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Trastornos de los sentidos. Alteraciones visuales y auditivas, y métodos de compensación
No full text[ES] Trastornos de los sentidos. Alteraciones visuales y auditivas, y métodos de compensación
Enseñando gestión estratégica empresarial mediante Twitter
No full text[ES] Twitter ha sido estudiado como una herramienta para la participación de los estudiantes; por ejemplo, la herramienta puede mejorar la participación en el aula a través de motivar a los estudiantes a colocar posts; por medio de estos mensajes ellos pueden realizar preguntas sobre su experiencia individual de aprendizaje y por tanto, ajustar la realimentación del profesor de acuerdo a los requerimientos de su proceso de aprendizaj
Urban Migrations to Rural Areas of Castile and Leon during COVID-19
Get PDF[ES] Las restricciones a la movilidad impuestas por la lucha contra el crecimiento de los contagios de la COVID-19 han provocado una severa perturbación en los flujos migratorios recibidos por las áreas rurales. El confinamiento ha supuesto para muchos residentes en las grandes ciudades una sensación de enclaustramiento que se ha traducido en una cierta reversión de los flujos tradicionales campo-ciudad que tuvo su traducción en los medios de comunicación. El objetivo principal de esta aportación es valorar el alcance de esta reversión y medir la sostenibilidad de los flujos de población llegados a los municipios rurales de Castilla y León desde las ciudades. Estos flujos se cuantifican y tratan como series temporales, aplicando un modelo SARIMA para estimar los cambios experimentados por aquellas a lo largo del bienio 2020-2021. Se aprecia la brusquedad del cambio migratorio desde la implementación del confinamiento, así como más o menos rápidamente ha retornado a una senda semejante al periodo prepandemia, si bien con visibles diferencias entre las diferentes provincias, en especial entre las vecinas a Madrid y Bilbao frente al resto de la región.[EN] Mobility restrictions imposed by pandemic COVID-19 control had provoked a severe disruption in the migratory flows to rural areas. For many city residents, lockdowns created a sense of confinement, which led to a severe disruption of the traditional rural-to-urban migration flows—a shift that garnered media attention. The primary objective of this contribution is to assess the extent of this reversion and to measure the sustainability of population flows to rural municipalities in Castilla y León from urban areas. These flows are quantified and treated as time series, with a SARIMA model applied to estimate changes during the 20202021 biennium. The abruptness of the migratory shift since the implementation of lockdowns can be appreciated, as well as the speed at which it returned to a similar path to the pre-pandemic period, although with notable differences among provinces, especially those neighbouring Madrid and Bilbao compared to the rest of the region.SIEsta publicación ha sido financiada por el proyecto de I+D+i PID2020- 114554RB-I00, financiado por el Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MCIN), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI /10.13039/501100011033/)
Cyberscurity and explainability in decision-making process for systems with autonomous capabilities
No full text228 p.[ES] La robótica social y de servicios, y en general todo entorno de interacción
entre humanos y robots, debe hacer frente al problema de la confianza.
Durante años, el desarrollo de confianza hacia el robot por parte del humano
ha sido un asunto de vital interés para la comunidad robótica. Los
últimos avances en el campo de la inteligencia artificial y la creciente presencia
de robots en entornos reales y cotidianos han aumentado todavía
más la necesidad de construir sistemas confiables.
El problema de la confianza está estrechamente ligado con el concepto
del entendimiento, ya que entender y comprender el comportamiento de un
sistema resulta fundamental para el desarrollo de confianza. No obstante,
los sistemas robóticas, y en mayor medida aquellos que operan de forma
autónoma, son complejos y los procesos que rigen sus comportamientos resultan
poco transparentes para los usuarios que los pueden llegar a concebir
como "cajas negras". Sin entendimiento no puede desarrollarse confianza,
para abordar esta problemática surge el concepto de explicabilidad, que en
el ámbito de la robótica se conoce como eXplainable Autonomous Robots o
XAR. El objetivo de XAR es dotar a los sistemas de capacidades autoexplicables,
facilitando así la comprensión del proceso de toma de decisiones
del sistema por parte de los usuarios. Sin embargo, la diversidad de sistemas
robóticos es amplia, y las tareas que pueden llevar a cabo varían
enormemente según el contexto y la aplicación.
La dificultad de explicar el comportamiento autónomo de un robot ha
derivado en diferentes aproximaciones. Para identificar los métodos propuestos
por la comunidad investigadora se ha realizado una revisión de literatura
centrada en el mapeo sistemático de las tendencias en el desarrollo
de aplicaciones de explicabilidad. Como resultado, se identificó que uno de los métodos más prometedores se basa en el análisis de datos internos del
robot, y que las explicaciones más comunes son aquellas que se presentan
al usuario en forma de respuestas a preguntas sobre su comportamiento.
A partir de la revisión de literatura realizada, se presenta un sistema
de explicabilidad y trazabilidad, el cual utiliza las capacidades de procesamiento
de lenguaje natural que ofrecen los LLMs para analizar los logs
generados por un sistema robótico y generar explicaciones sobre sus acciones.
La principal innovación de este trabajo es el uso de la tecnología
generativa para interpretar los datos generados por el robot e inferir la
información necesaria para construir una explicación.
El sistema ha sido evaluado a través de varios experimentos diseñados
a partir de pruebas reales extraídas de competiciones oficiales como la
European Robotics League. Los resultados obtenidos muestran el potencial
de un sistema de explicabilidad basado en LLMs, el cual no solo es capaz
de interpretar grandes conjuntos de datos complejos, sino también inferir
los sucesos que han ocurrido durante el desarrollo del comportamiento y
expresarlos en un lenguaje natural entendible por usuarios humanos.[EN] Social and service robotics, as well as all human-robot interaction environments,
must address the challenge of trustworthy. Trustworthy in robots
has been a key research topic for years. Recent advances in artificial intelligence
and the growing presence of robots in real-world settings have
increased the need to build reliable systems.
Trustworthy is closely linked to understanding. Users must comprehend
a system’s behavior to develop trust. However, robotic systems, especially
autonomous ones, are complex. Their decision-making processes are
often opaque, making them "black boxes" to users. Without understanding,
trust cannot emerge. To address this, the concept of explainability has
been introduced. In robotics, this is known as eXplainable Autonomous
Robots (XAR). XAR aims to create self-explanatory systems that help
users understand a robot’s decision-making process. However, robotic systems
vary widely, and their tasks differ depending on the application and
the context.
Explaining autonomous behavior is challenging, and several approaches
have been proposed to study this area. A systematic literature review was
conducted to map current trends in explainability. This review identified
internal data analysis as a promising method. Furthermore, the most common
explanations are responses to user questions about robot behavior.
Based on this review, this study presents an explainability and traceability
system. The system uses Large Language Models to analyze robotgenerated
logs and generate explanations. The key innovation is the use
of generative technology to interpret robot data and infer the information
needed to generate an explanation.
The system was evaluated through experiments based on real-world tests from competitions such as the European Robotics League. Results
show the potential of LLM-based explainability. The system can interpret
large and complex datasets and infer events that occurred during robot
operation. It can also express this information in natural language, making
it accessible to human users
The impact of singlestick / palcat training on the motor fitness of seniors: a sixteen-week follow-up study
Get PDF[EN] Aging is associated with a decline in motor fitness, including balance, coordination, and strength, leading to increased fall risk and reduced quality of life. Various exercise interventions have been proposed to counteract these effects, with martial arts-based exercise gaining attention for its potential benefits in older adults (Chen et al., 2011; Lu et al., 2012). Singlestick training, derived from the Old Polish martial art Signum Polonicum (Sawicki, 2019), involves controlled movements that enhance neuromuscular coordination and proprioception. It is a traditional Polish martial art system based on historical sources, primarily focusing on the techniques of fighting with the Polish hussar sabre and palcat (a singlestick). The system emphasises dynamic footwork and fluid wrist movement, reflecting the combat style of the Polish hussars. Techniques include parries, strikes, and combinations rooted in old Polish fencing traditions. Training also incorporates body mechanics, posture, and timing, aiming to preserve both the martial effectiveness and cultural legacy of Poland’s historical fencing practices. However, the impact of this form of training on elderly populations remains underexplored. This study investigates the effects of a 16-week palcat training program on the motor fitness of older adults
Initiation to combat sports through a Constraints-Led Approach
Get PDF[EN] This presentation introduces an initiation into combat sports based on a motor learning model known as ecological dynamics that informs the Constraints-led Approach (CLA) to teaching.
Ecological dynamics (Button et al., 2021) proposes an approach that aims to articulate the ecological psychology of James Jerome Gibson (1986) with mathematical models of dynamic systems, taking the individual-environment as the unit of analysis to study the cognition of human subjects during the practice of sports and physical activities. As a research program, it has been applied to the field of physical education as well as to a wide variety of sports, including boxing (Hristovski et al., 2006), kendo (Okumura et al., 2017; Yamamoto et al., 2016) or taekwondo (Maloney et al., 2021).
From ecological dynamics, the difference between novices and experts does not lie so much in their capacity to store and process information but in their ability to directly take advantage of information from the surrounding environment; to better perceive affordances through better attention training. Student exploration in classes occurs through the proposal of modified games and tasks, designed based on pedagogical criteria linked to non-linear pedagogy (Button et al., 2021; Chow et al., 2022) of the constraint-based approach, known as CLA. This proposal is framed within the so-called active methodologies, which are based on student-centered teaching; they give importance to the contextualized experience of students, favor discovery learning; and consider the active role of the student in the process of constructing their new learning and the role of the teacher as mediator or guide (León-Díaz et al., 2020, p. 588). All of these characteristics are shared by comprehensive teaching, both in the Integrated technical-tactical model and in Teaching Games for Understanding (TGFu) (Bunker & Thorpe, 1982).
The presentation offers a series of pedagogical recommendations for the initiation into combat sports through modified games based on CLA. It also proposes real examples of training in MMA and teaching through modified games in judo and grappling/Brazilian jiujitsu (BJJ)
A methodology to estimate REE contents in post-mining soils by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and machine learning
Get PDF[EN] Here we evaluated the capacity of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) to predict the content of rare earth elements (REEs), namely Y, La, Ce, Pr, and Nd, in post-mining soils susceptible to be revisited for secondary mining. This technology was combined with machine learning (ML) data processing to achieve REE measurements using a non-destructive, rapid, and portable methodology as an alternative to geochemical surveys. A former mining site with a notable variability of substrates was selected to demonstrate the methodology. Spectral reflectance was recorded at 1- nm intervals from Visible and Near-Infrared (VIS-NIR), 350–2500 nm, and classical geochemical data were achieved to evaluate the performance of DRS. The REE content was adjusted by optimizing sample preparation (sieving at 2 mm was found to be the most adequate approach), transformation of spectral data (first-derivative transformation was selected), and the most appropriate ML technique to obtain fitted models (non-parametric techniques yielded models with a better fit than parametric ones). Random Forest (RF) provided non-biased models for La, Ce, Pr, and Nd and Generalized Boosting Models (GBMs) for Y, with R2 and rRMSE ranging from 0.840 to 0.890 and from 10.98 to 6.74, respectively. The models with the best performance revealed that NIR spectral region, specifically long-wave near infrared (LNIR), was the most important for determining REE content. Also, some wavelength ranges within the spectrum were identified for each REE. This reliable methodology emerges as a rapid approach to evaluate REE concentrations in secondary mining soils and has possible applications in primary mining exploration, environmental remediation, metallurgy, and materials science.S
Privatizaciones y política de desarrollo en Ámerica Latina
No full text[ES] En las dos últimas décadas uno de los instrumentos de política económica más recomendados por los organismos internacionales y también más utilizados por parte de los gobiernos latinoamericanos han sido las privatizaciones de los sectores públicos empresariales. Los objetivos inicialmente perseguidos han sido el robustecimiento del mercado como mecanismo de asignación de recursos en la búsqueda de la creación de un marco de competencia que facilitara una inserción internacional más eficiente. En esta ponencia se parte del análisis de los argumentos justificativos de la política de privatización para, tras la evaluación de los resultados de América Latina, y particularmente en Brasil, Argentina y Chile, reivindicar el protagonismo de las políticas públicas impulsadas desde el Estado en torno a los objetivos pendientes del desarrollo económic
Decent work challenges and opportunities in professional boxing: a case study analysis
Get PDF[EN] This research applies the concept of Decent Work to professional sport in Spain, based on the Sustainable Development Goals, specifically Goal 8 (Decent Work and economic growth) and Goal 5 (Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls). Decent Work aims to eradicate unacceptable working conditions, promoting labour rights, opportunities for dignified work and social protection (Organización Internacional del Trabajo [OIT], 2020). In this study, we utilize the seven dimensions proposed by Ferraro et al. (2018): principles of respect, workload, gratification, remuneration, social protection, professional development, and health and safety. It provides a framework for evaluating and improving working conditions in professional sport.
Athletes represent a case of labour vulnerability, facing precariousness in their employment relationships and lack of legal protection. Professional sport is assuming characteristics of the productive sector, such as the precocious professionalization of athletes (Camilo et al., 2020; Bracht, 2005). Professional boxing in Spain has experienced a complex trajectory, marked by periods of boom and decline (Calle-Molina & Martínez-Gorroño, 2018), suffering a significant decline due to lack of media coverage and institutional support since the 1970s (Sánchez, 2009). Currently, professional boxing in Spain continues to face significant challenges, with boxers often forced to combine their sporting career with other jobs (EFE, 2024)
“This is how real warriors train”: a picture of training and practice of Asian martial arts in Poland in the 1980s and 1990s on the example of selected magazines
Get PDF[EN] The 1980s and 1990s in Poland were a period of growing interest in and practice of Asian martial arts, mainly all styles of karate and kung fu (Muraszko, 2006). The lack of qualified teachers and masters and the lack of opportunities to travel to Asia due to political and financial conditions meant that Polish enthusiasts were forced to acquire knowledge from sources of varying quality, including amateur teachers, translations of martial arts textbooks, poor-quality photographs and material recorded on videotape. The result was often a peculiar vision of training and practice of the martial arts, which was produced by trainees and their teachers, training in isolation from sources and qualified teachers