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Chemistry and anti-herpes simplex virus type 1 evaluation of 4-substituted-1H-1,2,3-triazole-nitroxyl-linked hybrids
No full textHSV disease is distributed worldwide. Anti-herpesvirus drugs are a problem in clinical settings, particularly in immunocompromised individuals undergoing herpes simplex virus type 1 infection. In this work, 4-substituted-1,2,3-1H-1,2,3-triazole linked nitroxyl radical derived from TEMPOL were synthesized, and their ability to inhibit the in vitro replication of HSV-1 was evaluated. The nitroxide derivatives were characterized by infrared spectroscopy and elemental analysis, and three of them had their crystal structures determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Four hybrid molecules showed important anti-HSV-1 activity with IC50 values ranged from 0.80 to 1.32 µM. In particular, one of the nitroxide derivatives was more active than Acyclovir (IC50 = 0.99 µM). All compounds tested were more selective inhibitors than the reference antiviral drug. Among them, two compounds were 4.5 (IC50 0.80 µM; selectivity index CC50/IC50 3886) and 7.7 times (IC50 1.10 µM; selectivity index CC50/IC50 6698) more selective than acyclovir (IC50 0.99 µM; selectivity index CC50/IC50: 869). These nitroxide derivatives may be elected as leading compounds due to their antiherpetic activities and good selectivity.2030-12-3
Nethis Informa
No full textBoletim informativo desenvolvido pelo Nethis/Fiocruz Brasília com os principais eventos e notícias. Edição publicada no dia 02/02/2021
Neighbourhood-level income and Zika virus infection during pregnancy in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil: an ecological perspective, 2015-2017
No full textZika virus (ZIKV) infections during pregnancy can lead to adverse neurodevelopmental and clinical outcomes in congenitally infected offspring. As the city of Recife in Pernambuco State, Brazil—the epicentre of the Brazilian microcephaly epidemic—has considerable disparities in living conditions, this study used an ecological approach to investigate the association between income at the neighbourhood level and the risk of ZIKV infections in pregnant individuals between December 2015 and April 2017. The spatial distribution of pregnant individuals with ZIKV infection was plotted on a map of Recife stratified into four categories based on mean monthly income of household heads. Additionally, a Poisson regression model with robust variance was fitted to compare proportions of ZIKV infections among pregnant individuals in relation to the mean monthly income of household heads, based on the 2010 census data, across 94 neighbourhoods in Recife. The results provide evidence that the risk of ZIKV infection to pregnant individuals was higher among those residing in lower-income neighbourhoods: relative to neighbourhoods that had a mean monthly income of ≥5 times minimum wage, neighbourhoods with <1 and 1 to <2 times minimum wage had more than four times the risk (incidence rate ratio, 95% CI 4.08, 1.88 to 8.85 and 4.30, 2.00 to 9.20, respectively). This study provides evidence of a strong association between neighbourhood-level income and ZIKV infection risks in the pregnant population of Recife. In settings prone to arboviral outbreaks, locally targeted interventions to improve living conditions, sanitation, and mosquito control should be a key focus of governmental interventions to reduce risks associated with ZIKV infections during pregnancy
CoronaFatos: #56 - Tomei a vacina. E agora?
No full textFicha técnica: Apresentação: Ana Cristina Figueira e Gustavo Audi / Roteiro: Gabriel Fonseca / Produção: Valéria Mauro / Edição e Finalização: Marcelo Louro / Arte: Marcelo Vianna / Idealização: Canal Saúde - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz.Essa edição do CoronaFatos procura responder a uma pergunta que parece simples, mas acaba envolvendo diversas dúvidas de muitas pessoas. Tomei a vacina. E agora? O que esperar quando chega a sua vez de se imunizar e o que fazer depois desse esperado evento. Por que não se deve ficar com medo de reações adversas, a importância da segunda dose e por que ainda devemos continuar mantendo os cuidados por algum tempo, mesmo vacinados, são algumas das questões esclarecidas no programa. Além disso, esse episódio também aproveita para esclarecer de uma vez por todas por que não se deve ficar escolhendo qual marca de vacina tomar quando chega a vez. Ou seja, porque não se deve ser um “sommelier” de vacina
Inequalities of visceral leishmaniasis case-fatality in Brazil: A multilevel modeling considering space, time, individual and contextual factors
No full textBackground: In Brazil, case-fatality from visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is high and characterized by wide differences between the various political-economic units, the federated units (FUs). This study was designed to investigate the association between factors at the both FU and individual levels with the risk of dying from VL, after analysing the temporal trend and the spatial dependency for VL case-fatality.
Methodology: The analysis was based on individual and aggregated data of the Reportable Disease Information System-SINAN (Brazilian Ministry of Health). The temporal and spatial distributions of the VL case-fatality between 2007 and 2017 (27 FUs as unit of analysis) were considered together with the individual characteristics and many other variables at the FU level (socioeconomic, demographic, access to health and epidemiological indicators) in a mixed effects models or multilevel modeling, assuming a binomial outcome distribution (death from VL).
Findings: A linear increasing temporal tendency (4%/year) for VL case-fatality was observed between 2007 and 2017. There was no similarity between the case-fatality rates of neighboring FUs (non-significant spatial term), although these rates were heterogeneous in this spatial scale of analysis. In addition to the known individual risk factors age, female gender, disease's severity, bacterial co-infection and disease duration, low level schooling and unavailability of emergency beds and health professionals (the last two only in univariate analysis) were identified as possibly related to VL death risk. Lower VL incidence was also associated to VL case-fatality, suggesting that unfamiliarity with the disease may delay appropriate medical management: VL patients with fatal outcome were notified and had VL treatment started 6 and 3 days later, respectively, in relation to VL cured patients. Access to garbage collection, marker of social and economic development, seems to be protective against the risk of dying from VL. Part of the observed VL case-fatality variability in Brazil could not be explained by the studied variables, suggesting that factors linked to the intra FU environment may be involved.
Conclusions: This study aimed to identify epidemiological conditions and others related to access to the health system possibly linked to VL case-fatality, pointing out new prognostic determinants subject to intervention
Efectos temporales de las estimaciones de mortalidad corregidas de feminicidios en la Región Nordeste de Brasil
No full textO objetivo foi analisar os efeitos temporais (idade, período e coorte) na mortalidade por homicídios femininos nos estados da Região Nordeste do Brasil, no período de 1980 a 2017. Estudo ecológico de tendência temporal em que foram utilizados modelos APC com uma abordagem bayesiana e o método determinístico INLA (Integrated Nested Laplace Approximations) na inferência dos parâmetros. As taxas de homicídios femininos, para cada estado da região estudada, foram padronizadas pelo método direito, após correção dos registros de óbitos quanto à qualidade da informação e à subnotificação. Além disso, obtiveram-se dados segundo raça/cor, local de ocorrência e meio pelo qual a agressão foi perpetrada. No período estudado, após a correção dos registros de óbito, a Região Nordeste apresentou taxa média de 5,40 óbitos por homicídios a cada 100 mil mulheres, com aumento significativo em todos os estados nos anos 2000. Em todos os estados houve aumento do risco de óbito (RR) por homicídio na segunda e terceira década de vida e efeito de proteção para as mulheres mais velhas. Com exceção de Sergipe, constatou-se aumento do risco de óbito em quinquênios dos anos 2000. Na Região Nordeste e estados da Paraíba, Pernambuco e Piauí, verificou-se efeito protetor para mulheres de gerações mais antigas. Ainda, a maior proporção de óbitos ocorreu em mulheres negras, no domicílio, sendo perpetrado por arma de fogo. Os achados do presente estudo podem estar correlacionados ao processo de disseminação da violência ocorrido no Brasil, nos anos 2000, assim como a ineficiência do Estado brasileiro em proteger as mulheres vítimas de violência.This study aimed to analyze the temporal effects (age, period, and cohort) on female homicide mortality in the states of Northeast Brazil from 1980 to 2017. This ecological time trend study used APC with a Bayesian approach and the deterministic method Integrated Nested Laplace Approximations (INLA) in the parameters' inference. The female homicide rates for each state of the Northeast were standardized by the direct method after correction of the death records for quality of information and underreporting. Data were also obtained on race/color, place of death, and means of perpetration. During the period analyzed, after correcting the death records, the Northeast region showed a mean rate of 5.40 female homicide deaths per 100,000 women, with a significant increase in all the states in the 2000s. In all the states, there was an increase in relative risk (RR) of homicide death in the second and third decades of life and a protective effect in older women. Except for the state of Sergipe, there was an increase in the risk of death in all five-year periods in the 2000s. The Northeast region as a whole and the states of Paraíba, Pernambuco, and Piauí showed a protective effect for women from older generations. There were also higher proportions of deaths in black women, homicides committed at home, and those perpetrated with firearms. The current study's findings may correlate with the spread of violence in Brazil in the 2000s and the Brazilian State's failure to protect women from violence.Analizar los efectos temporales (edad, período y cohorte) en la mortalidad por feminicidios en los estados de la región Nordeste de Brasil durante el período de 1980 a 2017. Estudio ecológico de tendencia temporal en el que se utilizaron modelos APC con un abordaje bayesiano y el método determinístico INLA (Integrated Nested Laplace Approximations) para la inferencia de los parámetros. Las tasas de feminicidios, para cada estado de la región estudiada, fueron estandarizadas por el método directo, tras la corrección de los registros de fallecimientos, en cuanto a la calidad de la información y a la subnotificación. Asimismo, se obtuvieron datos según raza/color, lugar de ocurrencia y medio por el que se perpetró la agresión. Durante el período estudiado, tras la corrección de los registros por fallecimiento, la región Nordeste presentó una tasa media de 5,40 óbitos por feminicidio en cada 100.000 mujeres, con un aumento significativo en todos los estados a partir del año 2000. En todos los estados hubo un aumento del riesgo de óbito (RR) por homicidio en la segunda y tercera década de vida y efecto de protección para las mujeres mayores. Con excepción del estado de Sergipe, se observó un aumento del riesgo de fallecimientos en quinquenios de los años 2000. En la región Nordeste y estados de Paraíba, Pernambuco y Piauí se verificó un efecto protector para las mujeres de generaciones mayores. Asimismo, la mayor proporción de fallecimiento se produjo en mujeres negras, en el domicilio, siendo perpetrado por arma de fuego. Los resultados del presente estudio pueden estar correlacionados con el proceso de diseminación de la violencia, ocurrido en Brasil a partir del año 2000, así como la ineficiencia del Estado brasileño para proteger a las mujeres víctimas de violencia
Educação a distância nas ETSUS: um olhar sobre a capacitação pedagógica dos professores/tutores
No full textTrata-se de uma pesquisa de campo, descritiva, com abordagem qualitativa, cujo objetivo foi analisar, sob a perspectiva dos docentes e coordenadores de cursos, a capacitação pedagógica oferecida pelas escolas técnicas do SUS (ETSUS) aos professores/tutores que ministram cursos a distância. A coleta de dados foi realizada em cinco ETSUS, uma de cada região do país, onde foram distribuídos questionários on-line para os professores/tutores e realizadas entrevistas por videoconferência com os coordenadores. A análise dos dados e as reflexões sobre as falas levaram à percepção que as escolas estão em estágio de desenvolvimento e estruturação diferenciados no que se refere à educação a distância (EaD). Em relação à capacitação pedagógica, todas as instituições ofertam ações em maior ou menor grau de organização e na percepção dos professores/tutores tais ações auxiliam suas práticas, embora alguns considerem insuficiente. Para os coordenadores, algumas melhorias ainda são necessárias para aperfeiçoar o processo de ensino-aprendizagem.This is a qualitative research paper that aims to analyze pedagogical training offered by SUS technical schools (ETSUS) to teachers and tutors providing distance learning courses. Data collection was made in five ETSUS, including one in each region of the country. Online questionnaires were distributed to teachers, and web conferences were made with coordinators. Data analysis and reflection on speech made it possible to understand that the schools are in different developmental and structural stages in relation to distance courses (EaD). Regarding pedagogical training, all the institutions provide actions in higher or lower organization degree. To coordinators, some improvements are still necessary in order to enhance the teachinglearning process
Effect of lysed and non‑lysed sickle red cells on the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and LTB4 production by mononuclear cells
No full textBrazilian National Council of Research (CNPq) (311888/2013-5) (M.S.G.)Foundation of Research and Extension of Bahia (FAPESB) (3626/2013, 1431040053063, and 9073/2007)PPSUS/FAPESB (020/2013 EFP00007295)Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Sangue (INCTs) and MCD/CNPq/MS-SCTIE-DECIT (409800/2006-6)Objective and design: This study tested the hypothesis that sickle red blood cell (SS-RBC) can induce inflammasome NLRP3 components gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) as well as interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) production. Additionally, we investigated the effect of hydroxyurea (HU) treatment in these inflammatory markers. Methods: PBMCs from healthy donors (AA-PBMC) were challenged with intact and lysed RBCs from SCA patients (SS-RBC) and from healthy volunteers (AA-RBC). NLRP3, IL-1β, IL-18 and Caspase-1 gene expression levels were assessed by quantitative PCR (qPCR). IL-1β protein levels and LTB4 were measured by ELISA. Results: We observed that lysed SS-RBC induced the expression of inflammasome NLRP3 components, but this increase was more prominent for CASP1 and IL18 expression levels. Moreover, we observed that intact SS-RBC induced higher production of IL-1β and LTB4 than lysed SS-RBC. Although SCA patients treated with HU have a reduction in NLRP3 gene expression and LTB4 production, this treatment did not modulate the expression of other inflammasome components or IL-1β production. Conclusions: Thus, our data suggest that caspase-1, IL-1β and IL-18 may contribute to the inflammatory status observed in SCA and that HU treatment may not interfere in this inflammatory pathway
Acesso e fluxos da população ribeirinha aos serviços de saúde no município de Parintins-AM: uma abordagem participativa.
No full textPesquisa realizada no âmbito do Projeto do Laboratório de História, Políticas Públicas e Saúde na Amazônia – LAHPSA intitulado “Acesso da população ribeirinha à Rede de Urgência e Emergência no Estado do Amazonas", com aporte financeiro da FAPEAM.A presente dissertação buscou compreender o acesso aos serviços de saúde no território ribeirinho a partir da saga dos agentes comunitários de saúde “canoeiros” e usuários que no “murmúrio do rio” enfrentam o “banzeiro” com o “corpo cansado” e, com suas redes vivas, produzem acesso. A pesquisa foi realizada na Agrovila Mocambo do Arari, comunidade ribeirinha de Parintins-AM, no período de setembro de 2019 a janeiro de 2020. Assim, nosso caminho foi guiado pelos ensinamentos de Paulo Freire, que nos propôs uma práxis e uma ação que visa a transformação da sociedade por processos dialógicos e participativos. Para alcançarmos os objetivos propostos da pesquisa, utilizamos as técnicas “Mapas Falantes” e “Rios da Vida”. Como resultados, identificamos que a integralidade do cuidado se dá por meio do saber popular, empoderamento, diálogo e parcerias entre os profissionais e usuários na produção do acesso à saúde e aos serviços de saúde. Nesse contexto, os agentes comunitários de saúde são profissionais essenciais na equipe de saúde, uma vez que facilitam o acesso mesmo diante de desafios significativos no cotidiano do trabalho, principalmente relacionados ao ciclo das águas, as distâncias, aos custos de logística e ao acesso às ferramentas de comunicação. Destacamos que o presente estudo está inserido no projeto de pesquisa do Laboratório de História, Políticas Públicas e Saúde na Amazônia – LAHPSA intitulado “Acesso da população ribeirinha à Rede de Urgência e Emergência no Estado do Amazonas”, financiado pela Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa no Amazonas – FAPEAM.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa dos Estado do Amazonas - FAPEAMThis dissertation sought to understand the access to health services in the riverside territory from the saga of community health agents "canoeeiros" and users who in the "murmur of the river" face the "banzeiro" with the "tired body" and, with their living networks, produce access. The research was carried out at Agrovila Mocambo do Arari, a riverside community of Parintins-AM, from September 2019 to January 2020. Thus, our path was guided by the teachings of Paulo Freire, who proposed to us a praxis and an action that aims at the transformation of society by dialogical and participatory processes. To achieve the proposed objectives of the research, we used the techniques "Talking Maps" and "Rivers of Life". As results, we identified that the integrality of care takes place through popular knowledge, empowerment, dialogue and partnerships between professionals and users in the production of access to health and health services. In this context, community health agents are essential professionals in the health team, since they facilitate access even in the face of significant challenges in daily work, mainly related to the water cycle, distances, logistics costs and access to communication tools. We highlight that this study is part of the research project of the Laboratory of History, Public Policies and Health in the Amazon - LAHPSA entitled "Access of the riverside population to the Emergency and Emergency Network in the State of Amazonas", funded by the Foundation for Research Support in Amazonas - FAPEAM
A implantação em larga escala da Estratégia de Saúde da Família na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil: evidências e desafios
No full textThe city of Rio de Janeiro has implemented, on a large scale, the model of Social Organizations (OSS) for the management of Primary Health Care (PHC). This option makes the understanding of the city's experience very relevant, especially since, until then, the OSS organizational model had been adopted predominantly in the SUS hospital management. Thus, the experience of PHC development at two conflicting moments of municipal management in relation to the OSS model is analyzed: the implementation and development of the PPPs (2009-2016); and their dismantling (2017-2020). Case Studies, Literature Review and analysis of public data from DATASUS/Ministry of Health were used. It was verified that: the adoption of outsourcing based on OSS can be directly associated with the rapid expansion of PHC in the city and PHC coverage improvement indicators; the diffusion of the OSS model is associated with the high priority given to health expenditures in the municipal budget; the sustainability of the adoption of the OSS model did not depend on the municipality's economic status, but on the government's political choice in the period of 2009 to 2016. The PPP arrangement resulted in important organizational advances, although it did not prevent the veto of the OSS model carried out during the 2017-2020 ter