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Moving Forward While Looking Back: How Expectations of Future Success are Linked with Past Experiences
Get PDFFollowing a disappointing past event, how do people maintain motivation and hope for the future? Temporal Self-Appraisal Theory posits that in the face of past disappointing events, people will perceive these events as feeling far away in time to protect the current self-concept. In line with this theory, we reasoned that people who perceive past failures as further away and thus less relevant may maintain a more positive outlook. In Study 1 (N = 410), students reported their final grade in a previous psychology course, predicted their final grade in an ongoing course, and rated their hope and motivation to succeed. They also rated the perceived distance and perceived relevance of the past course, and perceived control over future grades. Students viewed lower past grades as more distant and less relevant than higher grades. Although our prediction about the role of subjective distance on future expectations was not supported, those who judged their poor past grades as less relevant had higher expectations (i.e., predicted grades, hope, and motivation). Also, people who reported higher perceived control had higher future expectations. In Study 2 (N = 622), we manipulated both perceived relevance and perceived control to examine their causal role. There was not a significant effect of the perceived relevance and perceived control manipulations on future expectations, but we again found correlational evidence that suggests that perceived relevance and perceived control play a role in future expectations. Finally, in Study 3 (N = 849), we replicated Study 1 and collected participants’ final grades in their second psychology course. The results provided a preregistered replication of the findings in Study 1, revealing that perceived relevance moderated the relationship between past grade and future expectations and that perceived control generally predicted more optimistic future expectations. We also found that participants systematically overestimated their final grades. Additionally, perceived relevance moderated the relationship between past grades and final grades, showing that those who thought of their poor PS101 grades as less relevant not only predicted higher PS102 grades but also received higher PS102 grades. Additionally, perceived control moderated the relationship between past grades and optimistic bias, revealing that people with poor past grades who reported high perceived control of their success in PS102 showed more optimistic bias than those who reported low perceived control. We discuss whether reflecting on the past in this manner promotes adaptive learning or merely fosters unfounded hope
PROPOSING A LIBERATORY PRAXIS FOR COMMUNITY WELLBEING AND MENTAL HEALTH IN LEBANON
No full textMy dissertation includes three manuscripts dedicated to exploring and proposing a liberatory praxis framework for community wellbeing and mental health (CWMH) in Lebanon. CWMH are a major concern in Lebanon due to the increased impact of socio-politico-economic inequalities and instability. In response to the critical need for a CWMH liberatory praxis framework tailored to the specific needs and context of Lebanese communities, I conducted two studies and proposed a framework, with recommendations for implementing the framework
The first study was a rapid review of existing peer-reviewed literature on decolonial and critical CWMH approaches globally (Manuscript I). The second study involved interviews with Indigenous, racialized, and Global South practitioners, scholars, and activists employing liberatory CWMH praxis, such as decolonial and critical, in Lebanon, Palestine, South Africa, India, Australia, Indonesia, and the US (Manuscript II). Together, the two studies shed light on the complexities of addressing CWMH disparities and provide insights for liberatory CWMH praxis.
Manuscript III is informed by the two studies and offers a 1) comprehensive exploration of decolonial theory and liberation psychology; 2) historical contextual analysis of the impact of modernity/coloniality and sectarianism on modern Lebanese subjectivities, epistemologies, and institutions; and 3) actionable recommendations for enhancing community wellbeing and mental health within a liberatory praxis framework in Lebanon. The aim of my research is to create future collaborations between communities and practitioners, scholars, and activists that can lead to meaningful and just changes to improve CWMH for various Lebanese communities
INVESTIGATING SITE-SPECIFIC CHANGES IN THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE ANNULUS FIBROSUS FOLLOWING DISC HERNIATION
No full textIntroduction: Disc herniations transpire when the nucleus pulposus (NP) within the intervertebral
disc (IVD) breaks through the surrounding annulus fibrosus (AF) (Gooyers et al., 2015). Disc
herniations have been demonstrated to be a result of cumulative damage brought on by repeated
flexion under compressive stresses (Aultman et al., 2005). Limited research has investigated the
changes in mechanical properties that occur as a consequence of disc herniation to the AF. Further,
it is not known if these changes are isolated to only the region of the herniation or the entire AF.
Aims: The purpose of the current work is to investigate if site specific changes to the mechanical
properties of the AF fibrosus post disc herniation.
Methods: A total of 30 porcine cervical spines were used (10 control, 10 static, 10 experimental).
The C3/4 and C5/6 functional spine units (FSUs) were excised from these spines and randomized
into groups via block randomization for each condition. The experimental porcine FSUs were
loaded into a uniaxial material testing system (MTS Systems Corporation, Eden Prairie, MN,
USA) under a compressive load of 1200 N, with repetitive cycles of off-axis bending at 30°, at 0.5
Hz to create herniation in the 10 experimental spines. The static FSUs were also loaded at 1200 N
compression but did not undergo repetitive flexion-extension. The control FSUs only underwent
preloading. The reasoning for the off-axis herniation protocol was to force the migration of the
nucleus (i.e., prolapse) to one side of the posterolateral region of the AF (Aultman et al, 2005).
This yielded a herniated region, and an internal control region of the posterolateral AF. Following
loading, two AF samples were excised from each of the herniated and the intact regions. Similarly,
from the control FSUs, two AF samples were excised from the left and right posterolateral region
of the disc. A lamellar adhesion peel test was conducted on one AF sample and a single lamellae
layer test was conducted on the other sample using the UStretch (Cellscale, Waterloo, Ontario)4
and Biotester (Cellscale, Waterloo, Ontario), respectively. Mechanical properties were quantified
from both tests. A two-way repeated measures ANOVA was conducted to examine the main effect
of condition (experimental, control, and static) and posterolateral side (ipsilateral and contralateral
sides), and the interaction between these two variables.
Results: 3/10 of the experimental IVDs showed evidence of nucleus tracking and thus herniation
in the posterior, and contralateral region to the bending axis. There was a statistically significant
(p= 0.03) difference in stress at toe region (mPa) when comparing the experimental group to the
control group. The control group had greater stress (M=0.29 MPa) at toe region than the
experimental group (M=0.068 MPa). There was also a statistically significant (p= 0.02) difference
in strain at toe region (mPa) when comparing the experimental group to the control group. The
control group had greater strain (M=0.19%) at toe region when compared to the experimental
group (M=0.13%). There was found to be a statistically significant difference between the
contralateral and ipsilateral sides of the IVD for peel stiffness regardless of loading condition
(p=0.01).
Discussion/Conclusion: The toe region of the stress-strain curve is where elastin largely
functions. From the current study, it is possible that fatigue-related degradation to the elastin
fibres occurred, which could have contributed to the separation of lamellae, eventually leading to
NP prolapse. The shorter toe region in the current study could be explained by damage to the
elastin fibres in the experimental group, which resulted in a disruption to elastin
Review of Heavy and Continuous Sacrifice: New Zealand, Her Allies, and the Second World War edited by Peter Cooke and John Crawford
Get PDFReview of Heavy and Continuous Sacrifice: New Zealand, Her Allies, and the Second World War edited by Peter Cooke and John Crawfor
Review of Atrocity on the Atlantic: Attack on a Canadian Hospital Ship During the Great War by Nate Hendley and Asleep in the Deep: Nursing Sister Anna Stamers and the First World War by Dianne Kelly
Get PDFReview of Atrocity on the Atlantic: Attack on a Canadian Hospital Ship During the Great War by Nate Hendley and Asleep in the Deep: Nursing Sister Anna Stamers and the First World War by Dianne Kell
Inheriting Power: The Old Boys Network and the Reproduction of Privilege at Upper Canada College
Get PDFThis study investigates the ideology of meritocracy through the lens of Upper Canada College (UCC), a prestigious all-boys private school in Toronto, Ontario. UCC promotes a 100 percent university acceptance rate for its students with an International Baccalaureate (IB) curricula and membership to elite private school organizations (Upper Canada College, n.d.). The research uncovers how the institution serves to symbolize and reproduce the social and economic domination of elites in Canada, particularly through the social mobility and power wielded by its alumni, known as the Old Boys. Through examination of neoliberalism’s impact on education, the differences between public and private schools, and themes of meritocracy in the context of education, this paper demonstrates how UCC is representative of the ways elites obfuscate the inequities of power, wealth, and fortune, which in turn aids in its perpetuation. Drawing from Herman’s (1999) traditional ideologies used by power elites to hold dominance, the ways in which themes of public service, masculinity, privilege, elitism, fortuna, and isolation present a formula for the institution and its graduates to perpetuate power is illuminated. By employing narrative analysis, testimonials from Old Boys over four cohorts, ranging from 1919 to 1993, and UCC’s contemporary website were coded thematically, identifying key strategies that serve to reinforce the school’s and its alumni’s elite status. Oftentimes constructed with honourable characteristics of moral virtue, leadership, and hard work, these narratives work to mask underlying inequities that favour those from privileged backgrounds. Findings challenge the validity of meritocracy, arguing that location, socio-economic status, genetics, opportunities, and resources significantly influence one’s upward mobility, instead of merit alone. This work contributes to understanding how elites and institutions use self-representation to establish generous, moral, and admirable personas to society, while sustaining and perpetuating their self-serving power beneath the surface
Always a Part of the Land: Settler Colonialism, Indigenous Histories, and the Commemoration of National Historic Sites, 1919- 2019
No full textThis thesis critically examines the commemorative activities of the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada (HSMBC) from its creation in 1919 to its centennial celebrations in 2019. The HSMBC provides recommendations to the federal government regarding the designation of national historic sites, people, and events as being ‘nationally significant’ through commemorative plaques erected across the country. This thesis demonstrates how the HSMBC and both amateur and professional historians involved in its work have advanced the ongoing processes of settler colonialism by supporting the intellectual displacement of Indigenous histories through commemorative practices and through the public discourses associated with these. It further argues how definitions of ‘national significance’ have been actively constructed throughout the twentieth and twenty-first centuries to advance the objectives of the federal government and, more generally, colonial society.
Using Ontario as a case study, this thesis articulates how intellectual trends associated with Indigenous peoples have impacted the interpretation of Indigenous histories by the federal government, showcasing how individual historians on the HSMBC influenced these interpretations based on their lived experiences. The work of the HSMBC was never passively accepted by Indigenous peoples who not only challenged the narratives that were being presented as ‘nationally significant’ but also contested the central premises of commemoration within Western society. This was reflected through examples of Indigenous peoples supporting the commemoration of cultural landscapes, reinterpreting archaeological sites to show cultural and societal continuity, asserting the significance of oral histories as a method of conveying historical information, and decentralizing the importance of specific dates to recognize cyclical patterns as being meaningful within their communities. These interventions have not only reformed the work of the HSMBC and the realities of Canada’s commemorative landscape, but have also contested the principles of settler colonialism that have actively sought to erase the histories of Indigenous peoples
Genome-Based Pathogenicity Potential of Salmonella Isolated from Diverse Sources
Get PDFBacterial human pathogens are among the leading causes of death around the world, especially in low income and developing countries. One important element in a bacterium’s ability to cause disease are genes that directly contribute to pathogenicity called virulence factors. A second significant aspect are antimicrobial resistance genes which allow microorganisms to persist in the presence of antimicrobial agents. In this project I aimed to determine if Salmonella isolated from different sources differed in pathogenicity profiles based on the complement of genes identified through genomic analysis. Accordingly, Salmonella genomes were organized into 8 groups: animal, clinical, human, environmental, food, water source, plant, and nut. A negative control, consisting primarily of non-pathogenic E. coli, was also included. To determine disease-causing potential, the proteins encoded by these genomes were compared against the Virulence Factor Database (VFDB), the PathFam database, and the Comprehensive Antimicrobial Database (CARD). The negative controls coded for significantly fewer proteins matching the VFDB and PathFams, but significantly more matching the CARD, than all other groups. Though visibly overlapping, most isolation sources were found to be significantly different to each other (p value \u3c 0.05), aside from the very small nut and plant groups. When clustered by their specific matches to the VFDB and CARD, genomes from the same environmental groups did not cluster together. Therefore, while the groups were statistically different from each other in number of matches, those differences were not due to group-specific virulence factors. Though most isolation source groups were found to be significantly different in VFDB, CARD and PathFam matches, further analyses are needed to determine if that difference is large enough to influence Salmonella’s disease-causing potential. Methods and results from this analysis can be built upon in the future to better identify potential pathogens isolated from different environments
UNEXPECTED RING OPENING REACTIONS, SOLID-STATE STRUCTURES, AND A CHEMILUMINESCENT REACTION
Get PDFFunctional π-materials involve the use of an aromatic π-system to carry out a function such as electron transport (organic electronics), absorbing and emitting photons (dyes, fluorescent materials), self-assembly (discotic liquid crystals), or sensors for various analytes. Our lab has recently published the syntheses of heteroaromatic derivatives of tetrafluoroterephthalonitrile (TFTP, 2.24) synthesised via nucleophilic aromatic substitution chemistry. The prepared derivatives have displayed fluorescent (e.g. 2.2)1 and liquid crystalline (1.0)2 properties, as well as displaying close π-π interactions in the solid state (2.8).3 As the materials we are synthesising all belong to the class of aromatic compounds, an introduction to aromaticity and aromatic compounds, as well as an overview of the applications of this class, will be carried out in Chapter 1. Recently, we have focussed our attentions to modifications of the aromatic cores of such compounds and have synthesised a series of luminescent N–arylated derivatives, compound 2.17 being one such example. In addition to studying their photophysical properties, viz. absorbance and fluorescence spectroscopies, we have also grown adequate single crystals for X–ray diffraction analysis to study their solid–state organisation. The synthesis and properties of this series of N–aryl heteroacene analogues will be covered in Chapter 2. Furthermore, in our attempts to further modify the cores of our heteropentacene analogues, and attempt to generate materials possessing thermally-activated delayed fluorescence, we have turned our attention to the smaller congeners of the series. In addition to producing dibenzodioxin derivatives such as 3.22 which, like their larger cousins, display intense fluorescence in solution and solid states, we have happened across an unexpected ring opening reaction of the tetraoxapentacenes (such as 1.0) which leads to intriguing molecular architectures such as 3.31. The solid–state structures of these and other such compounds are discussed in Chapter 3. Finally, during the course of this work, a novel chemiluminescent reaction that involves aromatic compounds such as 2.8 or 2.24 with organic hydroperoxide anions was serendipitously discovered. Our efforts towards uncovering and understanding this unique reaction mechanism are delineated in Chapter 4
Dual Relationships of Psychotherapeutically Untrained Imams Who Counsel Their Congregants: A Qualitative Study
Get PDFAbstract
Canadian Imams, like many other religious leaders, provide counselling for members of their congregations though most of them have no formal training in psychotherapeutic counselling. The very nature of the Imams’ multiple roles in the community leads to the development of dual relationships. These dual relationships can create an ethical dilemma for Imams because they have a potential to affect the congregants positively or detrimentally. This phenomenological qualitative study explored the lived experience of 15 psychotherapeutically untrained Canadian Imams with dual relationships. Within a psychotherapeutic and an Islamic theoretical framework, this study provided a thorough analysis of five superordinate themes and 32 subthemes: Imams’ perceptions of dual relationships, positive impacts of dual relationships, negative impacts of dual relationships, types of dual relationships, and strategies for managing and coping with dual relationships. The study concluded that Imams’ professional counselling training is paramount to increasing their level of awareness of dual relationships and managing the related ethical challenges. Both psychotherapy and Islamic literature supported Imams’ views that dual relationships are inevitable due to the Imam’s multifaceted role, are not inherently harmful and could be potentially positive spiritually and therapeutically if the Imams follow certain ethical strategies to manage and avoid potential harms. This study focused on the non-sexual dual relationships of Sunni Imams hence it is recommended for future research to explore sexual dual relationships, congregants’ lived experiences with dual relationships, and Shia Imams’ dual relationships with their communities.
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