Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

Digitale Hochschulschriften der LMU
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    22455 research outputs found

    How Afghan refugee women in Germany navigate reproductive health

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    Grundlagen für einen Entscheidungsleitfaden zwischen Therapie, Haltung oder Euthanasie wildlebender Greifvögel

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    Social interactions: intra- and inter-specific competition between blue and great tits

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    Among-individual differences in behaviour are ubiquitous, yet only over the past two decades has research focused on understanding how and why among-individual differences are generated and maintained. Conceptual models from an adaptive perspective predict that among-individual differences in internal and external state lead to individual differences in behaviour, and correlations between behaviour and other phenotypic traits. Recent conceptual models imply that fluctuations in population density could promote the maintenance of variation in life-history strategies, behaviour (“animal personality”), and other correlated traits. This thesis focused on testing three predictions stemming from the theory explaining animal personality variation as an adaptation to variation in competitive regimes. First, I tested whether patterns of integration of morphological, physiological, and behavioural traits predicted by eco-evolutionary theory were, as expected, generally supported within two bird species (blue tits Cyanistes caeruleus vs. great tits Parus major), or whether these patterns differed between study populations (Forstenrieder Park vs. Starnberg), and/or between sexes (males vs. females). I further experimentally manipulated the availability of nest boxes suited for blue and great tit breeders to modify the realized breeding density of both species to test other components of the theory. Specifically, I tested for effects of con- and heterospecific competition on life-history decisions of blue and great tits. Finally, I tested whether manipulated breeding densities affected how the two species socially interacted, by studying how both species in each treatment group modified their aggressive behaviour toward con- and heterospecific intruders. I found that there was general and consistent support for the integration between morphology and physiology at different biological levels. However, unexpected discrepancies were observed in the integration of morphology and behaviour, as well as physiology and behaviour. This suggests that species, populations, and sexes respond differently to environmental conditions, and thus exhibit different patterns of phenotypic integration. Additionally, while the nest box manipulation effectively altered the realized breeding densities of blue and great tits, the reproductive traits that I examined were largely unaffected. Finally, blue and great tit males adjusted their aggressive response based on whether they were confronted by a con- vs. a heterospecific intruder but changes in the realized breeding density did not affect aggressiveness. In conclusion, my thesis implies that changes in the social environmental state might impose species-specific costs and benefits of displaying a behavioural response, resulting in different patterns of phenotypic integration observed at different biological levels. Thus, predictions from life-history theory regarding the integration of life-history and behaviour in response to competition may need to incorporate relevant environmental and ecological effects, particularly in the context of intra- and interspecific interactions, to better our understanding of phenotypic integration and the evolution of life-history in the wild

    The role of T-cell exhaustion for cancer immunotherapy

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    Die Rolle des Immunglobulin A - Paraproteins in der Entstehung der venösen Thrombose im Mausmodell des Multiplen Myeloms

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    Das hohe Aufkommen venöser Thrombosen stellt bei Patienten mit Multiplem Myelom ein bedeutendes Risiko dar und geht mit einer erhöhten Sterblichkeit einher. Die zugrundeliegenden pathologischen Vorgänge der Thrombusentstehung sind bis heute jedoch weitgehend unbekannt. Die vorliegende Arbeit hat daher das Ziel, die Mechanismen der Thrombose beim Multiplen Myelom zu untersuchen. Mithilfe eines IgA-Paraprotein produzierenden Tiermodells konnte in BALB/c-Mäusen ein Zustand abgebildet werden, der einige Gemeinsamkeiten mit der humanen Myelom- Erkrankung aufweist: Die zuvor injizierten Myelomzellen (MOPC315.BM und MOPC315.36) wurden sowohl in der Milz als auch in den Knochenstrukturen des Femurs und der Wirbelsäule nachgewiesen. Die IgA-Paraprotein Konzentration erwies sich als zuverlässiger Parameter zur Beurteilung des Erkrankungsfortschritts und damit der Tumorlast. Der Vorgang der extramedullären Hämatopoese manifestierte sich in einem auffälligen Wachstum der Milz, gepaart mit hohen Werten an IgA-Paraprotein in der Positivgruppe (BALB/c + MOPC315.BM). Im Blut der betroffenen Tiere konnten Anzeichen von Anämie sowie abnorme Lymphozyten- und Monozytenzahlen festgestellt werden. Im Rahmen von in-vitro Experimenten konnte eine erhöhte Aktivierung von neutrophilen Granulozyten durch IgA-Paraprotein-haltige Zellkulturüberstände nachgewiesen werden, was sich durch vermehrte Ausbildung extrazellulärer Fallen (NETs) zeigte. Um den potentiell prothrombotischen Einfluss des monoklonalen Proteins zu untersuchen, wurden IgA-Paraprotein-sezernierende BALB/c- Mäuse (injiziert mit MOPC315.BM) und nicht-sezernierende BALB/c-Mäusen (injiziert mit MOPC315.36) nach Stenosierung der Vena cava inferior auf die Entstehung venöser Thromben überprüft. Da sich zwischen beiden Gruppen keine signifikanten Unterschiede bezüglich der Thromboseinzidenz und des Thrombusgewichts ergaben, konnte in diesem Modell kein prothrombotischer Einfluss von IgA-Paraprotein nachgewiesen werden. Auch in Zukunft wird sich die medizinische Forschung somit mit der Frage beschäftigen müssen, welche Mechanismen der Thrombose beim Multiplen Myelom zugrunde liegen. Ziel sollte es hierbei sein, einen Ansatz zur Thrombosebehandlung unter Umgehung einer überschießenden Gerinnungshemmung zu entwickeln und gleichzeitig eine Verschlechterung der Grunderkrankung zu vermeiden.The high incidence of venous thrombosis in patients with multiple myeloma is associated with high risk and increased mortality. The underlying mechanisms that facilitate the increased incidence in thrombosis in myeloma patients have not yet been fully understood. Therefore, this thesis aims to investigate the mechanisms of thrombosis in multiple myeloma. By employing an IgA paraprotein-producing multiple myeloma-mouse model we were able to describe a malignant condition resembling human myeloma in BALB/c mice: The injected myeloma cells (MOPC315.BM and MOPC315.36) were detected both in spleen and in bone structures of femur and spine. The IgA paraprotein concentration proved to be a reliable parameter for disease progression and tumor load in mice. Massive splenomegaly accompanied with high levels of IgA paraprotein was observed as a result of extramedullary hematopoiesis. Signs of anemia as well as abnormal lymphocyte and monocyte counts were detected in the blood of affected mice. Activation of neutrophils after incubation with IgA paraprotein-containing supernatant was shown by increased NET-formation (neutrophil extracellular traps). In order to investigate its potential prothrombotic effect, IgA paraprotein- secreting BALB/c mice (injected with MOPC315.BM) and non-secreting BALB/c mice (injected with MOPC315.36) were both studied in a vena cava stenosis model. Despite the mouse model has successfully been established, the mice in both groups showed to have no significant difference regarding incidence of thrombosis and thrombus weight. Therefore, in our model IgA paraprotein alone was not effective to increase thrombus formation. In summary, the underlying mechanisms of increased venous thrombosis in multiple myeloma still need to be further investigated. The aim is to develop an approach for the treatment of thrombosis by circumventing excessive inhibition of the coagulation system. In any case, deterioration of the underlying disease should be avoided during thrombosis treatment

    Challenges in machine learning for predicting psychological attributes from smartphone data

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    Predicting psychological attributes using psychometric approaches is a complex task that involves estimating latent constructs that cannot be directly measured. Psychometrics focuses on the measurement and assessment of psychological attributes, such as personality traits, behavioral patterns, or psychological disorders. Traditionally, personality assessment relied on self-report questionnaires, but advancements in technology have opened up new possibilities for assessment, particularly through the analysis of digital footprints. Smartphone sensor data has become particularly valuable in this context. By analyzing data related to movement, conversation patterns, activities, and interests, it is possible to gather insights that can contribute to predicting psychological attributes. Machine learning techniques are commonly employed to develop predictive models in this field. However, it is essential to ensure that the predictions are meaningful, accepted, and interpretable to gain trust from users. Interpreting machine learning models is crucial in the context of psychometric prediction. Interpreting the models helps identify biases, understand their operations, and determine the variables they rely on. This process enhances the accuracy of the models, establishes trust in their predictions, and promotes fairness in the prediction process. Given the large datasets involved in using smartphone sensor data, the issue of multicollinearity arises, making it challenging to identify which features are truly essential for predicting psychological attributes. To address this challenge, this thesis focuses on grouping similar features and quantifying their importance, aiming to reduce data complexity and highlight the most relevant factors. Additionally, visualizing the impact of these feature groups can provide a deeper understanding in the behavior of the predictive models.Psychometrie bezieht sich auf die Messung psychologischer Merkmale wie Persönlichkeitsmerkmale, Verhaltensmuster oder psychischer Störungen. Üblicherweise werden hierfür Selbstauskunftsfragebögen verwendet, da psychologische Merkmale oft nicht direkt messbar sind. Dank technologischer Fortschritte eröffnen sich jedoch moderne Möglichkeiten, psychologische Merkmale vorherzusagen, insbesondere durch die Analyse digitaler Fußspuren. Besonders relevant sind in diesem Zusammenhang Smartphone-Sensordaten. Durch die Auswertung von Daten zu Bewegungsmustern, Gesprächsverhalten, Aktivitäten und Interessen können Erkenntnisse gewonnen werden, die zur Vorhersage psychologischer Merkmale beitragen können. Hierbei kommen häufig maschinelle Lernverfahren zum Einsatz. Dabei ist es wichtig sicherzustellen, dass die Vorhersagen sinnvoll, akzeptiert und interpretierbar sind. Die Interpretation maschineller Lernverfahren spielt bei der Vorhersage psychologischer Merkmale eine entscheidende Rolle. Sie hilft dabei, die Funktionsweise der Modelle zu verstehen und wichtige Variablen zu identifizieren. Bei der Verwendung von Smartphone-Daten entstehen große Datensätze, was das Problem der Multikollinearität mit sich bringt. Dies erschwert die Bestimmung, welche Merkmale tatsächlich relevant sind, um psychologische Merkmale vorherzusagen. Um dieser Herausforderung zu begegnen, konzentriert sich diese Arbeit darauf, ähnliche Merkmale zu gruppieren und ihre Bedeutung zu quantifizieren. Dadurch kann die Komplexität der Daten reduziert und die relevantesten Faktoren hervorgehoben werden. Darüber hinaus kann die Visualisierung der Effekte dieser Merkmalsgruppen ein besseres Verständnis für das Verhalten der Vorhersagemodelle liefern

    New statistical approaches for modelling chronic disease dynamics

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    Die Entwicklung der modernen Zahnmedizin in Bayern unter Miteinfluss der Bayerischen Landeszahnärztekammer von 1990 bis 2020

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    Activity-dependent modulation of human balance and gaze control

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    Digitale Hochschulschriften der LMU
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