Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

Digitale Hochschulschriften der LMU
Not a member yet
    22455 research outputs found

    The serine/threonine kinase thousand and one amino acid kinase 2 (TAOK2) regulates hippo/YAP signaling and synaptic activity

    Get PDF
    Psychiatric disorders are genetically complex and stress-associated disorders with great impact on society. Their manifestation occurs during early adulthood in genetically predisposed individuals who are exposed to adverse environmental factors. Genetic mutations that are present in patients suffering from mental disorders are believed to cause subtle changes in the activity of key signaling pathways. In turn, these changes in pathway activity manifest as clinical symptoms. Therefore, psychiatric disorders are also viewed as pathway diseases, leading to pathogenic changes in synaptic transmission, neural plasticity, and the manifestation of disease symptoms. Signaling molecules are activated or deactivated through phosphorylation or dephosphorylation and mediate pro- respectively anti-apoptotic processes regulating neural maturation and formation of functional synapses. A well investigated cellular stress pathway is the Hippo signaling pathway which modulates fundamental homeostatic cellular events such as the maintenance of cellular polarity and actin cytoskeleton dynamics. It is mainly known as a tumor suppressor pathway, mediating both tumor suppressor and proto-oncogenic functions. Previous research works have shown interactions between the Hippo signaling network and other pathways associated to neuropsychiatric and oncologic diseases. The serine/threonine kinase Thousand and One Amino Acid Protein Kinase 2 (TAOK2) belongs, as well as TAOK1 and TAOK3, to the TAOK family, a MAP-Kinase-KinaseKinase family (MAP3K) and was classified as a schizophrenia risk gene based on data from the 2014 large-scale genome-wide association study (GWAS). Previous studies showed an activation of the Hippo Pathway by TAOK1 and TAOK3, but not by TAOK2. This thesis investigates the regulatory mechanism of TAOK2 from a molecular and cell biological perspective in heterologous cells (e.g. HEK293) und primary neurons. Further, TAOK2-mediated protein interactions previously identified in a focused protein protein interaction screening of Hippo modulators were biochemically validated in HEK293 cells. In the process, a strong interaction between TAOK2 and large tumor suppressor kinase 1 (LATS1) was identified. Overexpression of TAOK2 led to increased phosphorylation of LATS1 and Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1). Also, protein levels of several Hippo pathway components were investigated at different lysis timepoints, under serum stimulation respectively deprivation conditions as well as under 2-Deoxy-D-glucose-induced cellular stress. In primary neurons, the influence of TAOK2 on synaptic activity was assessed by using a multiparametric assay (pathwayProfiler, Systasy Bioscience GmbH) which was then validated by an E-SARE assay, an assay to monitor synaptic activity signaling. The results showed a strong increase in synaptic activity in TAOK2 depleted cells, indicated by the enhanced activity of several sensors involved in MAPK/ERK1/2 signaling pathways, which are associated with neural activity and cellular stress.Psychiatrische Erkrankungen sind genetisch komplexe und stress-assoziierte Erkrankungen mit erheblichen gesellschaftlichen Auswirkungen, die bei genetischer Prädisposition durch Umweltfaktoren begünstigt werden und sich oft bereits im jungen Erwachsenenalter manifestieren. Es wird angenommen, dass psychisch beeinträchtigte Menschen genetische Mutationen aufweisen, die subtile Veränderungen in der Aktivität von Schlüsselsignalwegen verursachen. Im Gegenzug manifestieren sich diese Aktivitätsveränderungen der Signalwege durch klinische Symptome. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden psychiatrische Erkrankungen daher auch als Störungen von Signalwegen angesehen. Auf neurobiologischer Ebene wird über die Integration von Stresssignalen eine Vielzahl von zellulären Signalkaskaden aktiviert, die zu krankheitsfördernden Veränderungen der neuronalen Plastizität und der synaptischen Übertragungsprozesse führen. Über die geregelte Aktivierung und Inaktivierung von Signalmolekülen, z.B. durch Phosphorylierung von Kinasen, können in Zellen unterschiedlichste Prozesse, wie die Differenzierung oder Proliferation von Zellen, vermittelt werden. Dadurch wird u.a. die neuronale Reifung und Ausbildung funktionaler Synapsen reguliert. Zu den Stress-assoziierten Signalwegen gehört auch der Hippo-Signalweg, der neben homöostatischen Zellstoffwechselprozessen das Aufrechterhalten zellulärer Polarität und die Dynamik des AktinZytoskeletts kontrolliert. Der Hippo-Signalweg ist hauptsächlich als TumorsuppressorWeg bekannt, dessen Effektoren jedoch sowohl tumorsupprimierende als auch protoonkogene Funktionen vermitteln. Es wurde bisher gezeigt, dass der Hippo-Signalweg mit zahlreichen anderen Signalwegen interagiert, die mit verschiedenen neuropsychiatrischen und onkologischen Erkrankungen assoziiert wurden. Die Serin/Threonin-Kinase Thousand And One Amino Acid Protein Kinase 2 (TAOK2) gehört neben TAOK1 und TAOK3 zur Familie der MAP-Kinase-Kinase-Kinasen (MAP3K) und wurde 2014 anhand von Daten aus der größten genomweiten Assoziationsstudie (genome-wide association study, GWAS) als Schizophrenie-Risikogen klassifiziert. Nachdem in bisherigen Studien eine Aktivierung des Hippo-Signalweges durch TAOK1 und TAOK3, jedoch nicht durch TAOK2 gezeigt wurde, liegt der Fokus dieser Arbeit auf den Regulationsmechanismus von TAOK2 in HEK293-Zellen und primären Neuronen. Des Weiteren werden TAOK2-vermittelte Protein-Interaktionen, die vor dieser Arbeit in einem fokussierten Protein-Protein-Interaktionsscreen von potenziellen Modulatoren des Hippo-Signalweges identifiziert wurden, mittels biochemischer Methoden in HEK293 Zellen validiert. Dabei ist eine starke Interaktion zwischen TAOK2 und large tumor suppressor kinase 1 (LATS1) zu beobachten. In Zellen mit überexprimiertem TAOK2 wird eine verstärkte Phosphorylierung von LATS1 und Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) gezeigt. Ebenso werden Proteinmengen verschiedener Mitglieder des Hippo Signalwegs zu unterschiedlichen Lysis-Zeitpunkten, unter nährstoffreichen bzw. nährstoffarmen Serumkonditionen sowie unter Stressinduktion durch Zugabe von 2-DeoxyD-glucose untersucht. In primären Neuronen wurde der Einfluss von TAOK2 auf die synaptische Aktivität mittels eines multiparametrischen Screenings (pathwayProfiler, Systasy Bioscience GmbH) untersucht und durch den E-SARE-Assay, einem Assay zur Bestimmung der synaptischen Aktivität, validiert. Neuronen mit TAOK2-knockdown weisen eine vermehrte Aktivität von synaptischen Sensoren auf, die mit dem MAPK/ERK1/2 Signalweg in Zusammenhang stehen und an der Regulation von neuronaler Aktivität und zellulärem Stress beteiligt sind

    Die Behandlung des equinen Sommerekzems mit rekombinanten Allergenen

    Get PDF

    Avian sleep

    Get PDF
    Sleep is not a uniform brain state but undergoes developmental changes and local variations. This thesis explores both aspects in zebra finches using multi-channel EEG and LFP recordings. First, we show that sleep patterns change with age: juveniles spend more time in intermediate sleep (IS), especially males engaged in vocal learning, while adults exhibit more SWS and REM sleep. Functional connectivity matures over time, with adults showing fewer but stronger EEG networks. Second, we demonstrate that sleep stages are not synchronized across the avian pallium. Unlike prior studies linking local sleep to prior wake activity, our findings reveal spontaneous regional differences, with deeper brain areas playing a key role in synchrony. These results highlight sleep’s complexity in birds and challenge the traditional view of sleep as a global state

    Therapeutische Wirkungen und Nebenwirkungen der Strahlentherapie niedrig-maligner Non-Hodgkin Lymphome der Orbita

    Get PDF

    Tensor network impurity solvers

    Get PDF
    Transition metal oxides (TMOs) and other quantum materials recently attracted immense interest due to their plethora of functional properties. These properties are often the result of strong electronic correlation effects at low temperatures, rendering their theoretical description challenging. The current state-of-the-art method for the simulation of such materials is dynamical mean field theory (DMFT), which provides an exact description of the kinetic part of the system while approximating the Coulomb interaction as local. In this thesis, we present advances in tensor network based impurity solvers, which we use to simulate intricate TMOs at low temperatures within the DMFT approximation. We discuss both methodological and conceptual developments that result in significant improvements in runtime and accuracy. We introduce a tree tensor network structure, the MT3N, specifically tailored to optimally represent the intricate correlation structure of multi\hyp orbital impurity models. A significant advantage of tensor network based impurity solvers is their ability to compute Green's functions both on the Matsubara axis and directly on the real frequency axis. We developed a new analytic continuation algorithm, MinKL, that allows us to combine those Green's functions to significantly stabilize the procedure and improve its accuracy compared to prevalent algorithms. Additionally, we introduce a novel concept of time evolution by evolving systems along complex time contours. By shifting time evolution away from the real time axis, we significantly curtail entanglement growth, enabling substantial improvements in accuracy and efficiency. We present several complex time contours along with multiple post\hyp processing methods that analytically continue our results back to the real frequency axis. These advancements enable us to resolve the Fermi liquid behavior of a multi-orbital system down to ~0.002 eV. Finally, we use these developments in the study of the transition metal oxide LiV2_2O4_4. This material has captivated researchers due to its heavy quasiparticle mass at low temperatures, a rare occurrence outside f\hyp orbital materials. Our algorithmic advancements allow us to propose a new theory describing this compound's emerging heavy fermion regime

    The molecular basis of motion detection in Drosophila Melanogaster

    Get PDF

    Suitability of digitally recorded data for automatic lameness detection on dairy farms

    Get PDF

    Role of hemostasis for immune cell trafficking into malignant tumors

    Get PDF

    Investigating pericytes heterogeneity in glioblastoma vasculature

    Get PDF

    22,444

    full texts

    22,455

    metadata records
    Updated in last 30 days.
    Digitale Hochschulschriften der LMU
    Access Repository Dashboard
    Do you manage Open Research Online? Become a CORE Member to access insider analytics, issue reports and manage access to outputs from your repository in the CORE Repository Dashboard! 👇