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Antimicrobial-resistant enterobacteria in surface waters with fecal contamination from urban and rural communities
No full textNational Institutes of Health, USA,
R01 AI121330 and by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de
Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES).Inadequate wastewater treatment and fecal contamination have a strong environmental impact on antimicrobial resistance
(AMR). This study evaluated the profile of AMR enterobacteria and fecal contamination from four surface waters: Jiquiriça–Brejões
River and Cabrito, Tororó, and Abaeté Lagoons. Methods: We analyzed AMR β-lactamase genes using the polymerase chain reaction
method and fecal contamination using Coliscan®. Results: We found high levels of fecal contamination, β-lactamase producers, and
AMR genes (blaOXA-48, blaSPM, and blaVIM) in all waterbodies. Conclusions: Poor sanitation evidenced by fecal contamination and human
activities around these surface waters contributed to the distribution and increase in AMR enterobacteria
Impact of positive biphasic pressure during low and high inspiratory efforts in Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced pneumonia
No full textBackground - During pneumonia, normal alveolar areas coexist adjacently with consolidated areas, and
high inspiratory efforts may predispose to lung damage. To date, no study has evaluated different
degrees of effort during Biphasic positive airway pressure (BIVENT) on lung and diaphragm
damage in experimental pneumonia, though largely used in clinical setting. We
aimed to evaluate lung damage, genes associated with ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI)
and diaphragmatic injury, and blood bacteria in pressure-support ventilation (PSV), BIVENT
with low and high inspiratory efforts in experimental pneumonia. Material and methods - Twenty-eight male Wistar rats (mean ± SD weight, 333±78g) were submitted Pseudomonas
aeruginosa-induced pneumonia. After 24-h, animals were ventilated for 1h in: 1) PSV;
2) BIVENT with low (BIVENTLow-Effort); and 3) BIVENT with high inspiratory effort
(BIVENTHigh-Effort). BIVENT was set at Phigh to achieve VT = 6 ml/kg and Plow at 5 cmH2O
(n = 7/group). High- and low-effort conditions were obtained through anaesthetic infusion
modulation based on neuromuscular drive (P0.1). Lung mechanics, histological damage
score, blood bacteria, and expression of genes related to VILI in lung tissue, and inflammation
in diaphragm tissue. Results - Transpulmonary peak pressure and histological damage score were higher in BIVENTHigh-Effort
compared to BIVENTLow-Effort and PSV [16.1 ± 1.9cmH2O vs 12.8 ± 1.5cmH2O and 12.5 ±
1.6cmH2O, p = 0.015, and p = 0.010; median (interquartile range) 11 (9–13) vs 7 (6–9) and 7 (6–9), p = 0.021, and p = 0.029, respectively]. BIVENTHigh-Effort increased interleukin-6
expression compared to BIVENTLow-Effort (p = 0.035) as well as expressions of cytokineinduced
neutrophil chemoattractant-1, amphiregulin, and type III procollagen compared to
PSV (p = 0.001, p = 0.001, p = 0.004, respectively). Tumour necrosis factor-α expression in
diaphragm tissue and blood bacteria were higher in BIVENTHigh-Effort than BIVENTLow-Effort
(p = 0.002, p = 0.009, respectively). - Conclusion - BIVENT requires careful control of inspiratory effort to avoid lung and diaphragm damage,
as well as blood bacteria. P0.1 might be considered a helpful parameter to optimize inspiratory
effort
Differences in disability and nutritional status among older Brazilian and English adults: the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil) and English Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSA) cohorts
No full textBackground: Brazil and England are 2 countries at different stages in their demographic, epidemiological, and nutritional transitions and with distinct socioeconomic and politic contexts, but with similar universal health systems. We aimed to examine disability and its association with objective anthropometric indicators of nutritional status, including BMI, waist circumference, and waist-to-height ratio, comparing older Brazilian and English adults.
Methods: We used cross-sectional data from 2 nationally representative aging studies. For Brazil, we included 9412 participants who participated in the baseline (2015-2016) of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil). The English data were from 8024 participants of the wave 6 (2012-2013) of the English Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSA). Disability was defined as difficulty to perform at least 1 activity of daily living. We used logistic regression models to examine the association between anthropometric indicators and disability, adjusted for sociodemographic and health-related characteristics, considering the interaction term between each anthropometric indicator and country.
Results: All health-related characteristics were worse in Brazil than England, although the prevalence of disability was similar among Brazilian (17.85%) and English (16.27%) older adults. Fully adjusted models showed statistically significant interaction terms between country and anthropometric indicators. The strength of the associations in Brazil was weaker compared with England. All anthropometric indicators were positively associated with disability: elevated BMI, in Brazil (OR: 1.27; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.51) and in England (OR: 1.80; 95% CI: 1.51, 2.14); elevated waist circumference, in Brazil (OR: 1.21; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.44) and in England (OR: 1.90; 95% CI: 1.51, 2.37); and elevated waist-to-height ratio, in Brazil (OR: 1.20; 95% CI: 0.96, 1.52) and in England (OR: 1.83; 95% CI: 1.37, 2.44).
Conclusions: Elevated BMI and waist circumference increased the odds of disability in both populations. However, these associations were stronger in England than in Brazil
Cutaneous Horn of the Glans
No full textCutaneous horn is a protuberance constituted by compact keratinous material, with a hard consistence similar to a horn, which occurs more frequently in photoexposed areas. The authors describe a case of cutaneous horn on the glans considered a rare location. Verrucous carcinoma was the histopathological diagnosis of the base of the horn and lichen sclerosis, the precursor lesion
Trypanosoma Cruzi Experimental Infection and COVID-19: Similar Cardiovascular Syndrome?
No full textDr. Carlos Chagas, in 1909, published his notable discovery, a new pathology denominated Chagas disease. He was able to identify: etiologic
agent, the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, its biological cycle and your pathogenesis: etiologic agent, the protozoan T. cruzi its biological cycle and
your pathogenesis. However, to date, there is still no vaccine or effective treatment for the symptomatic chronic phase. In 2019, a new Severe Acute
Respiratory Syndrome, promoted by a member of the Coronavirus family, emerged in Wuhan (China province), whose origin has not yet been totally
elucidate. SARS-Cov-2 or COVID-19 is characterize by high transmissibility and high morbidity. Thus, in 2020 it became a global pandemic. Highlights
into similarities between a neglected disease, which affects 40.000 new cases per year and intense research for a vaccine and treatment using
experimental models and severe COVID-19 infection, with millions of victims, by evolution to cardiovascular disturbance, mainly through its target
point to ACE2 enzyme. To compare acute T. cruzi experimental infection in mice, the cardiorenal axis involvement and suggest possible common
points to research about serious course of the COVID- 19 infection and cardiovascular involvement
A control framework to optimize public health policies in the course of the COVID‑19 pandemic
No full textCNPq (process number 201143/2019-4)Center of Data and Knowledge Integration for Health (CIDACS) through the Zika PlatformEngineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) in the form of grant EP/R002134/1National Institute of Science and Technology—Complex Systems from CNPq, BrazilCNPq (process number 117790/2020-6)Scientific Initiation scholarship from CNPq (process number 117568/2019-8)The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic triggered substantial economic and social disruptions. Mitigation policies varied across countries based on resources, political conditions, and human behavior. In the absence of widespread vaccination able to induce herd immunity, strategies to coexist with the virus while minimizing risks of surges are paramount, which should work in parallel with reopening societies. To support these strategies, we present a predictive control system coupled with a nonlinear model able to optimize the level of policies to stop epidemic growth. We applied this system to study the unfolding of COVID-19 in Bahia, Brazil, also assessing the efects of varying population compliance. We show the importance of fnely tuning the levels of enforced measures to achieve SARS-CoV-2 containment, with periodic interventions emerging as an optimal control strategy in the long-term
Trypanosoma cruzi-infected Rhodnius prolixus endure increased predation facilitating parasite transmission to mammal hosts
No full textTriatomine bugs aggregate with conspecifics inside shelters during daylight hours. At dusk, they leave their refuges searching for hosts on which to blood feed. After finding a host, triatomines face the threat of being killed, because hosts often prey on them. As it is known that many parasites induce the predation of intermediate hosts to promote transmission, and that ingestion of Trypanosoma cruzi-infected bugs represents a very effective means for mammal infection, we hypothesized that trypanosomes induce infected bugs to take increased risk, and, as a consequence, be predated when approaching a host. Therefore, we evaluated whether the predation risk and predation rates endured by Rhodnius prolixus increase when infected with T. cruzi. Assays were performed in square glass arenas offering one central refuge to infected and uninfected 5th instar nymphs. A caged mouse was introduced in each arena after a three-day acclimation interval to activate sheltered insects and induce them to approach it. As hypothesized, a significantly higher proportion of infected insects was predated when compared with uninfected ones (36% and 19%, respectively). Indeed, T. cruzi-infected bugs took higher risk (Approximation Index = 0.642) when compared with healthy ones (Approximation Index = 0.302) and remained outside the shelters when the host was removed from the arena. Our results show that infection by T. cruzi induces bugs to assume higher risk and endure higher predation rates. We reveal a hitherto unknown trypanosome-vector interaction process that increases infected bug predation, promoting increased rates of robust oral transmission. The significant consequences of the mechanism revealed here make it a fundamental component for the resilient maintenance of sylvatic, peridomestic and domestic cycle
The management of outsourcing contracts at the Instituto de Tecnologia em Pármacos
No full textEste trabalho objetiva analisar os mecanismos de controle utilizados na gestão de contratos de mão de obra terceirizada no Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, entre os anos 2015 e 2019. Foi realizada, além de revisão bibliográfica a análise de documentos incluindo instruções normativas, termos de referência dos contratos de terceirização e apontamentos realizados pelos órgãos de controle interno, Controladoria Geral da União (CGU) e Audin (Auditoria Interna) e controle externo, Tribunal de Contas da União (TCU). Realizou-se um cruzamento dos apontamentos realizados por meio de auditorias dos órgãos de controle com as fases do processo licitatório, cujos resultados são apresentados em quadros e tabelas. Os resultados indicam que os mecanismos de controle utilizados na gestão de contratos de mão de obra terceirizada, operacionalizados mediante a fiscalização, não resguardam o Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz de uma responsabilização subsidiária pela má gestão dos mesmos, assim como o próprio gestor/fiscal de contratos, necessitando assim da criação de uma equipe para realização da fiscalização técnica e administrativa de todos os contratos de terceirização. Sugere-se a capacitação permanentemente da equipe, em todas as atualizações legais, para que esta esteja apta a realizar os controles necessários, de forma a minimizar os riscos de responsabilização oriundos da gestão desses contratos.This work aims to analyze the control mechanisms used in the management of outsourced labor contracts at the Institute of Technology in Pharmaceuticals of the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, between 2015 and 2019. In addition to a literature review, the analysis of documents including normative instructions was carried out. , terms of reference for outsourcing contracts and notes made by the internal control bodies, the Federal Comptroller General (CGU) and Audin (Internal Audit) and external control, the Federal Court of Accounts (TCU). A crossing of the notes made through audits of the control bodies was carried out with the phases of the bidding process, whose results are presented in tables and tables. The results indicate that the control mechanisms used in the management of outsourced labor contracts, operated through inspection, do not protect the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation's Institute of Technology in Pharmaceuticals from subsidiary liability for their poor management, as well as the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation itself. contract manager/inspector, thus requiring the creation of a team to carry out the technical and administrative inspection of all outsourcing contracts. It is suggested that the team be permanently trained, in all legal updates, so that it is able to carry out the necessary controls, in order to minimize the liability risks arising from the management of these contracts
Exclusive breastfeeding among the participants in the project Dialogues with nursing: experiencing motherhood at work
No full textO aleitamento materno exclusivo até os seis meses de vida do bebê é preconizado pelo Ministério da Saúde e traz benefícios para a mãe e principalmente para o bebê, mas o retorno ao trabalho antes desse período por vezes é motivo de interrupção desse processo. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo com abordagem qualitativa, que teve como objetivo analisar a manutenção do aleitamento materno exclusivo entre as trabalhadoras da Fiocruz que participaram do projeto \201CDiálogos com a Enfermagem: Vivenciando a maternidade no trabalho\201D. Das 22 entrevistadas, apenas oito mantiveram a amamentação exclusiva aos seis meses, correspondendo a metade das servidoras e um terço das terceirizadas, sendo que apenas duas tiveram período de afastamento após o parto inferior a 180 dias. Os fatores apontados por essas participantes, que contribuíram para a manutenção do aleitamento exclusivo aos seis meses foram a rede de apoio familiar e virtual; informações sobre a importância desse aleitamento; suporte profissional; bom estado de saúde do bebê; boa produção de leite; tempo de licença maternidade; e participação no projeto. Foram identificadas dificuldades institucionais que precisam ser superadas para uma cultura de apoio ao aleitamento materno e sugestões foram apresentadas pelo grupo estudado. O projeto \201CDiálogos\201D foi considerado uma importante rede de apoio no ambiente de trabalho, além de uma oportunidade de orientação com informações de qualidade. Sendo assim, concluise que há necessidade de uma política institucional voltada para a saúde da trabalhadora, com ações específicas de promoção ao aleitamento materno.Exclusive breastfeeding up to the baby's six months of life is recommended by the Ministry of Health and brings benefits to the mother and especially to the baby, but returning to work before this period is sometimes a reason for interrupting this process. This is a descriptive study with a qualitative approach, which aimed to analyze the maintenance of exclusive breastfeeding among Fiocruz workers who participated in the project \201CDialogues with Nursing: Experiencing motherhood at work\201D. Of the 22 interviewees, only eight maintained exclusive breastfeeding at six months, corresponding to half of the servants and a third of the outsourced, and only two had a period of leave after delivery of less than 180 days. The factors pointed out by these participants, which contributed to the maintenance of exclusive breastfeeding at six months, were the family and virtual support network; information on the importance of breastfeeding; professional support; good health of the baby; good milk production; maternity leave time; and participation in the project. Institutional difficulties were identified that need to be overcome for a culture of support to breastfeeding and suggestions were presented by the studied group. The \201CDialogues\201D project was considered an important support network in the workplace, as well as an opportunity for guidance with quality information. Thus, it is concluded that there is a need for an institutional policy focused on the health of workers, with specific actions to promote breastfeeding. (AU
Parasitemia Evaluation in Mice Infected with Schistosoma mansoni.
No full textSchistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease. Its treatment relies on the use of a single drug, praziquantel. Due to treatment limitations, an alternative for schistosomiasis chemotherapy is required; thus, a better understanding of parasite biology and host-parasite interactions is valuable to aid the identification of new anti-Schistosoma drugs. The parasite has a complex life cycle, which results in challenges regarding the evaluation of Schistosoma mansoni development and mammalian infection establishment. Accordingly, this protocol describes methodologies to evaluate: (1) adult worm growth; (2) reproduction; and (3) granuloma formation; and consequently allows more comprehensive knowledge of S. mansoni development in a natural biological system