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No. 38: Informal Female Food Vendors, COVID-19, and Post-Pandemic Recovery in Kisumu, Kenya
No full textWhile there is substantial literature on the effects of COVID-19 on formal businesses, limited evidence exists on the impacts of the pandemic on informal female-owned enterprises. Additionally, no studies have explored the role of post-pandemic recovery strategies in meeting the unique challenges experienced by the informal food vendors in secondary cities in the Global South. In this paper, we explore the impacts of COVID-19 and the post-pandemic recovery strategies on female informal food vendors in Kisumu, the third largest city in the western region of Kenya. The study adopted qualitative methods – in-depth and key informant interviews and focus group discussions with women and male food vendors and government and non-government officials to gain a deeper understanding of the impacts of COVID-19 and subsequent recovery strategies. Data analysis reveals that COVID-19 pandemic significantly disrupted the livelihoods of informal female food vendors, leading to reduced sales, income loss, and widespread food insecurity. Participants identified community and family networks as critical financial and social support resources during and after the pandemic. The informal vendors adopted various coping strategies, such as altering their business operations, relying on informal credit networks, and maintaining hygiene practicesto retain customers. Participants noted that recovery has been uneven and hindered by inflation, rising transportation costs, and political instability. Additionally, structural changes, including reduced fuel prices, improved agricultural investment, and access to emergency loans, to foster resilience and safeguard against future crises were highlighted as key strategies that could benefit women in informal food businesses in times of emergency. The pandemic-related adverse socioeconomic consequences experienced by these vendors underscore the critical need for targeted policies to support informal economies during crises
Episode 1b: CoP in Conversation: Kindness as Harm Reduction
No full textIn this episode, Brenna and Dave unpack authentic assessment, how care can be exploited, and contract grading as a practice, and Brenna confesses that she didn’t know what a reader response was for two years.https://scholars.wlu.ca/community-of-praxis/1002/thumbnail.jp
Exploring The Shadows: How Taylor Swift\u27s Music Embodies Dark Sound as a Popular Music Artist
No full textTo challenge the conceptual matter of “dark sound”, this major research paper centers around the popular music artist, Taylor Swift to demonstrate an overarching feminist wisdom in an alternative style of music to identify how Taylor Swift presents and embodies qualities of “dark sound”. Research done by D. Ferrett, Theodor Adorno, Roland Barthes and Paul C. Jasen are used to examine her popular music, and its intersections and influence on our culture and society. Using multimodal critical discourse analysis, this research paper discusses three of Swift’s songs; “willow” (evermore, 2020) for her sound, All Too Well: The Short Film (Red (Taylor’s Version), 2021) for her visual depiction of femininity, and her performance on the Eras Tour of “my tears ricochet” (folklore, 2020). These three songs provide multiple angles of analysis to showcase how Swift embodies femininity and “dark sound” within her catalogue as a popular music artist who is mass produced and commercially successful. This paper has uncovered that by leaning into her own acoustic style and embodying feminine figures such as the witch, the maiden, and the widow, Swift performs femininity and displays qualities of “dark sound” through sonic affect, and emotional resonance
“It is tiny and it is everything”: Exploring the Effects of Arts-Integrated Gardening on Experiences of Ecological Grief Through Autoethnographic Research
Get PDFThis study explores how arts-integrated gardening affects experiences of ecological grief through autoethnography and draws on my personal experiences as a survivor of environmentally linked cancer and artist working with gardens through social practice. My research builds on two areas of emergent scholarship—investigations of ecological grief and gardens as sites for social work practice—to explore how social work may address ecological grief through arts-integrated gardening. I use a quilting autoethnography as a method of inquiry to foreground my subjective knowledge and analyze it through intersectional feminist, disability and decolonizing theories. By incorporating narrative analysis and arts-based inquiry—writing in place, poetic and visual inquiry, and creative gardening acts—my research engages relationally with more-than-human ecologies as way to build connection and solidarity with degraded lands.
Building on research about the social, political and mental health benefits of gardening, my research shows that gardens can be generative sites for moving through ecological grief. It shows how the integration of artistic, somatic, collective and decolonial approaches to gardening can help cultivate an active politic of solidarity around ecological wounds. My story with cancer points to how connecting personal experiences of environmental harm with wider ecological grief can disrupt silence around ecological grief and build kinship with the more-than-human world. My experience shows how gardening as an artistic somatic practice can help to build capacity to move through complex feelings and responses to ecological grief; including shame, complicity, dissociation and fetishization; transform colonial attachments; and mend intergenerational trauma and disconnection from land relations. I explore how gardens can be generative spaces for developing social work practices that integrate healing ecological grief with politicized action and suggest directions and interventions for social work to develop as part of its responsibilities to land relations and escalating environmental crisis and degradation
Shutting off stomach acidification. The role of the gastric proton pump in digestion, metabolism and growth in fish
No full textThe gastric proton pump is the key player in gastric acidification, the hallmark of the vertebrate stomach. It is a heterodimeric enzyme encoded by two genes, ATP4A and ATP4B that encode for the α and β subunits, respectively. The acidification of the stomach has been linked to benefits in the increased digestibility of protein and minerals and in the protection against pathogen entry into the intestine. Importantly, an acidic luminal pH is required for the activation of aspartic peptidase pepsinogens to pepsins and the first step of protein digestion. Moreover, studies in diverse vertebrate groups, using a broad range of techniques, have put forward evidence linking gastric acid to increased phosphorus, magnesium and calcium absorption. The role of the gastric proton pump, and, consequently, gastric acid in growth and postprandial energy expenditure has been predicted in fish and other vertebrates through rather indirect procedures of diet modulation or through the use of pharmacological knockdown methods that may introduce off target effects. All in all, there is a lack of an integrative, direct and exhaustive examination of the specific role of the gastric proton pump in animal digestion, energetics and growth. To this end, a proton pump knockout line has been generated through direct targeting of the atp4a gene in Astyanax mexicanus using CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing. Previous Atp4a knockout lines generated in mice lacked an evaluation on the impacts of the proton pump in organismal homeostasis and gut physiology. Moreover, since in teleosts the proton pump is located in the same cell type responsible for the secretion of pepsinogens (the oxynticopeptic cell), it was expected that this knockout would result in a phenotype more closely resembling agastric species (i.e. species that lack a functional stomach with gastric-peptic digestion through evolutionary secondary loss). Indeed, atp4a-nulll A. mexicanus are achlorhydric and present a blunted expression of pepsinogen c (pgc). This knockout line allowed us to analyze transcript levels of candidate genes for apical chloride and potassium movement in the stomach, the identity of which has been a matter of extensive scientific discussion. Specifically, kcne2, kcc4, linked to the apical K+ recycling and the clc2 chloride channel were downregulated in the stomachs of atp4a−/− fish. In addition, through RNAseq analyses we have identified 2064 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the stomach and 160 DEGs in the anterior intestine of mutant A. mexicanus. The analyses led to the description of differentially regulated pathways in the stomach and intestine of mutant animals that shed light on the impact of stomach acid in oxidative stress, and lipid and iron metabolism. In particular, we observed a downregulation of pathways associated to oxidative stress, and an upregulation of lipid metabolism transcripts in the stomachs of atp4a-null A. mexicanus. The iron metabolism and transport pathways were downregulated in the intestine of knockout animals. Furthermore, we described a reduction in specific dynamic action (SDA) and in postprandial ammonia excretion, the latter a direct reflection of decreased protein catabolism for energy mobilization in atp4a knockout fish. These changes were not accompanied by a decrease in growth, although carcass analyses showed reduced phosphorus, magnesium, calcium and protein content. The decreased protein levels further highlight the importance of the proton pump to protein digestion and assimilation. Interestingly, this reduction in protein content was accompanied by an increase in total lipid in the body of atp4a−/− A. mexicanus. Remarkably, the knockout animals have developed the capacity to absorb lipid through the gastric mucosa, in contrast to the usual fat absorption restricted to the intestine. Although we have not been able to examine changes in the development of the gut in knockout A. mexicanus, we present a descriptive analysis of the development of the gastrointestinal tract in this species that will open the way to new studies in this emerging model species. We have also compared the phenotypes of heterozygous atp4a+/− and crispants (atp4a/atp4b mutants) to those observed in atp4a−/− A. mexicanus, and our results indicate that for the majority of the traits we have observed, crispant mutants can be used as a rapid, cost-effective alternative to estimate the phenotype of a full knockout. In summary, this thesis presents an integrative analysis of the role of the gastric proton pump and acid-peptic digestion to overall digestion, growth and energy metabolism using direct gene targeting that reduces the confounding effects brought by the use of pharmacological and diet modulation approaches
Evaluation of the DNAzyme GR5 for the Determination of Lead Speciation in Natural Waters
No full textThis thesis explores the development and application of a DNAzyme-based biosensor designed to detect labile metal species in environmental samples. Real time and on-site monitoring of labile metal fractions would make a valuable contribution to environmental management, as these fractions are the most bioavailable and pose significant toxicity risks to aquatic organisms. Conventional methods for detecting labile metals, while effective, are often burdened by high costs, complexity, and lengthy processing times, making them less ideal for rapid and widespread environmental assessments.
The first manuscript of this thesis (chapter 2) establishes the fundamental capabilities of the Pb2+-specific DNAzyme GR5 in detecting labile lead in controlled laboratory conditions. The study systematically examines the influence of various factors, including pH, ionic strength, and dissolved organic matter (DOM), on the sensor’s performance. It was found that GR5 responds specifically to labile lead species such as Pb2+, PbOH+, and PbCl+, but shows no response to lead complexed with DOM. This finding underscores the potential of GR5 as a sensor for labile metals under well-defined environmental conditions, where factors like pH and ionic strength are carefully controlled.
The second manuscript (chapter 3) focuses on the critical aspect of calibration, comparing two different techniques: the traditional internal standard additions method and an external matrix matching approach. The research highlights the challenges associated with standard additions, particularly the rapid fluorescence generation at lower ionic strengths, which complicates accurate measurement. Matrix matching, on the other hand, was found to be a more effective calibration method, ensuring that the pH and ionic strength of the calibration samples closely match those of the environmental samples. This method was consistent in trends with comparisons to bioaccumulation toxicity tests and model predictions using the CHEAQS software. This method demonstrated that GR5 can reliably measure labile lead concentrations in complex water matrices within a factor of 2.
The third manuscript (chapter 4) extends the application of GR5 to real environmental water samples, providing a comprehensive evaluation of its performance in natural settings. The study emphasizes the importance of matrix matching for calibration to achieve reproducible and accurate results in diverse water bodies. The results showed that when the environmental sample’s pH and ionic strength closely matched those of the calibration standards, GR5 provided measurements that were consistent within a factor of two of predictions from the Windermere Humic Aqueous Model (WHAM) and ion-selective electrodes (ISEs). This validation suggests that GR5, when calibrated appropriately, is a viable and cost-effective sensor for monitoring labile lead in various environmental contexts.
Overall, this thesis demonstrates that DNAzyme-based sensors, particularly the GR5 biosensor, offer a promising alternative to traditional methods for environmental monitoring of labile metal ions. The research supports the continued development of these sensors so that they can eventually be integrated into environmental management practices, addressing the growing need for rapid, accurate, and cost-effective monitoring tools in the face of increasing environmental pressures and contamination risks
Uncertainty and Strategy in Fair Allocation of Indivisible Items
Get PDFIn studies of collective decision-making, the problem of allocating indivisible items fairly and efficiently is widely acknowledged as particularly challenging. Our study assesses various algorithms for finding balanced allocations based on their ability to achieve desirable properties such as envy-freeness, Pareto-optimality, maximin, maximum Borda sum, and Borda maximin.
Two players with additive preferences allocate an even number of indivisible items, given only each other\u27s strict preference ordering. The algorithms under study include both naive and sophisticated versions of Alternating selection, bottom-up Alternating selection (or Alternating rejection), Zigzag selection, bottom-up Zigzag alternation, and fallback bargaining. The results suggest that fallback bargaining, the only simultaneous algorithm, satisfies most fairness and efficiency criteria but has some distinctive drawbacks.
We consider how the quality of possible allocations depends on the properties of the players’ preferences. Specifically, we examine how the rank correlation of preferences, as measured by Kendall Tau, relates to properties associated with fair allocation, such as the availability of envy-free, Pareto-optimal, maximin, and maximum Borda sum allocations. We also explore the relationship between rank correlation and features of fallback bargaining, such as the depth of agreement and the probability of a (two-way) tie. Furthermore, we categorize the players into two types—risk-averse and risk-acceptant—and analyze how player type affects various fair division properties. Our results, limited so far to the case of 4 items and 2 players, suggest that increasing similarity of preferences tends to increase the number of Pareto-optimal and maximin allocations while decreasing the number of envy-free allocations. Higher rank correlation also makes fallback bargaining less compelling.
Understanding how the similarity of preference rankings influences the trade-offs among allocation properties provides new insights into the difficulties of fair allocation of indivisible items with more items and more players. The fallback bargaining algorithm is suggested as a promising approach for achieving fairness by finding scenarios that satisfy both parties\u27 interests as much as possible. However, a significant drawback emerges when a large number of items are to be allocated, as the length of the fallback bargaining input resembles a prolonged negotiation process. We introduce a novel approach aimed at accelerating the fallback bargaining algorithm, enhancing its overall performance and making it more applicable in real-world allocation scenarios
Foreign Models and Discordant Outcomes In Nairobi\u27s Food System
No full textThis dissertation critically examines the transformation of Nairobi\u27s food system within the context of rapid urbanization, retail liberalization, and the growing influence of supermarket economies. Drawing on extensive data from household surveys, policy analysis, and documentation research, it investigates the application of the supermarket revolution model and food desert concept within the specific socio-economic and cultural dynamics of Nairobi. The findings reveal significant discordance between theoretical models developed in Global North contexts and the lived realities of Nairobi’s food system, which remains deeply intertwined with informal food economies. Despite the proliferation of supermarkets, informal food vendors continue to play a critical role in ensuring food security for low-income residents. Moreover, the study highlights the nuanced interplay of governance, inequality, and market dynamics, calling into question the efficacy of conventional models for addressing urban food security in the Global South.
The findings reveal the limitations of Global North-centric models in capturing the complexities of Nairobi’s food landscape. The supermarket revolution model, which assumes linear retail formalization and enhanced food security, fails to account for the resilience of informal food economies. Informal vendors remain central to food security for low-income residents, offering accessible and culturally appropriate options. Conversely, supermarkets cater primarily to middle- and upper-income groups, with minimal impact on the food access challenges faced by lower-income households. The study also critiques the food desert concept, traditionally based on supermarket proximity, as inadequate for Nairobi’s context. Diverse food sources—including kiosks, street vendors, and informal markets—play a vital role in meeting residents’ food needs. Supermarkets contribute to the nutrition transition by promoting processed foods rather than addressing malnutrition or inequality. The persistence of informal food economies challenges assumptions of their displacement by formal retail development, demonstrating their enduring importance.
Governance emerges as a central theme, highlighting the tension between formal retail growth and the livelihoods of informal food vendors. The study critiques the exploitative practices of multinational retailers in local supply chains and the policy focus on formalization at the expense of inclusivity. Contributing to the fields of Southern urbanism, food systems, and global governance, this research challenges Eurocentric models and emphasizes the need for context-specific approaches in the Global South. It applies systems thinking to provide a nuanced understanding of Nairobi’s food system, underscoring the dynamic interplay between formal and informal systems. The dissertation concludes with a call for a paradigm shift in urban food security research and policymaking. Moving beyond simplistic, one-size-fits-all models, it advocates for inclusive strategies that prioritize local realities, equity, and resilience, providing a pathway for more sustainable and equitable urban food systems in the Global South
Review of From Victoria to Vladivostok: Canada’s Siberian Expedition, 1917-1919 by Benjamin Isitt
No full textReview of From Victoria to Vladivostok: Canada’s Siberian Expedition, 1917-1919 by Benjamin Isit
The Design and Synthesis of New Materials using Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions
Get PDFAbstract The overall objective of this research was to synthesize and study the structure-property relationships of novel polycyclic aromatic compounds capable of producing open crystalline networks based on π-stacking interactions in solid state. In this work, we describe a method of producing polycyclic aromatic compounds bearing electron-rich and electron-poor rings in order to promote cofacial π-stacking in the solid state. These compounds were synthesized from easily accessible molecules using nucleophilic aromatic substitution and copper-catalyzed aryl amination. The scope of phenoxazines bearing N-aryl substituents was explored for the synthesis of various polycyclic aromatic compounds. Interesting characteristics such as luminescence and predictable solid-state packing are displayed by electron-deficient phenoxazines. A focus was placed upon tuning the properties of the compounds by attaching phenoxazine units to different molecular architectures with the goal of producing open crystalline networks based on π-stacking interactions. The orange-colored solid compound 30 N-(4-bromophenyl) di-fluoro-di-cyano-phenoxazine was synthesized. Suzuki cross-coupling was used to attach an additional phenyl ring to compound 30 to produce compound 31. Similarly, compound 32 was synthesized by the reaction of 1, 4- benzenediboronic acid with two equivalents of compound 30. The crystal structure of compound 31revealed the presence of π-stacking interactions between the phenoxazine rings. The synthetic approach was extended to the preparation of heteropentacenes such as 52 and 58. Compound 52, which bears long alkyl chains, showed evidence of liquid crystallinity by polarized optical microscopy. However, the N-aryl heteropentacenes also showed limited stability