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浅析日本“登月型”研发制度
No full text日本出于对国际研发投资的危机感,尤其是对美国、欧洲和中国的高度关注,2019年初启动了旨在复兴科技创新立国的新项目——"登月型"研发制度。该制度目标宏伟,一旦实现将对未来产业和社会产生巨大冲击,并可能改变未来社会体系。本文重点梳理了该制度的出台背景、主要研究任务和目标、项目总体方案及推进制度、研发项目的实施与评价、经费管理等相关内容,归纳总结出该制度的四个重要特征:从解决未来日本国内外社会可能出现的问题角度,提出了面向2050年的研发目标;研究内容强调挑战性、突破性及成果的应用转化;实行项目经理制度,给予项目经理充分的自主权;在项目执行过程中实施严格规范的评价制度。最后,本文提出了如下建议:宏观层面,国家可超前部署一批问题解决型的中长期科技专项;微观层面,科技计划的项目管理可尝试推行项目经理制度,科技计划的过程管理则可实施第三方独立评估,避免资助方、执行方形成利益共同体,更好促进科研计划的实施与成果的推广。</p
日本“安全保障技术研究推进”项目的管理运行机制分析
No full text日本"安全保障技术研究推进"项目是防卫省资助的基础研究方面唯一的竞争经费项目。本文重点梳理该项目的运行管理体系,项目申请、审查、实施与评估以及经费管理相关规定,旨在为我国国防科技项目管理部门提供借鉴。日本"安全保障技术研究推进"项目的特点包括:充分利用学术界的研究成果,从寓民于军的角度推进原创性、先进性的基础研究;通过配备项目主任和项目官对进度严格把控,利用中期评估制度,有效处理不确定性项目带来的风险;研究成果归受委托方所有,不限制研究成果的公开发表,吸引更广泛的研究者参与;项目委托方与研究代表单位签署合同,注重项目的实际成效。 </p
The Research on Disruptive Technology Identification Based on Scientific and Technological Information Mining and Expert Consultation: A Case Study on the Energy Field
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Context and auto-interaction are all you need: Towards context embedding based QoS prediction via automatic feature interaction for high quality cloud API delivery
No full textCloud application programming interface (API) is a software intermediary that enables data exchange, business logic or functionality delivery between applications, infrastructures and IoT devices for supporting service oriented architecture. Currently, the number of cloud API in the Web is increasing and the number of cloud API with similar functionality is very large. Since quality of service (QoS) can well differentiate the performance of similar cloud API, QoS prediction has become the critical base for fast, personalized and high-quality cloud API selection and recommendation. However, contexts are used indirectly through context aware neighbors in most existing researches and the combined feature interactions are treated equally in previous factorization machine based methods, which together hinder the accurate QoS prediction. To address the above concerns, we first conduct data analysis on real-world QoS datasets and provide conclusive evidence to verify the necessity of incorporating contextual information and differentiating feature interaction. Then, we propose a context-aware QoS prediction approach via automatic feature interaction named CAFI. Contextual information of both user and cloud API sides are directly fed into CAFI through feature embedding. Moreover, the importance weights of feature interactions are learned by a generalized regularized dual averaging optimizer, so as to reward effective feature interaction and penalize noise feature interaction automatically. Lastly, final QoS prediction is obtained in an ensemble way by balancing the results of linear regression, automatic feature interaction and non-linear interaction. Extensive experiments on two public real-world QoS datasets demonstrate that CAFI can significantly improve QoS prediction accuracy. And the proposed CAFI approach is promising to encourage service providers provide high quality APIs and enable developer get desired cloud APIs quickly, thereby promoting the development of API economy.</p
Dominant drivers of the increasing environmental footprint of changing diets in China
No full textShifting diets potentially contribute significantly, both directly and indirectly, to arable land depletion, water resource shortages, and climate change. They also play a key role in the sustainable development of resources and the environment in China. However, the economic and social demographic factors driving the environmental footprints of diet are not yet well understood and quantified, which hinders an effective assessment of the potential of clean food consumption in reducing environmental stress due to resource shortages and global warming. We based this study on Chinese statistical data and considered residents in China, who account for about 20% of the world's population, as the research object to demonstrate that the environmental footprints of the residents' diets at different levels are primarily driven by Engel's coefficient and the children dependency ratio, and secondarily by the proportion of the illiterate population in the total population over six years old, and these factors have completely different mechanisms of influencing the environmental footprint of urban and rural residents. These findings provide unique evidence supporting the regulation of the diet by influencing factors that can provide a reference for policy makers globally, especially in developing countries such as China with scarce arable land and freshwater resources, to address the diet-resource environment dilemma and promote the sustainable development of humans, resources, and the environment.</p
