the Hilbert scheme! Let's see why.\\ It's clear that

T

acts on

\mathbb{C}^{2}

sending

(a,b)

(t_{1}a,t_{2}b)

, very similarly

T

acts on

H_{n}=\text{Hilb}^{n}(\mathbb{C}^{2})

by \begin{equation*} (t_{1},t_{2})I=(t_{1},t_{2})(f_{1}(x,y),\dots, f_{m}(x,y))\to (f_{1}(t_{1}x,t_{2}y),\dots,f_{m}(t_{1}x,t_{2}y)), \end{equation*} so if

I

is monomial we can just factor the

t_{i}

out without modifying anything.\\ The other important class of points of

H_{n}

are the generic points denoted by

I=I(S)

, the ideals which vanishes on a specified finite set of distinct points

S\subseteq \mathbb{C}^2

of cardinality

n

. In this very beautiful case

I

is radical and

\mathbb{C}[x,y]/I

is reduced and isomorphic to

\mathbb{C}^n

. Intuitively we can think to

I

as a set of

n

points with multiplicity one and to

I_{\mu}

as the origin with multiplicity

n

.\\ Notice that in

H_{n}

the order of the points does not matter whether in

\mathbb{C}^{n}

it does, so it is natural to consider the map \begin{equation*} \sigma:H_{n}\to \mathbb{C}^{n}/S_{n} \end{equation*} sending

I

to the unordered n-tuple

(P_{1},\dots,P_{n})=V(I)

of points. Notice that each

P\in V(I)

appears in the

n

-tuple a number of time equal to its multiplicity.\\ Now

\sigma

is called the \textit{Hilbert Chow Morphism} and it is a morphism of algebraic varieties and note that for

S=(P_{1},\dots,P_{n})

all distinct in

\mathbb{C}^{n}/S_{n}

there is only one ideal

I=I(S)\in H_{n}

such that

\sigma(I)=S

, thus, giving the fact that the generic locus is dense in

H_{n}

the map is \textit{birational}.\\ Later we will see that

H_{n}

can also be described as a certain blowup of

\mathbb{C}^{n}/S_{n}

, so we can look at the Hilbert scheme of points as a resolution of the singularities of

\mathbb{C}^{n}/S_{n}

.\\ To recap let us look at the following diagram: \begin{center} \begin{tikzcd} &\mathbb{C}^{2n}\arrow{d}\\ H_{n}\arrow{r}{\theta}& S_{n}\mathbb{C}^2 \end{tikzcd} \end{center} and notice that if we take a point

I(S)\in H_{n}

, we move it in

S_{n}\mathbb{C}^2

and then we take the fiber in

\mathbb{C}^{2n}

these fibers have lenght

n!

, in fact they are the sets of all possible orders of

n

distinct points.\\ Unfortunately this argument does not hold for the monomial ideals

I_{\mu}

thus we have to find another way to prove the conjecture.\\ An important property of finite flat morphism of schemes is that each fiber has the same lenght.\\ Now suppose that we can find a scheme lying above

H_{n}

such that the map \begin{equation*} \rho:Y\to H_{n} \end{equation*} is flat and the fibers of a generic ideal

I

have lenght

n!

, then we can use that property and conclude the proof! Sadly the trivial choice of completing the above diagram with the fiber product does not work, the map is not flat.\\ Haiman's is to complete the diagram above with the reduced fiber product of

H_{n}

and

\mathbb{C}^{2n}

over

S_{n}\mathbb{C}^2

, we will call this space the \textit{isospectral Hilbert scheme} and denote it with

X_{n}

. \begin{center} \begin{tikzcd} X_{n}\arrow{d}{\rho}\arrow{r}&\mathbb{C}^{2n}\arrow{d}\\ H_{n}\arrow{r}{\theta}& S_{n}\mathbb{C}^2 \end{tikzcd} \end{center} Now because

H_n

is nonsingular and the projection

\rho: X_n \to H_n

is finite,

X_n

being Cohen-Macaulay is equivalent to

\rho

being flat.\\ In particular the procedure is the following: we define the sheaf

B

over the Hilbert scheme of points

H_n

as the push-forward of

\mathcal{O}_{F}

where

F

is the universal family of

H_n

. Then we prove that we can see

X_n

as \spec(B^{\otimes n}/\mathcal{J}) for a certain sheaf of ideals

\mathcal{J}

and we prove that the ring

B^{\otimes n}/\mathcal{J}\otimes_{\mathcal{O}_{H_n}}I_\mu

is Cohen-Macaulay and Gorenstein.\\ There exists a very strong result (see \cite{emsalem1978geometrie}) proving that, up to isomorphism, a local Artinian

\mathbb{C}

-algebra is Gorenstein if and only if it is of the form

\mathbb{C}[\bold x]/J

where

J=\mathbb{C}[\partial\bold x]p,

in other words

J

is the vector space generated bya polynomial

p

its partial derivarives of all orders.\\ So, proving that our ring

B^{\otimes n}/\mathcal{J}\otimes_{\mathcal{O}_{H_n}}I_\mu

is Gorenstein it is actually equivalent to proving that it is of the form

\mathbb{C}[\bold x]/J

. Subsequently, with some computations, we manage to identify this ideal

J

, and with it, the dimension and the structure of our ring.\\ The process of proving

B^{\otimes n}/\mathcal{J}\otimes_{\mathcal{O}_{H_n}}I_\mu

Gorenstein is very insidious, approximately it goes like that: \begin{itemize} \item We prove that

X_n

is normal with a very ingenious argument using an algebraic structure called \textit{Polygraphs}. \item We prove that the Gorenstein property is equivalent to the

n!

conjecture, thus even the opposite implication works. \item We prove the

n!

conjecture by hand for

X_3

, then we start with an induction argument. \item We use the equivalence: Cohen-Macaulay if and only if

\rho

flat for normal varieties to suppose

\rho:X_{n-1}\to H_{n-1}

flat. \item We use this ipothesis to prove that if

X_{n-1}

is Gorenstein then

X_n

is Gorenstein too. \item

X_3

is Gorenstein because the

n!

conjecture holds, thus

X_n

is Gorenstein and the

n!

conjecture holds. \end{itemize} This thesis is organized into three chapters: the first one introduces the conjectures formally, gives an example of the

n!

conjecture for small

n

and delves into some element of representation theory of finite groups. In the second chapter we dive into the algebraic geometry of the Hilbert scheme, the isospectral Hilbert scheme and we give a proof of the conjecture. During this proof we claim that the ideal

J=\mathbb{C}[\bold x, \bold y]A

where

A

is the space of alternating polynomials is a free

\mathbb{C}[\bold y]

-module, the proof of this fact will take the entire third chapter. Finally in the third chapter we introduce \textit{polygraphs}, a particular union of linear subspaces in

E^n\times E^l

where

E=\mathbb{A}^2(\mathbb{C}).

\\ The motivation behind the name is that their constituent subspaces are the graphs of linear maps from

E^n

E^l

.\\ The purpose of this section is to actually prove that the ring

\mathcal{O}(Z(n,l))

of the polygraph

Z(n,l)

is a free

k[\bold y]

-module. Finally we find a map between this ring and

J

taht concludes the argument.\

The Metaphor Awakening Effect: A Time-Course Investigation of the Literal Meaning during Metaphor Comprehension

Author: Pissani Laura
Publication venue
Publication date: 2023
Field of study

Metaphors have been an object of fascination and a matter of debate since ancient times. What has attracted researchers is how metaphors are so seamlessly understood when their literal meaning differs from what they convey metaphorically. Some scholars have proposed that listeners attain the metaphorical content serially, where the literal interpretation is initially derived, combined with pragmatic information, and then the metaphorical content is determined. Other scholars, however, have argued that the efficiency with which metaphors are understood does not allow for the literal meaning to be derived first and then rejected in favour of the metaphorical content. Rather, they contend that most conventional metaphors are directly retrieved from semantic memory without the need for any inferential work. This thesis presents three manuscripts that investigated two-word metaphors such as broken heart and sharp tongue. The first manuscript reported a norming study to serve as an open source of materials required to run experiments such as those in the current thesis. The second manuscript examined whether the literal meaning of conventional metaphors was available, and could be recovered, immediately after the metaphorical content had been attained. In a maze task, participants read sentences word by word in a self-paced manner and then choose which of two words correctly continues the sentence, where the distractor words were either related or unrelated to the metaphorical content of the sentence. The results of this study yielded a significant awakening effect, whereby longer response times and lower accuracy rates were obtained in trials in which the literal meaning was cued immediately after the metaphor had been processed. This pattern of results suggests that the literal meaning was awakened during sentence processing. The third manuscript examined whether the awakening effect could be found further away from the metaphorical expression. The results of this study also yielded a significant awakening effect. However, it was weaker when compared to the original maze. Lastly, in Appendices A and B, the effects of familiarity and aptness on the awakening effect were analyzed. The results of these analyses indicated that, when the literal meaning is cued immediately after the metaphorical expression has been processed, familiarity and aptness do not have an overall effect. However, further downstream, the awakening effect is indeed modulated by familiarity and aptness. Altogether, the results from the series of studies presented in the current thesis provide compelling evidence in support of the literal-first approach

Application of machine learning to quantify forest cover loss in the Congo Basin and its implications for large mammal habitat suitability

Author: Yuh YG
Publication venue
Publication date: 13/07/2023
Field of study

Machine learning (ML) models are a powerful tool for land use and land cover (LULC) mapping. In the African tropics, and particularly in the Congo Basin, there is a need to better assess the performance and reliability of ML-based LULC classification using coarse-resolution satellite images. In the context of ongoing climate change and socioeconomically-driven forest disturbances, it is important to understand and quantify the extent of forest cover loss in the Congo Basin, as well as the impact of this loss on suitable habitat for key wildlife species. In this dissertation, I address these key issues in three manuscript-based chapters. In Chapter 2, I compared the classification performance of four ML algorithms (k-nearest neighbor (kNN), support vector machines (SVM), artificial neural networks (ANN), and random forests (RF)) for LULC mapping within a tropical region in Central Africa (the Mayo Rey department of northern Cameroon). All four classification algorithms produced high accuracy (overall classification accuracy > 80%), with the RF model (> 90% classification accuracy) outperforming the other algorithms. In Chapter 3, I used the RF model, together with the Idrissi TerrSet land change modeler, to map and project LULCC for the Congo Basin under historical and future scenarios of socioeconomic impacts and climate change. I found that over 352642 km2 of dense forests have been lost in this region between 1990 and 2020, with projected continued loss of about 174860 - 204161 km2 by the year 2050. In Chapter 4, I produced spatially explicit species distribution models to map habitat suitability for great apes (chimpanzees and gorillas) and elephants within the Dzanga Sangha Protected Areas (DSPA) of the Congo Basin. I found that priority habitat areas for the three mammal species mostly occurred and overlapped spatially within the DSPA national parks. However, priority habitat areas for the three species declined by 4, 4.5 and 9.8 percentage points respectively between 2015 and 2020, mostly due to increased human pressures. This research provides a new understanding of the extend and implications of forest cover loss in the Congo Basin, highlighting the critical conservation challenges that remain in this region

Shortening the Half-Life of the CRISPR/dCas9 System

Author: Jaunky Brandon Boodhai
Publication venue
Publication date: 17/08/2023
Field of study

Shortening the half-life of genetic engineering tools such as dCas9-VP64 can become a pivotal component to regulate many cellular networks, allowing periodic gene expression and protein levels, thereby governing vital cellular processes. However, currently this effector protein has a prolonged half-life in cells and can cause adverse effects by binding to other regions or interacting with other transcriptional or translational machinery. This thesis aims to explore the N-End Rule as a novel approach to achieve shorter half-life dCas9-VP64, offering tighter control for future applications in synthetic circuits. The need for shorter half-life gene effectors arises from the cytotoxic effects observed with persistence exposure that can lead to off-target effects and unintended modifications, hampering their accuracy and reliability in genetic manipulation. The introduction of short-lived effector proteins also holds significant promise for enhancing temporal control and predictable timing of protein degradation. The central hypothesis driving this research is that the N-End Rule can be harnessed to shorten the half-life of the artificial transcriptional activator dCas9-VP64 (Varshavsky, 1998). Through site-directed mutagenesis, four amino acids were introduced at the N-terminus of dCas9-VP64, including alanine, valine, serine, and cysteine. These amino acid residues were identified as destabilizing when positioned at N-termini based on the N-acetylation N-End Rule (Nguyen, K.T. et al., 2018). Experimental design involved genetic construct development, fusion with a fluorescent protein tag for visualization, and validation of N-terminus mutations. Using cycloheximide, a protein synthesis and translation inhibitor, the steady-state level of the dCas9-VP64-eGFP protein was monitored through eGFP fluorescence from a microplate reader assay and through western blot analysis. We observed different phenotypes during induction and tracking of fusion proteins' signals. Protein half-life was measured using the first order rate kinetic equation for protein degradation. The results revealed the differential half-life of dCas9-VP64 variants, showcasing the potential of the N-End Rule in achieving shorter half-life. The cysteine variant demonstrated the shortest half-life of 37 minutes, indicating its potential suitability for synthetic circuits. dCas9-VP64-eGFP with the wild-type N-terminus exhibited a half-life of 57 minutes, while serine and alanine variants displayed approximately 54 and 61 minutes, respectively. In conclusion, this thesis contributes to the advancement of strategies for shortening the half-life of proteins. The implementation of the N-End Rule to achieve this goal exemplifies its potential in optimizing genetic behavior control in future applications with synthetic circuits. By harnessing the N-End Rule, researchers can pave the way for future innovations and advancements in the realm of genetic engineering and molecular biology

The Nation Under Display. Museums and Exhibitions in Nineteenth-Century Chile

Author: Rueda Hugo
Publication venue
Publication date: 13/07/2023
Field of study

This dissertation exams the origins and agency of museums and exhibitions, along with their collecting policies and displaying practices, in the configuration of early notions of national heritage in Chile. In so doing, it establishes the active participation of such institutions, policies and practices in the Chilean national identity-building process during the nineteenth century. To corroborate this idea, it takes two postulates as its overarching pillars. The first, historiographical in nature, recognises Latin American national identities as a consequence, rather than a cause, of the struggles for independence in the early nineteenth century. The second, this time anthropological, assumes that the symbolic value of museum collections is not intrinsic to them, but rather imbued in them via political and intellectual operations. In applying these rationales to the case of Chile, this work concludes that the notion of the “museum” that circulated among the local ruling classes of the time was a plastic and malleable one, open to specific interests that ranged from the personal sphere to the national one, in negotiation with matters of class, family values, race and identity. Throughout the five chapters that function as critical essays, this dissertation is an interdisciplinary exercise which seeks to trace the origins of practices that are still deeply ingrained in contemporary collecting and exhibiting “ways of doing.” In this manner, it provides evidence to both support its theoretical tenets and call into question the legacy and persistence of nineteenth-century practices in the museums of present-day Chile

The State of Social Justice in Academia in Quebec: A Literature-Based Exploratory Examination

Author: Ahmadi Maryam
Publication venue
Publication date: 2023
Field of study

This literature-based thesis presents some of the various aspects of social justice related to academia, especially the higher education sector. The domain of this research consists of the academic institutions of Quebec. Although Quebec’s education system has made efforts to implement social justice criteria in institutions, there are still some gaps including discrimination, racism, leadership issues, and funding problems that must be accurately addressed and remedied. Next comes information about these gaps, followed by their examination, one by one, through a given educational social justice framework. Some suggestions for the learning goals of individuals and groups follow. The role of administration and faculty in achieving the goal of social justice is highlighted as well. Additionally, the thesis underlines the important roles of government organizations related directly to education for facilitating learning in an inclusive and safe environment for all. Finally, the benefits for society in implementing social justice criteria in educational institutions are discussed

How does web-based collaborative learning impact information literacy development?

Author: Ishimura Yusuke
Fitzgibbons Megan
Publication venue
Publication date: 2023
Field of study

This qualitative study documents evidence of first year undergraduate students' collaboration processes and information literacy learning while completing research assignments in groups during a semester-long course. Focus group interviews and artifacts collected in the web-based tool Evernote allowed us to conduct an in-depth analysis of students' collaborative behavior in terms of their actions, feelings, and thoughts during information seeking behavior (Kuhlthau, 2004), and of the potential of collaboration for fostering information literacy development. Our analysis revealed that certain conditions should be present to facilitate information literacy learning through collaboration: 1) Technology that enables real-time interaction and both active and passive sharing; 2) Meshing of students' interests through the assignment framing; and 3) Students' acceptance of the collaboration technology as a worthwhile tool. In addition, multiple factors determined the extent of the information literacy learning developed through the collaborative assignment tasks, including group dynamics, prompts for students to teach each other information skills, encouragement of students to share exemplars of notes or written assignments, exposure to different points of view, and time management

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