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The multimodality cell segmentation challenge: toward universal solutions
No full textCell segmentation is a critical step for quantitative single-cell analysis in microscopy images. Existing cell segmentation methods are often tailored to specific modalities or require manual interventions to specify hyper-parameters in different experimental settings. Here, we present a multimodality cell segmentation benchmark, comprising more than 1,500 labeled images derived from more than 50 diverse biological experiments. The top participants developed a Transformer-based deep-learning algorithm that not only exceeds existing methods but can also be applied to diverse microscopy images across imaging platforms and tissue types without manual parameter adjustments. This benchmark and the improved algorithm offer promising avenues for more accurate and versatile cell analysis in microscopy imaging
MM-245 landscape of genomic aberrations in multiple myeloma
No full textIntroduction
Risk stratification of multiple myeloma (MM) is based on genetic abnormalities detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). High-risk MM is defined as having at least one of the mutations related with poor prognosis: t(4::14), t(14::16), t(14::20), del 17p, p53 mutation, gain 1q, and del 1p. The presence of any 2 high-risk factors is considered double-hit myeloma (DHM); 3 or more high-risk factors is triple-hit myeloma (THM).
Aim & Objective
The aim of this study was to evaluate genomic aberrations in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) patients with respect to high-risk cytogenetic features including DHM and THM.
Materials and Methods:
The case records of NDMM patients were identified, and the information regarding baseline characteristics, cytogenetics, therapy, and outcomes was noted.
Result
The study analyzed 537 NDMM cases (343 male, 194 female, median age 58 years, range 23–87 years). IgG MM was found in 333 (62.0%) cases, IgA in 76 (14.2%), light chain MM in 111 (20.7%), IgM in 2 (0.4%), and IgD in one (0.2%). Revised-ISS 1 score was exhibited by 9.4%, R-ISS 2 in 61.6%, and R-ISS 3 in 29.0% cases. Status of t(4::14), t(14::16), t(14::20), del 17p, p53 mutation, gain 1q, and del 1p was available in 323 cases, out of which single high-risk genetic abnormality was observed in 93 (28.8%) cases. DHM and THM was identified in 46 (14.2%) patients: 35 with DHM and 11 with THM (32 male, 16 female, median age 56 years, range 33–72 years). In DHM, the most common cytogenetic combination was t(4::14) with gain of 1q (18 patients, 39.1%). In THM, the most common combination was t(4::14) with del 1p and gain 1q (6 patients, 54.6%). The treatment outcomes were inferior in patients with DHM and THM. The overall survival (OS) in THM (median OS: 7 months) was significantly lower as compared to DHM (median OS: 35 months, P=0.032) and single-hit MM (median OS: 41 months, P=0.038).
Conclusions
DHM and THM constitute 14.2% of NDMM cases, and their presence indicates a high-risk course of disease and shorter survival, consequently indicating necessity of intensive treatment/clinical trial options with new treatment modalities as early as possible
Risk stratification in multiple myeloma – A review and update
No full textMultiple myeloma (MM) is a hematological malignancy of plasma cell origin with a prevalence rate of 1% and 10% of all cancers and hematopoietic malignancies, respectively. Though the median survival time has improved dramatically in the patients diagnosed with MM with the administration of novel therapeutic agents, the disease, by and large, remains incurable with frequent progression and relapses. In the recent past, an increased understanding of MM pathogenesis has opened facets for improved diagnosis, prognosis, and response assessment in patients diagnosed with MM. This review focuses on the various laboratory and clinical features used to stratify the MM patients into high vs. low-risk groups. Furthermore, it also highlights the role of artificial intelligence-based innovative research tools for risk stratification and prognostication in MM patients
Begomoviral βC1 orchestrates organellar genomic instability to augment viral infection
No full textChloroplast is the site for transforming light energy to chemical energy. It also acts as a production unit for a variety of defense-related molecules. These defense moieties are necessary to mount a successful counter defense against pathogens, including viruses. Previous studies indicated disruption of chloroplast homeostasis as a basic strategy of Begomovirus for its successful infection leading to the production of vein-clearing, mosaic, and chlorotic symptoms in infected plants. Although begomoviral pathogenicity determinant protein Beta C1 (βC1) was implicated for pathogenicity, the underlying mechanism was unclear. Here we show that, begomoviral βC1 directly interferes with the host plastid homeostasis. βC1 induced DPD1, an organelle-specific nuclease, implicated in nutrient salvage and senescence, as well as modulated the function of a major plastid genome maintainer protein RecA1, to subvert plastid genome. We show that βC1 was able to physically interact with bacterial RecA and its plant homolog RecA1, resulting in its altered activity. We observed that knocking-down DPD1 during virus infection significantly reduced virus-induced necrosis. These results indicate the presence of a strategy in which a viral protein alters host defense by targeting modulators of chloroplast DNA. We predict that the mechanism identified here might have similarities in other plant–pathogen interactions
Confinement in SU(2) QCD<sub>1+1</sub> with Quarks in Large Representations
No full textWe consider SU(2) quantum chromodynamics in 1 + 1 dimensions with a single quark in the spin J representation of the gauge group and study the theory in the large J limit where the
gauge coupling g 2 → 0 and J → ∞ with λ = g2J2 fixed. We work with a Dirac spinor field for arbitrary J, and with a Majorana spinor for integer J since the integer spin representations of
SU(2) are real and analyse the two cases separately
A Microscopic Model of Black Hole Evaporation in Two Dimensions
No full textWe present a microscopic model of black hole (BH) ‘evaporation’ in asymptotically AdS2 spacetimes dual to the low energy sector of the SYK model. To describe evaporation, the SYK model is coupled to a bath comprising of Nf free scalar fields Φi
Effect of thermally induced microstructural changes on the mechanical properties and ballistic performance of poly (p-phenylene terephthalamide) fibers
No full textMicrostructural variations have a strong influence on the load transfer capacity of the high-performance polymeric fibers, which is also reflected in their ballistic property changes. The focus of the present study is to investigate thermally induced microstructural changes and their reflection on the mechanical properties and theoretical ballistic limit of poly (p-phenylene terephthalamide) fibers by a correlation. From the quantitative analysis of XRD, thermally induced changes in unit cell a-dimension show profound sensitivity in affecting the tenacity and modulus of the fibers. Based on the physicochemical changes in FTIR and FESEM analysis, significant surface deterioration and changes in the chemical network are observed. However, dimensional variations of the crystal structure along a-direction show a stronger influence than the chemical and morphological changes, reflecting sigmoidal responses with tenacity, modulus and theoretical V50 by correlations. As an effect of unit cell dimensional variation, changes in crystallinity are resulted and lead to the loss in theoretical ballistic limit of the fibers by following first-order kinetics. Lastly, angular separation and (200) orientation angle are determined to build a global correlation with modulus and theoretical ballistic limit for quickly decoding macro-changes in terms of micro-properties. The given correlations can help to identify crystallographic transformations upon other induction techniques and view their effect on mechanical and ballistic parameters. In addition, the given approach can be extended for different ballistic materials under any environmental conditions
Surfactant assisted APTES functionalization of graphene oxide intercalated layered double hydroxide (LDH) for uranium adsorption from alkaline leach liquor
No full textThe efficacy of uranium adsorption by modified layered double hydroxide (LDH) has been studied in detail in this work. The effects of initial uranium (U) concentration, solution pH, adsorbent dose, temperature and the presence of other ions were investigated. The removal efficiency varied from 98% to 92% for the initial U concentration 54–216 mg/L. However, the removal efficiency was decreased to 84% when the feed concentration was increased to 432 mg/L. The removal of uranium increased with the solution pH and beyond 8.5 it was invariant indicating the adsorbent is highly suitable for treatment of alkaline leach liquor. The adsorption capacity decreased with temperature and the Langmuir capacity of the adsorbent were found to be 948, 1,026, and 1162 mg/g at 323, 313, and 303 K, at pH 8.5. Evaluation of isotherm in alkaline pH is rare in the literature and the adsorption capacity of U of the LDH based adsorbents are reported in the range of 180 to 1143 mg/g with a pH variation of 3–7 at 298 K. Second order rate equation described the adsorption kinetics adequately. It was shown that switching of pH to 11.5 resulted remarkable desorption of U. Thus, the developed adsorbent has tremendous potential to separate U from alkaline leach liquor. Much research is required to immobilize the nano-sized adsorbents in a suitable media for preparation of the commercial scale filters
Antimicrobial and antifouling performance of modified membrane during UF of sugarcane juice
No full textIn the present study, nanofiller (polypyrrole and chitosan (CPY) composite) incorporated polysulfone (PSF) based hollow fiber was synthesized to address the membrane fouling in ultrafiltration of sugarcane juice. The CPY was incorporated within the PSF matrix at varied concentrations (0.25, 0.5 and 1 wt%). The synergy between CPY and PSF was examined by X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Morphological results confirmed the augmented porous nature of the modified membrane. The optimized membrane (MHCPY_0.5) displayed improved membrane properties along with the rejection of polyphenoloxidase enzyme (71.2%) and bacteria (5.4 log reduction). The antifouling nature of the selected modified membrane was evaluated in terms of resistances and flux recovery ratio and the same was compared with that of unmodified membrane. The MHCPY_0.5 exhibited remarkable antibacterial properties confirmed from halo zone, shake flask, anti-adhesion, live dead staining assays studies
Pd nanoparticles-decorated borophene nanosheets for intrinsic polarization-induced visible light photocatalysis
No full textThe synthesis of freestanding borophene has remarkable applications in the field of catalysis. Several theoretical studies demonstrated the catalytic properties of borophene-based materials. However, its practical applications remain relatively unexplored. Herein, Pd nanoparticles-decorated freestanding borophene nanosheets (Pd–B) were synthesized successfully, which exhibit photocatalytic properties owing to their polarization-enhanced activity. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest that Pd atoms occupy the alternating hexagonal holes of borophene, resulting in a stable heterostructure, and the electron transfer from Pd to boron creates an intrinsic polarization. In the presence of visible light, Pd–B degrades and subsequently mineralizes the organic pollutants due to efficient separation of photogenerated charge carriers along with the availability of multiple catalytic sites. These findings indicate that metal nanoparticles-decorated borophene-based heterostructures are not only promising candidates for photocatalysis but also can be exploited for other catalytic processes