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Trends in cardiometabolic risk factors in the Americas between 1980 and 2014: a pooled analysis of population-based surveys
No full textMaria Fernanda Furtado de Lima e Costa - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto René Rachou. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil. Documento produzido em parceria ou por autor vinculado à Fiocruz, mas não consta a informação no documento.Sérgio Viana Peixoto - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto René Rachou. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil. Documento produzido em parceria ou por autor vinculado à Fiocruz, mas não conta a informação no documento.NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)—America Working Group
*Members contributed equally. - J. Jaime Miranda (Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Peru); Rodrigo M. Carrillo-Larco (Imperial College London, London, UK); Catterina Ferreccio (Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile); Ian R. Hambleton (The University of the West Indies, Barbados); Paulo A. Lotufo (University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil); Ramfis Nieto-Martínez (Miami Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, USA); Bin Zhou (Imperial College London, London, UK); James Bentham (University of Kent, UK); Honor Bixby (Imperial College London, London, UK); Kaveh Hajifathalian (Cleveland Clinic, USA); Yuan Lu (Yale University, USA); Cristina Taddei (Imperial College London, London, UK); Leandra Abarca-Gómez (Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, Costa Rica)*; Benjamin Acosta-Cazares (Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico)*; Carlos A. Aguilar-Salinas (Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Mexico)*; Dolores S. Andrade (Universidad de Cuenca, Ecuador)*; Maria Cecília F. Assunção (Federal University of Pelotas, Brazil)*; Alberto Barceló (Pan American Health Organization, USA)*; Aluisio J. D. Barros (Federal University of Pelotas, Brazil)*; Mauro V. G. Barros (University of Pernambuco, Brazil)*; Iqbal Bata (Dalhousie University, Canada)*; Rosangela L. Batista (Federal University of Maranhao, Brazil)*; Mikhail Benet (CAFAM University Foundation, Colombia)*; Antonio Bernabe-Ortiz (Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Peru)*; Heloisa Bettiol (University of São Paulo, Brazil)*; Jose G. Boggia (Universidad de la República, Uruguay)*; Carlos P. Boissonnet (Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas, Argentina)*; Lizzy M. Brewster (University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands)*; Christine Cameron (Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute, Canada)*; Ana Paula C. Cândido (Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Brazil)*; Viviane C. Cardoso (University of São Paulo, Brazil)*; Queenie Chan (Imperial College London, London, UK)*; Diego G. Christofaro (Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brazil)*; Susana C. Confortin (Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brazil)*; Cora L. Craig (Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute, Canada)*; Eleonora d’Orsi (Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brazil)*; Hélène Delisle (University of Montreal, Canada)*; Paula Duarte de Oliveira (Federal University of Pelotas, Brazil)*; Juvenal Soares Dias-da-Costa (Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, Brazil)*; Alejandro Diaz (National Council of Scientific and Technical Research, Argentina)*; Silvana P. Donoso (Universidad de Cuenca, Ecuador)*; Paul Elliott (Imperial College London, London, UK)*; Jorge Escobedo-de la Peña (Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico)*; Trevor S. Ferguson (The University of the West Indies, Jamaica)*; Romulo A. Fernandes (Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brazil)*; Daniel Ferrante (Ministry of Health, Argentina)*; Eric Monterubio Flores (Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Mexico)*; Damian K. Francis (The University of the West Indies, Jamaica)*; Maria do Carmo Franco (Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil)*; Flavio D. Fuchs (Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil)*; Sandra C. Fuchs (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil)*; David Goltzman (McGill University, Canada)*; Helen Gonçalves (Federal University of Pelotas, Brazil)*; Juan P. González-Rivas (The Andes Clinic of Cardio-Metabolic Studies, Venezuela)*; Mariano Bonet Gorbea (National Institute of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Microbiology, Cuba)*; Ronald D. Gregor (Dalhousie University, Canada)*; Ramiro Guerrero (Universidad Icesi, Colombia)*; Andre L. Guimaraes (State University of Montes Claros, Brazil)*; Martin C. Gulliford (King’s College London, London, UK)*; Laura Gutierrez (Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy, Argentina)*; Leticia Hernandez Cadena (National Institute of Public Health, Mexico)*; Victor M. Herrera (Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Colombia)*; Wilma M. Hopman (Kingston General Hospital, Canada)*; Andrea R. V. R. Horimoto (Heart Institute, Brazil)*; Claudia M. Hormiga (Fundación Oftalmológica de Santander, Colombia)*; Bernardo L. Horta (Federal University of Pelotas, Brazil)*; Christina Howitt (The University of the West Indies, Barbados)*; Vilma E. Irazola (Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy, Argentina)*; Santa Magaly Jiménez-Acosta (National Institute of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Microbiology, Cuba)*; Michel Joffres (Simon Fraser University, Canada)*; Patrick Kolsteren (Institute of Tropical Medicine, Belgium)*; Orlando Landrove (Ministerio de Salud Pública, Cuba)*; Yanping Li (Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, USA)*; Christa L. Lilly (West Virginia University, USA)*; M. Fernanda Lima-Costa (Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Rene Rachou Research Institute, Brazil)*; Maria Wany Louzada Strufaldi (Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil)*; George L. L. Machado-Coelho (Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Brazil)*; Marcia Makdisse (Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Brazil)*; Paula Margozzini (Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile)*; Larissa Pruner Marques (Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brazil)*; Reynaldo Martorell (Emory University, USA)*; Luis Mascarenhas (Western Paraná State University, Brazil), Alicia Matijasevich (University of São Paulo, Brazil)*; Anselmo J. McDonald Posso (Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama)*; Shelly R. McFarlane (The University of the West Indies, Jamaica)*; Scott B. McLean (Statistics Canada, Canada)*; Ana Maria B. Menezes (Federal University of Pelotas, Brazil)*; Juan Francisco Miquel (Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile)*; Salim Mohanna (Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Peru)*; Eric A. Monterrubio (Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Mexico)*; Leila B. Moreira (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil)*; Alain Morejon (University Medical Science, Cuba)*; Jorge Motta (Gorgas Memorial Institute of Public Health, Panama)*; William A. Neal (West Virginia University, USA)*; Flavio Nervi (Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile)*; Oscar A. Noboa (Universidad de la República, Uruguay)*; Angélica M. Ochoa-Avilés (Universidad de Cuenca, Ecuador)*; Maria Teresa Anselmo Olinto (University of Vale do Rio dos Sinos, Brazil)*; Isabel O. Oliveira (Federal University of Pelotas, Brazil)*; Lariane M. Ono (Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brazil)*; Pedro Ordunez (Pan American Health Organization, USA)*; Ana P. Ortiz (University of Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico)*; Johanna A. Otero (Fundación Oftalmológica de Santander, Colombia)*; Alberto Palloni (University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA)*; Sergio Viana Peixoto (Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Rene Rachou Research Institute, Brazil)*; Alexandre C. Pereira (Heart Institute, Brazil)*; Cynthia M. Pérez (University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, Puerto Rico)*; Daniel A. Rangel Reina (Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama)*; Robespierre Ribeiro (Minas Gerais State Secretariat for Health, Brazil)*; Raphael M. Ritti-Dias (Universidade Nove de Julho, Brazil)*; Juan A. Rivera (Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Mexico)*; Cynthia Robitaille (Public Health Agency of Canada, Canada)*; Laura A. Rodríguez-Villamizar (Universidad Industrial de Santander, Colombia)*; Rosalba Rojas-Martinez (Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Mexico)*; Joel G. R. Roy (Statistics Canada, Canada)*; Adolfo Rubinstein (Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy, Argentina)*; Blanca Sandra Ruiz-Betancourt (Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico)*; Eduardo Salazar Martinez (National Institute of Public Health, Mexico)*; Jose Sánchez-Abanto (National Institute of Health, Peru)*; Ina S. Santos (Federal University of Pelotas, Brazil)*; Renata Nunes dos Santos (University of Sao Paulo Clinics Hospital, Brazil)*; Marcia Scazufca (University of Sao Paulo Clinics Hospital, Brazil)*; Herman Schargrodsky (Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Argentina)*; Antonio M. Silva (Federal University of Maranhao, Brazil)*; Diego Augusto Santos Silva (Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil)*; Aryeh D. Stein (Emory University, USA)*; Ramón Suárez-Medina (National Institute of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Microbiology, Cuba)*; Carolina B. Tarqui-Mamani (National Institute of Health, Peru)*; Marshall K. Tulloch-Reid (The University of the West Indies, Jamaica)*; Peter Ueda (Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, USA)*; Eunice E. Ugel (Universidad Centro-Occidental Lisandro Alvarado, Venezuela)*; Gonzalo Valdivia (Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile)*; Patricia Varona (Epidemiology and Microbiology Institute, Cuba)*: Gustavo Velasquez-Melendez (Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil)*; Roosmarijn Verstraeten (Institute of Tropical Medicine, Belgium)*; Cesar G. Victora (Federal University of Pelotas, Brazil)*; Rildo S. Wanderley Jr. (University of Pernambuco, Brazil)*; Ming-Dong Wang (Public Health Agency of Canada, Canada)*; Rainford J. Wilks (The University of the West Indies, Jamaica)*; Roy A. Wong-McClure (Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, Costa Rica)*; Novie O. Younger-Coleman (The University of the West Indies, Jamaica)*; Julio Zuñiga Cisneros (Gorgas Memorial Institute of Public Health, Panama)*; Goodarz Danaei (Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, USA); Gretchen A. Stevens (World Health Organization, Switzerland); Leanne M. Riley (World Health Organization, Switzerland); Majid Ezzati (Imperial College London, London, UK); Mariachiara Di Cesare (Middlesex University, UK).Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research (HQHSR1206660)Fogarty International Center (R21TW009982, D71TW010877)Grand Challenges Canada (0335-04)Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research (IAI CRN3036)National Cancer Institute (1P20CA217231)National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HHSN268200900033C, 5U01HL114180, 1UM1HL134590)National Institute of Mental Health (1U19MH098780)Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (40P740-160366)World Diabetes Foundation (WDF15-1224)Bernard Lown Scholars in Cardiovascular Health Program at Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health (BLSCHP-1902)Newton-Paulet Fund (223-2018, 224-2018)DFID/MRC/Wellcome Global Health Trials (MR/M007405/1)International Development Research Center Canada (IDRC 106887, 108167)Medical Research Council (MR/P008984/1, MR/P024408/1, MR/P02386X/1)Wellcome (074833/Z/04/Z, 093541/Z/10/Z, 107435/Z/15/Z, 103994/Z/14/Z, 205177/Z/16/Z, 214185/Z/18/Z)BACKGROUND: Describing the prevalence and trends of cardiometabolic risk factors that are associated with noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) is crucial for monitoring progress, planning prevention, and providing evidence to support policy efforts. We aimed to analyse the transition in body-mass index (BMI), obesity, blood pressure, raised blood pressure, and diabetes in the Americas, between 1980 and 2014. METHODS: We did a pooled analysis of population-based studies with data on anthropometric measurements, biomarkers for diabetes, and blood pressure from adults aged 18 years or older. A Bayesian model was used to estimate trends in BMI, raised blood pressure (systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg), and diabetes (fasting plasma glucose ≥7·0 mmol/L, history of diabetes, or diabetes treatment) from 1980 to 2014, in 37 countries and six subregions of the Americas. FINDINGS: 389 population-based surveys from the Americas were available. Comparing prevalence estimates from 2014 with those of 1980, in the non-English speaking Caribbean subregion, the prevalence of obesity increased from 3·9% (95% CI 2·2–6·3) in 1980, to 18·6% (14·3–23·3) in 2014, in men; and from 12·2% (8·2–17·0) in 1980, to 30·5% (25·7–35·5) in 2014, in women. The English-speaking Caribbean subregion had the largest increase in the prevalence of diabetes, from 5·2% (2·1–10·4) in men and 6·4% (2·6–10·4) in women in 1980, to 11·1% (6·4–17·3) in men and 13·6% (8·2–21·0) in women in 2014). Conversely, the prevalence of raised blood pressure has decreased in all subregions; the largest decrease was found in North America from 27·6% (22·3–33·2) in men and 19·9% (15·8–24·4) in women in 1980, to 15·5% (11·1–20·9) in men and 10·7% (7·7–14·5) in women in 2014. INTERPRETATION: Despite the generally high prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors across the Americas, estimates also showed a high level of heterogeneity in the transition between countries. The increasing prevalence of obesity and diabetes observed over time requires appropriate measures to deal with these public health challenges. Our results support a diversification of health interventions across subregions and countries
Narrativas de uma nutricionista do núcleo ampliado da saúde da família e atenção básica (NASF-AB): entre memórias, afetos e ressignificações
No full textO Programa de Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde da família tem o objetivo de contribuir para a reorientação do modelo assistencial a partir da APS, norteados pelos princípios e diretrizes do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), bem como promover a formação de profissionais para atuarem na ESF. É promovido pela Fundação Estatal de Saúde da Família (FESF-SUS) em parceria com a Fiocruz, que tem como missão promover soluções inovadoras para o SUS
Desafios de uma enfermeira recém-formada diante da dor e do sofrimento frente às questões sociais
No full textMeus contatos mais diretos com as questões sociais ocorreram em minha adolescência. Eu fiz parte de um grupo que realizava trabalhos voluntários em um orfanato, nas Obras Sociais Irmã Dulce e no abrigo para idosos. E a escolha futura por um curso como a Enfermagem se deu justamente por me permitir aprender a cuidar das pessoas, e ter a ciência a meu favor em minhas práticas. O presente trabalho intitulado: “Desafios de uma enfermeira recém-formada diante da dor e do sofrimento frente às questões sociais” trata-se de um Trabalho de Conclusão de Residência (TCR). Para tanto serão explanadas as vivências de uma enfermeira RESIDENTE, recém-formada, que teve que lidar com questões sociais de uma comunidade do território sob sua responsabilidade e demais realidades que contribuíram na formação de uma profissional. Aprendi que dores físicas são mais fáceis de serem tratadas, porém como sanar uma dor da alma
Myelin breakdown favours Mycobacterium leprae survival in Schwann cells
No full textAcesso aberto em 26/04/2020 - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/cmi.13128Leprosy neuropathy is a chronic degenerative infectious disorder of the peripheral nerve caused by the intracellular obligate pathogen Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae). Among all nonneuronal cells that constitute the nerve, Schwann cells are remarkable in supporting M. leprae persistence intracellularly. Notably, the success of leprosy infection has been attributed to its ability in inducing the demyelination phenotype after contacting myelinated fibres. However, the exact role M. leprae plays during the ongoing process of myelin breakdown is entirely unknown. Here, we provided evidence showing an unexpected predilection of leprosy pathogen for degenerating myelin ovoids inside Schwann cells. In addition, M. leprae infection accelerated the rate of myelin breakdown and clearance leading to increased formation of lipid droplets, by modulating a set of regulatory genes involved in myelin maintenance, autophagy, and lipid storage. Remarkably, the blockage of myelin breakdown significantly reduced M. leprae content, demonstrating a new unpredictable role of myelin dismantling favouring M. leprae physiology. Collectively, our study provides novel evidence that may explain the demyelination phenotype as an evolutionarily conserved mechanism used by leprosy pathogen to persist longer in the peripheral nerve
Detection of amastigotes and histopathological alterations in the thymus of Leishmania infantum-infected dogs
No full textIntroduction: In canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL), lymphopenia, and the disorganization of lymphoid organs such as spleen and lymph nodes have been demonstrated. However, the involvement of thymus in CVL has not been evaluated so far. Herein, we investigated whether the thymus can be colonized by Leishmania infantum in naturally infected dogs. Methods: Thymus were obtained from 16 of 58 dogs and samples of this organ were submitted to immunohistochemistry for laminin and fibronectin detection, histopathology, in situ hybridization and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the gene ITS‐1 for Leishmania and sequenced. Samples of spleen, skin and popliteal lymph nodes were collected and submitted to immunohistochemistry and parasitological culture followed by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. Results: L. infantum was identified in all dogs. DNA and amastigote forms of Leishmania were detected in the thymus from 16 dogs by PCR and in eight by immunohistochemistry. Besides thymus, parasites were detected in spleen, lymph nodes, and skin. A granulomatous or pyogranulomatous thymitis was observed in eight dogs associated to intact amastigotes forms of this parasite. Fibronectin deposition in thymus was higher in dogs with more clinical signs.
Conclusions: These results demonstrate that the thymus of dogs can be parasitized by L. infantum, which may generate inflammatory reactions leading to alterations in thymic microarchitecture
Podcast Viralizados: todos que tiverem contato com o vírus vai apresentar sintomas?
No full textPodcast publicado em 27 de março de 2020 pela Fiocruz Brasília.Todos que tiverem contato com o vírus do COVID-19 vai apresentar sintomas? O que fazer? O médico epidemiologista e pesquisador Cláudio Maierovitch, da Fiocruz Brasília, responde. O Viralizados é uma produção da Fiocruz Brasília sobre temas que estão em destaque na mídia e na sociedade
Protegiendo a los trabajadores sanitarios durante la pandemia de COVID-19: escasez de respiradores y respuestas de políticas de salud en Suramérica
No full textAs a region, Latin America has been disproportionately affected by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). As of September 2020, seven of the twenty countries with the most COVID-19 deaths were in Latin America, with Brazil having the second-highest number of deaths behind the United States (Johns Hopkins University. COVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (JHU). https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html, accessed on 15/Sep/2020). Latin America has been particularly vulnerable to COVID-19 due to income inequality and underequipped public health systems. The COVID-19 pandemic has created major disruptions of the global personal protective equipment (PPE) supply chain, resulting in unprecedented shortages. Few publications have discussed PPE availability in low- and middle-income countries, particularly in Latin America. Although Latin American ministries of health, medical societies, and the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) have released PPE guidelines, we can still find reports of limited PPE for healthcare workers across the region
Feasibility of Identifying Household Contacts of Rifampin-and Multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis Cases at High Risk of Progression to Tuberculosis Disease
No full textBackground. We assessed multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) cases and their household contacts (HHCs) to inform the development of an interventional clinical trial. Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional study of adult MDR-TB cases and their HHCs in 8 countries with high TB burdens. HHCs underwent symptom screenings, chest radiographies, sputum TB bacteriologies, TB infection (TBI) testing (tuberculin skin
test [TST] and interferon gamma release assay [IGRA]), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing. Results. From October 2015 to April 2016, 1016 HHCs from 284 MDR-TB cases were enrolled. At diagnosis, 69% of MDR-TB cases were positive for acid-fast bacilli sputum smears and 43% had cavitary disease; at study entry, 35% remained smear positive fter a median MDR-TB treatment duration of 8.8 weeks. There were 9 HHCs that were diagnosed with TB prior to entry and excluded. Of the remaining 1007 HHCs, 41% were male and the median age was 25 years. There were 121 (12%) HHCs that had new cases of TB identified: 17 (2%) were confirmed, 33 (3%) probable, and 71 (7%) possible TB cases. The TBI prevalence (defined as either TST or IGRA positivity) was 72% and varied by age, test used, and country. Of 1007 HHCs, 775 (77%) were considered high-risk per these mutually exclusive groups: 102 (10%) were aged <5 years; 63 (6%) were aged ≥5 and were infected with HIV; and 610 (61%) were aged ≥5 years, were negative for HIV or had an unknown HIV status, and were TBI positive. Only 21 (2%) HHCs were on preventive therapy. Conclusions. The majority of HHCs in these high-burden countries were at high risk of TB disease and infection, yet few were receiving routine preventive therapy. Trials of novel, preventive therapies are urgently needed to inform treatment policy and practice.2050-01-0
O novo coronavírus e a nossa saúde mental
No full textO novo Coronavírus e a nossa saúde mental - Débora NoalEste vídeo faz parte de uma série criada pelo Conexão Fiocruz Brasília com o foco nos cuidados com a saúde mental no enfrentamento da Pandemia do COVID-19.Este vídeo foi publicado no site da Fiocruz Brasília no dia 24 de março de 2020.Conexão Fiocruz Brasília aborda os cuidados da saúde mental em meio à pandemia do novo Coronavírus. Evitar o consumo de tabaco, álcool e drogas lícitas e ilícitas são algumas orientações para cuidar da saúde mental durante o isolamento social. A pesquisadora do Centro de Estudos e Pesquisas em Emergências e Desastres em Saúde (Cepedes) da Fiocruz, Débora Noal, alerta ainda para o contexto vivido pelos profissionais de saúde em meio a pandemia, que resulta em demonstrações de medo, confusão, agitação desordenada, irritação e aumento de conflitos entre membros da equipe, reforçando ainda a presença de equipes de saúde mental nesses ambientes. “Nosso trabalho enquanto equipe de saúde é, sim, isolar o vírus, mas de forma alguma isolar o afeto humano”
Atazanavir, Alone or in Combination with Ritonavir, Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Replication and Proinflammatory Cytokine Production
No full textSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is already responsible for far more deaths than previous pathogenic coronaviruses (CoVs) from 2002 and 2012. The dentification of clinically approved drugs to be repurposed to combat 2019 CoV disease (COVID-19) would allow the rapid implementation of potentially life-saving procedures. The major protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV -2 is considered a promising target, based on previous results from related CoVs with lopinavir (LPV), an HIV protease inhibitor.However, limited evidence exists for other clinically approved antiretroviral protease inhibitors. Extensive use of atazanavir (ATV) as antiretroviral and previous evidencesuggesting its bioavailability within the respiratory tract prompted us to study this molecule against SARS-CoV-2. Our results show that ATV could dock in the active site of SARS - CoV-2 Mpro, with greater strength than LPV, blocking Mpro activity. We confirmed that 50 ATV inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication, alone or in combination with ritonavir (RTV) in Vero cells and human pulmonary epithelial cell line. ATV/RTV also impaired virusinduced enhancement of IL-6 and TNF-α levels. Together, our data strongly suggest that ATV and ATV/RTV should be considered among the candidate repurposed drugs undergoing clinical trials in the fight against COVID-19