Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

Digitale Hochschulschriften der LMU
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    Vergleich von Elektrodenpositionen bei der Anwendung transkranieller Gleichstromstimulation am präfrontalen Cortex: Eine fMRT-Studie an Gesunden

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    This dissertation used fMRI to gain new insights into changes in brain activity in the dorsolateral and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex during a working memory delayed response task after transcranial direct current stimulation, taking a closer look at the effects of electrode positioning and emotional distraction

    Quantifizierung der Nierenfunktion bei Tuberöse Sklerose Komplex Patienten im Längs- und Querschnitt

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    Short paths in scale-free percolation

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    Graph distances in real-world networks, in particular social networks, have been always in the focus of network research since Milgram’s sociological experiment in 1960s. In this dissertation we specialize in a geometric random graph known as scale-free percolation, which shows a rich phase diagram regarding graph distances, and focus on short paths in it. In this model, x,y ∈ Zd are connected with probability depending on i.i.d weights Wx, Wy and their Euclidean distance |x-y|. First we study asymptotic distances in a regime where graph distances are poly-logarithmic in Euclidean distance. With a multi-scale argument we obtain improved bounds on the logarithmic exponent. In the heavy tail regime, improvement of the upper bound shows a discrepancy with long-range percolation. In the light tail regime, the correct exponent is identified. The following part of this dissertation investigates navigation possibility in the model. More precisely, we study the possibility to find short paths between two vertices given only local information (weights and locations of neighbors). In the regime where graph distances are poly-logarithmic we show that any algorithm based on local information takes at least polynomial steps to find the target. In contrast, in the regime where the graph distance is doubly logarithmic in the Euclidean distance, a short path with length of the same order can be found by a greedy routing algorithm

    Pushing the boundaries of photoconductive sampling in solids

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    The advent of laser-based optical tools featuring few-cycle pulses with durations of less than a hundred femtoseconds in the late 1980s enabled scientists to initiate and observe the evolution of chemical reactions. This powerful approach combined the interactions of light and matter and unleashed an unprecedented metrology concept that tracks the interactions of atoms and molecules in their natural timescales. Electron wavepacket dynamics take place in the attosecond range, a thousand times faster than molecules. In optical terms, such durations typically last less than the half-cycle duration of optical fields. Consequently, the investigation of such electronic processes necessitates measurement techniques capable of resolving the oscillations of the electric field of light. The primary objective of this thesis is to develop and advance novel field characterisation techniques based on photoconductive sampling. The first portion of this thesis addresses broadband field characterisation based on nonlinear photoconductive sampling. A theoretical analysis of current formation and localisation in solids is presented, prompting the fabrication of a heterostructured sample with the aim of enhancing the magnitude of the signal obtained from the measurement technique. A thorough proof-of-principle experiment is performed, whereby a significant enhancement in signal magnitude is established. As a consequence of signal improvement, the heterostructured sample reaches the desired stability regime earlier than its traditional bulk counterparts. Moreover, the performance of the heterostructured sample for field characterisation is compared to fused silica and benchmarked against the well-established technique of electro-optic sampling. These results pave the way towards field sampling in low pulse energy systems. The following section details broadband field characterisation based on linear photoconductive sampling by employing tailored pulses from a waveform synthe- siser. Visible-ultraviolet pulses are utilised to inject carriers in a common semi- conductive material (gallium phosphide), enabling the complete characterisation of a mid-infrared test field. Furthermore, the technique is validated against electro-optic sampling. When compared to electro-optic sampling, the response function of linear photoconductive sampling is concerned with the intensity envelope of the gating field, relaxing the strict requisites on the temporal phase of the gate. The demonstrated results represent a significant achievement in extending field sampling techniques beyond 100 THz and towards the visible range. Finally, a machine learning-based algorithm for denoising waveforms obtained from a laboratory setting is developed and implemented. The algorithm is based on a one-dimensional convolutional neural network, ideal for processing data presented on an evenly spaced grid. The model is compared with well-established methodologies, namely denoising via the fast Fourier transform and wavelet analysis and exhibits excellent performance, extending the repertoire of tools typically used for combating noise. The field characterisation methodologies presented in this thesis pave the way towards accessible and cost-effective field sampling techniques, enabling researchers to study field-induced electron dynamics in matter and usher in ultrafast optoelectronic signal processing towards the PHz range. In general, the field characterisation techniques presented occupy a small footprint, and the measurements take place in ambient air conditions, facilitating their integration in existing experimental infrastructures. With the aid of AI-accelerator chips, the machine learning tool developed in this thesis can be implemented during laboratory measurements as a concurrent denoising technique

    Secondary neutrons at laser-driven ion sources

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    Descensus uteri et vaginae – Eine retrospektive Fallserie

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    FRAGESTELLUNG Die Lebenszeit-Prävalenz einer Frau für einen vaginalen Deszensus liegt zwischen 24 und 50%, je nach Quelle und Studienpopulation. Die Wahrscheinlichkeit, sich aufgrund eines Deszensus bis zum 81. Lebensjahr einer Operation zu unterziehen, beträgt bis zu 20%. Der vaginale Deszensus ist somit ein häufiges und oft operativ therapiertes Krankheitsbild. Die leitliniengerechte Ersttherapie des vaginalen Deszensus sieht die Rekonstruktion des Defektes mit Eigengewebe vor - die vordere und hintere Kolporrhaphie und Fixation des Scheidenabschlusses nach Hysterektomie oder ggf. der Cervix bei Uteruserhalt. Es handelt sich hierbei um eine sowohl kostengünstige als auch sichere und effektive Therapiemethode, zu welcher es bisher aber nur wenig aktuelle Studien gibt. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die vaginale Hysterektomie mit vorderer und hinterer Kolporrhaphie sowie Scheidenstumpffixation näher zu untersuchen und statistisch zu erfassen und dabei insbesondere auf die intra- und postoperativen Komplikationen, sowie die prä- und postoperative Symptomatik mit Schwerpunkt der urologischen Beschwerden der Patientinnen einzugehen. PATIENTENKOLLEKTIV UND METHODIK Es handelt sich bei der vorliegenden Arbeit um eine retrospektive Beobachtungsstudie im Sinne einer Fallserie von insgesamt n= 620 Patientinnen mit einer vaginalen Hysterektomie und Deszensuskorrektur, wovon sich n=532 (85,8%) postoperativ zu einer Nachuntersuchung vorstellten. Die Daten wurden sowohl mittels Anamnese und gynäkologischer Untersuchung inklusive Sonographie als auch des validierten ICI-Q-FLUTS Fragebogens erhoben. Zur Quantifizierung des Prolapsstadiums wurde entsprechend den Vorgaben der IUGA und ICS mit dem POP-Q System gearbeitet. Die gesammelten Daten wurden in einer Datenbank in Microsoft Excel für Windows (Version 14.0 & Version 16.0, Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, USA) zusammengeführt und mittels SPSS für Windows (IBM SPSS Statistics 24.0, IBM, Armonk, USA) statistisch ausgewertet. ERGEBNISSE Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die vaginale Hysterektomie mit Raffungen und Scheidenstumpffixation eine sowohl peri- als auch postoperativ komplikationsarme Operation darstellt. Das operative Ergebnis ist nach 3 Monaten insgesamt als sehr gut einzustufen. Wenn es zu einem Rezidiv kommt, findet sich dieser am häufigsten im vorderen Kompartiment. Ein Unterschied zwischen der Scheidenstumpffixation nach Amreich-Richter und der Kuldoplastie nach McCall ließ sich bei sehr guten operativen Erfolgen und wenig Rezidiven im mittleren Kompartiment nicht feststellen. Auch die Anzahl der Revisionen, sowohl aufgrund eines Rezidivs als auch einer postoperativen Inkontinenz, ist gering. An Risikofaktoren zur Entwicklung eines primären Deszensus zeigte sich für das vordere Kompartiment das steigende Alter, für das hintere Kompartiment die Parität. Ein Einfluss des BMI konnte sowohl in der prä-, als auch in der postoperativen Situation nicht gezeigt werden. Postoperativ zeigte sich insgesamt bei 21,1% der Patientinnen eine Belastungsinkontinenz, bei 12,7% de novo. Jedoch ließen sich nur 3,5% erneut operieren und ein suburethrales Band einsetzen. Der imperative Harndrang, sowohl mit als auch ohne Inkontinenzepisoden, zeigte drei Monate postoperativ insgesamt eine deutliche Verbesserung, was auch im Fragebogen bestätigt werden konnte. Zudem konnte im Fragebogen ein positiver Einfluss der Operation auf das Füllverhalten und die Blasenentleerung nachgewiesen werden. Des Weiteren zeigte sich anamnestisch eine postoperativ verbesserte Stuhlentleerung. DISKUSSION Zusammenfassend konnte in dieser Arbeit gezeigt werden, dass die vaginale Hysterektomie mit Kolporrhaphien und Fixation des Scheidenabschlusses eine Therapieoption mit insgesamt sehr geringem perioperativem und geringem postoperativem Risiko sowie niedriger Revisionsrate darstellt. Es konnte des Weiteren gezeigt werden, dass die untersuchte Operationsmethode zu einem guten postoperativen Ergebnis und signifikanter Verbesserung der urologischen Symptomatik vor allem im Bereich des imperativen Harndrangs und der Dranginkontinenz führt. Sie stellt damit eine sehr gute und risikoarme Therapie für den primären vaginalen Deszensus dar

    Lysosomal dysfunction and microglial hyperactivation in models of progranulin deficiency

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    In my thesis I focused on the pivotal role of microglia in neurodegenerative disease, their different activation stages upon progranulin (PGRN) or triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) deficiency and the connection between lysosomal deficiency and microglial hyperactivation. Microglia majorly contribute to the progression and pathology of neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer`s disease (AD) and frontotemporal lobal degeneration (FTLD) and additionally recent advances of genome wide association studies (GWAS) have identified genetic association, as rare variants of genes that are predominantly expressed by microglia increase the risk of developing neurodegenerative disease. Among these risk genes are progranulin (GRN) and the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2). While the heterozygous loss of PGRN leads to FTLD, the complete loss of PGRN results in the lysosomal storage disease neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, indicating a major role of PGRN in lysosomal protein degradation in the brain. Our laboratory has previously shown, that progranulin knockout mice (Grn-/-) and GRN-associated FTLD patients exhibit increased levels of the lysosomal protein cathepsin (Cat) D, however the exact role of PGRN in lysosomal protein degradation remained unclear. In a collaborative effort with Julia K. Götzl, Alessio-Vittorio Colombo and Kathrin Fellerer, I therefore analyzed microglia and other brain cells regarding changes in expression, maturation and enzymatic activity of lysosomal proteins like Cat D, B and L. We found a striking age-depended increase of lysosomal proteases associated with increased enzymatic activity. Interestingly, we demonstrated that microglia show early lysosomal deficits, even before enhanced Cat transcription levels were observed. Our laboratory has previously shown, that PGRN loss of function (LOF) leads to hyperactivated microglia that exhibit increased phagocytosis, proliferation and migration. The opposite microglial phenotype is found in TREM2 LOF models, where microglia appear to be locked in a homeostatic state, unable to react to pathological insults. In addition to the lysosomal dysfunction discussed above, PGRN LOF microglia also increase TREM2 expression. To test the hypothesis that hyperactivation of microglia in PGRN LOF is TREM2-dependent and that microglia can reversibly switch between activation stages, I used genetic and pharmacological TREM2 antagonistic approaches to prevent the transition of homeostatic microglia to a disease-associated microglia (DAM) state. To further investigate the microglial contribution to disease pathology in PGRN LOF models, I generated Grn x Trem2 double knockout mice to analyze the expression of DAM genes, lysosomal dysfunction, glucose uptake, lipid metabolism and microglia morphology and activation status. Here, I found that ablating TREM2 in PGRN LOF mice reduces the expression of DAM genes, suggesting that suppression of TREM2 can lower microglia hyperactivation and is likely to be upstream PGRN-mediated microglial transcriptional changes. To further explore whether pharmacological modulation of TREM2 has beneficial functions on microglia states, I used antibodies antagonistic for TREM2, developed at Denali Therapeutics, to treat macrophages isolated from GRN-FTLD patients. Treatment of the cells with these antibodies resulted in reduced TREM2 signaling, due to its enhanced shedding. To confirm these findings, I collaborated with Sophie Robinson, who generated PGRN-deficient microglia derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). Treatment of these cells with antagonistic TREM2 antibodies resulted in reduced microglia hyperactivation, TREM2 signaling and phagocytic activity. However, we did not observe any effects on lysosomal dysfunction in PGRN deficient iPSC after antibody treatment. In line with this, Grn x Trem2 double knockout mice not only failed to rescue effects on lysosomal dysfunction, lipid metabolism and microglia morphology, but also further increased synaptic loss and neurofilament light-chain (Nfl) levels, a marker of neuronal damage in the brain. My results suggest that with PGRN deficiency, lysosomal dysfunction is upstream to the microglia hyperactivation. In addition, these findings imply a protective role of TREM2-dependent chronic activation of microglia and show the dynamic nature of microglia kinetics and their ability to reversibly switch between activation stages

    Das System Reformkleid

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    Digitale Hochschulschriften der LMU
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