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Menschenmassen
Get PDFZiel dieser Forschung ist es, die Stimmen und Blicke bestimmter Schriftsteller aufzuspüren, die von der Gegenwart eines neuen historischen und vor allem literarischen Subjekts zeugen: der Menschenmenge. Diese Menge hat nichts mit der des Ancien Regime gemein, sie lebt nur in den großen Städten und Metropolen ihrer Zeit und ist das Produkt eines gewaltigen Umbruchs in der Gesellschaft: Die Industrialisierung. Vor allen anderen Bereichen hat die Literatur die Präsenz dieses neuen chorischen Charakters aufgespürt und ihn als Erste inszeniert. Jeder Schriftsteller hat dies auf unterschiedliche Weise getan und die Auswahl der Texte erlaubt es, eine Entwicklungslinie vom Begriff der „(Menschen-)Menge“ hin zu dem der „Masse“ im Verlauf des 19. Jahrhunderts in den romanischen Sprachen Italienisch und Französisch aufzuzeigen.
Mariangela Facchinei studierte Literatur und Geschichte an der Universität L'Aquila (Italien) und promovierte in Romanistik am Institut für italienische Philologie der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München bei Professor Florian Mehltretter.This study aims to bring together the voices and points of view of some writers who witnessed the emergence of a new historical and literary subject: the crowd. A crowd profoundly different from that of the Ancien Régime, since it is inextricably linked to the urban and metropolitan context of modernity. Born out of profound social upheavals, this new community emerged with the advent of industry. Literature, more than any other field, was the first to recognise and represent this new polyphony, which each author interpreted in their own way. The choice of authors and texts analysed responds to the need to construct a coherent narrative capable of tracing the evolution of the literary representation of this phenomenon up to the transition - in Romance languages such as Italian and nineteenth-century French - from the term "crowd" to "mass”.
Mariangela Facchinei studied Literature and History at the University of L'Aquila (Italy). She holds a PhD in Romanistics from the Institute of Italian Philology at the Ludwig-Maximilian University in Munich, by Professor Florian Mehltretter.Questo studio si propone di raccogliere le voci e i punti di vista di alcuni scrittori che hanno testimoniato l’emergere di un nuovo soggetto, tanto storico quanto letterario: la folla. Una folla profondamente diversa da quella dell’Ancien Régime, poiché legata indissolubilmente al contesto urbano e metropolitano della modernità. Frutto di profondi sconvolgimenti sociali, questa nuova collettività nasce con l’avvento dell’industria. La letteratura, più di ogni altro ambito, è stata la prima a riconoscere e rappresentare questa nuova coralità, che ogni autore ha interpretato in modo diverso. La scelta degli scrittori e dei testi analizzati risponde all’esigenza di costruire un percorso coerente, capace di tracciare l’evoluzione della rappresentazione letteraria di questo fenomeno, fino al passaggio — nelle lingue romanze come l’italiano e il francese dell’Ottocento — dal termine 'folla' a quello di 'massa'.
Mariangela Facchinei ha studiato Letteratura e Storia presso l'Università degli studi dell'Aquila (Italia) e ha conseguito il dottorato in Romanistica presso l'Istituto di filologia italiana della Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München con il Professore Florian Mehltretter
Predictive modeling of fall risk in orthogeriatric patients using machine learning techniques
Get PDFClinical practice has a barrier when assessing physical frailty in older patients, especially those with orthopedic limitations. This is mostly because standard assessment techniques are subjective, unreliable, and time-consuming. They also frequently depend on data relating to mobility, which may not be applicable to people who are immobile. Considering these limitations, two complementary studies were conducted to redefine the evaluation of physical frailty in this demographic group. The aim is to improve the evaluation and assessment of physical frailty.
The primary objective of the initial study was to examine and compare the efficacy of utilizing insole data obtained from the Timed-Up-and-Go test in comparison to known benchmark questionnaires and physical tests. The present study employed machine learning algorithms to detect physical frailty, as determined by the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), in a cohort of individuals aged 60 years and above who possessed independent ambulation and did not exhibit any cognitive or neurological disorders. This study conducted a cross-sectional analysis to examine several factors related to physical frailty. The results showed notable disparities in gait metrics between individuals with and without physical frailty. Furthermore, the Timed-Up-and-Go test exhibited superior predictive value, when compared to the SARC-F (Strength, Assistance with walking, Rise from a chair, Climb stairs and Falls) questionnaire, as evidenced by an AUROC of 0.862 versus 0.639. Machine learning algorithms discovered nine critical characteristics, mostly from digital insole gait data, using recursive feature elimination. Robust predictive accuracy was achieved using these settings, with AUROCs ranging from 0.801 to 0.919. In summary, this research shows that machine learning-based gait analysis is superior to conventional evaluations when it comes to accurately detecting physical fragility in elderly individuals. The second study aimed to address the limitations of assessing physical frailty by developing objective machine models that utilize multifactorial non-mobility parameters. This approach dissociates reliance on mobility-related data and predicts the Timed-Up-and-Go test time accurately. Four machine learning methods—a generalized linear model, a support vector machine, a random forest algorithm, and an extreme gradient boost technique—were compared using six distinct feature selection approaches and 67 multifactorial variables. The random forest algorithm demonstrated the highest accuracy in predicting Timed-up-and-Gotest time, with a mean absolute error of 2.7 seconds. The variable selection methodology had minimal influence on the overall model performance. For slower patients, all algorithms tended to underestimate time, whereas for faster individuals, they tended to overestimate it. These results highlight the potential for Timed-Up-and-Go test time prediction in the absence of mobility data, enabling the automated identification and objective evaluation of patients who are physically frail. With this approach to clinical decision-making and tailored interventions, these developments might have the potential to significantly improve patient care and treatment planning in orthogeriatric settings
Oncologic imaging in a multidisciplinary context
Get PDFAdvances in our understanding of cancer and the development of multiple innovative and often expensive treatments have resulted in an increasing complexity in the management of cancer cases. Personalised or precision medicine has become a cornerstone of modern cancer management and requires a multidisciplinary approach that utilises expertise from various specialities to ensure precise diagnostics, effective treatments, and optimal patient outcomes. This thesis discusses the role of radiologists in multidisciplinary cancer care and emphasises their contributions to diagnostic accuracy, minimally invasive interventional therapies, and collaborative decision-making within oncologic multidisciplinary team meetings (MDTMs).
Through a series of interrelated studies, this thesis emphasises the influence of specialised radiologic expertise on cancer patient management. It commences with a study on subspecialised second-opinion reviews in gynaecologic oncologic imaging, which showed that such reviews lead to significant changes in treatment strategies. Through three further studies, it explores the use of minimally invasive interventional radiological techniques in managing oncological surgical complications, emphasising the integration of radiology into the broader context of oncological care. It subsequently analyses the role of radiologists in multidisciplinary tumour boards, including the shift to virtual oncological MDTMs during the COVID-19 pandemic, a testament to the adaptability of radiological practice even in the face of new, unexpected challenges.
This thesis highlights the importance of radiologists as core members of multidisciplinary teams. By improving imaging quality, optimising interventional treatments and outcomes, and promoting collaborative planning, radiologists play a fundamental role in modern oncologic care
Konsentierte Gesundheitsindikatoren für die Evaluation von integrierten kommunalen Strategien für Kinder und Jugendliche
Get PDFThe evaluation of complex interventions such as community-based interventions in health promotion and prevention for children and adolescents is increasingly important for quality development. For this purpose, indicators are needed to depict changes over time. However, there is no consensus on which health indicators could be pulled up and in which context. The goal of this work was to determine in a multi-step procedure through literature review, criteria-based selection and expert’s consensus building which health indicators are relevant to evaluate community-based interventions in health promotion and prevention for children and adolescents, using community-based prevention chains as an example.
In the scope of a systematic literature review, n=738 indicators were identified. After preselection through internal quality assessment, the remaining n=94 indicators were appraised and selected in an online eDelphi study. The 47 participants of the eDelphi study were national experts involved in community health promotion, in child health or in health reporting. According to the criteria that we determined a priori; consensus was defined by ≥ 75 %. After two rounds, 9 subdomains were deemed relevant by consensus. These subdomains were: socioeconomic factors, health education, nutrition and physical activity, oral health, overall health status, specific health conditions, drug related behavior, exposure to drugs and violence and family factors. Among those, 36 indicators were deemed relevant. To summarize, this study can be considered as an orientation for the conception of evaluations in the field of community-based prevention and health promotion for children and adolescents
Study of the Josephson effect in graphene-based moiré superlattices
Get PDFGraphene-based moiré superlattices, and in particular magic‑angle twisted bilayer graphene (TBG), have emerged as a promising platform for studying unconventional superconductivity in electronic flat bands, where the interplay between strong correlations, nontrivial topology and quantum geometry plays a central role. The Josephson effect provides a powerful tool to probe the fundamental properties of superconducting states and how they interact with other correlated phases of matter. And yet, it has remained largely unexplored in these moiré systems.
In this dissertation, we demonstrate various experimental efforts to address this gap by combining van der Waals stacking techniques with transparent superconducting contacts and low-temperature transport measurements. Our approach spans two device architectures: extrinsic Josephson junctions (JJs) incorporating external s-wave superconducting leads, and intrinsic gate-defined JJs realized within a single monolithic TBG device.
We first investigate a graphene/hBN moiré superlattice in the ballistic regime, where Fabry-Pérot oscillations and high-field superconductivity reflect the underlying miniband structure. The core of this thesis work focuses on magic-angle TBG, whose flat bands are expected to suppress the proximity-induced superconductivity due to their vanishing Fermi velocity. Surprisingly, we observe a strong Josephson effect in both its flat and dispersive bands, along with a clear violation of the conventional scaling between critical current and normal-state conductance—pointing to unconventional mechanisms involving strong correlations, quantum geometry, and multiband pairing. Finally, by leveraging the intrinsic superconducting state of TBG, we realize gate-defined JJs that display a symmetry-broken Josephson effect and a programmable, zero-field Josephson diode.
This research paves the way for future experimental and theoretical studies of the superconducting proximity effect in moiré materials and especially in flat band systems. Looking forward, coupling external superconductors to the intrinsic superconducting state of TBG will prove a key experiment in unraveling its pairing symmetry. Other graphene-based moiré superlattices not studied here, such as rhombohedral graphene aligned with hBN, will greatly benefit from the exploration of their topological phases with the Josephson effect, potentially leading to the creation of hybrid JJs for topological quantum technologies.Graphen-basierte Moiré-Übergitter, insbesondere im magischen Winkel verdrehtes Doppellagen Graphen (TBG), haben sich als vielversprechende Plattform zur Erforschung unkonventioneller Supraleitung in elektronischen Flachbändern erwiesen, in denen das Zusammenspiel von starken Korrelationen, nichttrivialer Topologie und quantengeometrischen Effekten eine zentrale Rolle spielt. Der Josephson-Effekt bietet ein vielseitiges Mittel, um die fundamentalen Eigenschaften supraleitender Zustände und deren Wechselwirkungen mit anderen korrelierten Phasen zu untersuchen. Dennoch blieb dessen Einwirkung auf Moiré-Systemen bislang weitgehend unerforscht.
In dieser Dissertation schließen wir diese Lücke, indem wir Techniken zum Stapeln von Van-der-Waals-Kristallen mit transparenten supraleitenden Kontakten und Tieftemperatur-Transportmessungen kombinieren. Unser Ansatz umfasst zwei Nanoarchitekturen: extrinsische Josephson-Kontakte mit externen s-Wellen-Supraleitern sowie intrinsische, Gate-definierte Josephson-Kontakte, die innerhalb eines einzigen, monolithischen TBG-Kristalls realisiert werden.
Zunächst untersuchen wir ein Graphen/hBN-Moiré-Pontetial im ballistischen Regime, in dem sich Fabry-Pérot-Oszillationen und Supraleitung bei hohen Magnetfeldern als direkte Signaturen der Minibandstruktur zeigen. Der Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit liegt auf TBG im magischen Winkel, dessen flache Bänder aufgrund ihrer verschwindenden Fermi-Geschwindigkeit nur schwache, induzierte Supraleitung erwarten lassen. Entgegen dieser Erwartung beobachten wir einen starken Josephson-Effekt sowohl in den flachen als auch in den dispersiven Bändern, sowie eine deutliche Verletzung der konventionellen Skalierung zwischen kritischem Strom und Normalleitwert – ein Hinweis auf unkonventionelle Mechanismen, die durch starke Wechselwirkungen, Quantengeometrie und Mehrband-Paarung getragen werden. Schließlich realisieren wir durch Ausnutzung des intrinsischen supraleitenden Zustands von TBG Gate-definierte JJs mit symmetriegebrochenem Josephson-Effekt und einer programmierbaren Nullfeld-Josephson-Diode.
Diese Arbeit ebnet den Weg für zukünftige experimentelle und theoretische Untersuchungen des supraleitenden Proximity-Effekts in Moiré-Materialien, insbesondere in Flachbandsystemen. In Zukunft könnte die Kopplung externer Supraleiter an den intrinsischen supraleitenden Zustand von TBG entscheidende Einblicke in die Symmetrie seines Ordnungsparameters ermöglichen. Andere hier noch nicht untersuchte graphen-basierte Moiré-Übergitter, wie beispielsweise rhomboedrisches Graphen mit paraleller hBN-Ausrichtung, werden von der Erforschung ihrer topologischen Phasen mit dem Josephson-Effekt erheblich profitieren und möglicherweise zur Entwicklung hybrider JJs für topologische Quantentechnologien führen
