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Culture of Innovation: Study of the factors that promote innovation in institutions of science, technology and innovation
No full textO presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar a cultura organizacional e sua relação com os processos de inovação no Instituto René Rachou. Se faz necessário melhor compressão dos processos de inovação e seus determinantes e das contribuições que poderão ser aportadas na governança e gestão de inovação de uma Instituição de Ciência e Tecnologia (ICT), além de uma contribuição acadêmica a governança e gestão das instituições públicas. A relevância do estudo reside na importância do tema da cultura da inovação e os fatores que propiciam inovações nas instituições que buscam melhoria de seus processos e o desenvolvimento de novas formas para atendimento as demandas sociais e governamentais. A estratégia de pesquisa foi o estudo de caso, descritiva e exploratória com perspectiva analítica de natureza qualiquantitativa. A primeira etapa da pesquisa consistiu no levantamento bibliográfico acerca dos conceitos de cultura organizacional e dos fatores determinantes da inovação. Na segunda etapa, foi realizada o levantamento de campo para coleta de dados com o objetivo de caracterizar a cultura organizacional e seus aspectos dominantes através de aplicação de questionário eletrônico. Foram selecionados para participar da pesquisa representantes de todas as áreas que atuam como líderes, chefes, coordenadores de programas ou projetos. Como resultado, apresenta-se um diagnóstico da cultura organizacional dominante e dos fatores determinantes para a inovação na organização que possibilite uma reflexão sobre os efeitos e a sistematização de estratégias a serem adotadas pelos dirigentes e gestores para o desenvolvimento de uma cultura organizacional voltada para a inovação.This study aims to analyze organizational culture and its relationship with innovation processes at Instituto René Rachou. It is necessary to improve the understanding of innovation processes, their determinants and contributions, and how they can be considered in the governance and management of innovation of an Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia (ICT), and in the academic contributions to governance and public management. The relevance of the study resides in the importance of the theme of innovative culture and in the factors that provide innovation in institutions that seek to improve their processes and develop new ways to meet social and governmental demands. The research strategy was the case study, descriptive and exploratory analyzes with an analytical perspective of a quali-quantitative nature. The first stage of the research consisted of bibliographic survey about the concepts of organizational culture and the determinants of innovation. In the second stage, a field survey was carried out to collect data in order to characterize the organizational culture and its dominant aspects through the application of an electronic questionnaire. Representatives from all areas who act as leaders, heads, and program or project coordinators were selected to participate in the survey. As a result, a diagnosis of the dominant organizational culture and the determining factors for innovation in the organization is presented. This diagnosis enables a reflection on the effects and on the systematization of strategies to be adopted by directors and managers for the development of an organizational culture focused on innovation
Potential antigenic targets used in immunological tests for diagnosis of tegumentary leishmaniasis: A systematic review
No full textImmunological tests may represent valuable tools for the diagnosis of human tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) due to their simple execution, less invasive nature and potential use as a point-of-care test. Indeed, several antigenic targets have been used with the aim of improving the restricted scenario for TL-diagnosis. We performed a worldwide systematic review to identify antigenic targets that have been evaluated for the main clinical forms of TL, such as cutaneous (CL) and mucosal (ML) leishmaniasis. Included were original studies evaluating the sensitivity and specificity of immunological tests for human-TL, CL and/or ML diagnosis using purified or recombinant proteins, synthetic peptides or polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies to detect Leishmania-specific antibodies or antigens. The review methodology followed PRISMA guidelines and all selected studies were evaluated in accordance with QUADAS-2. Thirty-eight original studies from four databases fulfilled the selection criteria. A total of 79 antigens were evaluated for the detection of antibodies as a diagnostic for TL, CL and/or ML by ELISA. Furthermore, three antibodies were evaluated for the detection of antigen by immunochromatographic test (ICT) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) for CL-diagnosis. Several antigenic targets showed 100% of sensitivity and specificity, suggesting potential use for TL-diagnosis in its different clinical manifestations. However, a high number of proof-of-concept studies reinforce the need for further analysis aimed at verifying true diagnostic accuracy in clinical practice
Exploring the potential usefulness of IgY for antiviral therapy: A current review
No full textImmunoglobulin yolk (IgY) is therapeutic antibodies presented in yolk eggs of birds, reptiles, and amphibians.
These proteins produced by the immune system of the animal, are capable of neutralizing antigenic molecules,
including viral antigens, fulfilling a role in the body defense. The specificity of these antibodies and the facility
for their production, make these molecules capable of being used as tools for diagnosis and immunotherapy.
Regarding this last aspect, it is common knowledge that the field of virology, is racing against time in the
development of new drugs and vaccines to try to contain pandemics and local epidemics and, in counterproposal,
avian antibodies are neutralizing molecules that can help in the control and spread of disease. These molecules
have been explored for years and currently chicken eggs are produced in large quantities from the animal's
immunization against a specific pathogen. Thus, on this subject, this review made a survey of these researches
and presents a summary of all the successful cases and perspectives in the use of IgYs as tools for viral
immunization.202
The ongoing evolution of variants of concern and interest of SARS-CoV-2 in Brazil revealed by convergent indels in the amino (N)-terminal domain of the spike protein
No full textMutations at both the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and the amino (N)-terminal domain (NTD) of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Spike (S) glycoprotein can alter its antigenicity and promote immune escape. We identified that
SARS-CoV-2 lineages circulating in Brazil with mutations of concern in the RBD independently acquired convergent deletions and insertions
in the NTD of the S protein, which altered the NTD antigenic-supersite and other predicted epitopes at this region. Importantly,
we detected the community transmission of different P.1 lineages bearing NTD indels Δ69-70 (which can impact several SARS-CoV-2
diagnostic protocols), Δ144 and ins214ANRN, and a new VOI N.10 derived from the B.1.1.33 lineage carrying three NTD deletions (Δ141–
144, Δ211, and Δ256–258). These findings support that the ongoing widespread transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Brazil generates new
viral lineages that might be more resistant to antibody neutralization than parental variants of concern
COVID-19 Pharmaceutical Market Failures: global perspectives and challenges
No full textAs falhas de mercado revelam ineficiências da economia, que produzem desigualdades em saúde. Recentemente a pandemia amplificou o escopo de confrontos entre economia e saúde. Em particular, a COVID-19 agravou casos em que ocorrem falhas de mercado no setor farmacêutico para lidar com esse desafio de saúde. Com a finalidade de examinar este tópico, a dissertação aborda três categorias principais de falhas de mercado: bens públicos, concorrência e externalidades. Para tanto, esse estudo desenvolve três publicações distintas com uma revisão qualitativa dos aspectos relevantes em cada um dos respectivos temas. Assim, a dissertação resulta em atualização dos desafios de acesso a partir da relação com a cooperação global e investimentos em inovação farmacêutica no horizonte tecnológico. Em conclusão, surge uma oportunidade para um melhor planejamento e coordenação da saúde global no acesso a medicamentos com respeito aos direitos humanos.Market failures reveal inefficiencies in the economy, which produce inequalities in health. Recently the pandemic has broadened the scope of confrontations between the economy and health. In particular, COVID-19 has aggravated cases where market failures in the pharmaceutical sector occur to address this health challenge. In order to examine this topic, the dissertation addresses three main categories of market failures: public goods, competition and externalities. To this end, the study develops three distinct publications with a qualitative review of the relevant aspects for each of the respective themes. Thus, the dissertation results in updates to access challenges from its relation to global cooperation and investments in pharmaceutical innovation for the technological horizon. In conclusion, there is an opportunity for better planning and coordination of global health in access to medicines with respect to human right
A community-based, cross-sectional study to assess interactions between income, nutritional status and enteric parasitism in two Brazilian cities: are we moving positively towards 2030?
No full textBackground: This study assessed the interactions between income, nutritional status and intestinal parasitism in
children in Brazil.
Methods: A cross-sectional study (n = 421 children aged 1 to 14 years living in the states of Piauí (rural
communities in the city of Teresina) and Rio de Janeiro (rural and periurban communities in the city of Cachoeiras
de Macacu) was performed in order to obtain income and anthropometric data, as well as fecal samples for
parasitological analyses through the Ritchie technique.
Results: Children infected with Ascaris lumbricoides had significantly lower means of height-for-age z scores (− 1.36
± 0.75 vs. − 0.11 ± 1.02; p < 0.001), weight-for-age z scores (− 1.23 ± 0.74 vs. 0.09 ± 1.15; p = 0.001), and weight-for height z scores (− 0.68 ± 0.44 vs. 0.23 ± 1.25; p = 0.006) when compared with uninfected children. Infection with
hookworm was also associated with lower means of height-for-age z scores (− 1.08 ± 1.17 vs. − 0.12 ± 1.02; p =
0.015) and weight-for-age z scores (− 1.03 ± 1.13 vs. 0.08 ± 1.15; p = 0.012). Children infected with Entamoeba coli
presented significantly lower means of height-for-age z scores (− 0.54 ± 1.02 vs. − 0.09 ± 1.02; p = 0.005) and
weight-for-age z scores (− 0.44 ± 1.15 vs. 0.12 ± 1.15; p = 0.002). The multivariate multiple linear regression analysis
showed that height-for-age z scores are independently influenced by monthly per capita family income (β = 0.145;
p = 0.003), female gender (β = 0.117; p = 0.015), and infections with A. lumbricoides (β = − 0.141; p = 0.006) and
Entamoeba coli (β = − 0.100; p = 0.043). Weight-for-age z scores are influenced by monthly per capita family
income (β = 0.175; p < 0.001), female gender (β = 0.123; p = 0.010), and infections with A. lumbricoides (β =
− 0.127; p = 0.012), and Entamoeba coli (β = − 0.101; p = 0.039). Monthly per capita family income (β = 0.102;
p = 0.039) and female gender (β = 0.134; p = 0.007) positively influences mid upper arm circumpherence. Conclusions: Intestinal parasitism and low family income negatively influence the physical development of children in low-income communities in different Brazilian regions
Targeting Microbiome: An Alternative Strategy for Fighting SARS-CoV-2 Infection
No full textRespiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms are the predominant
clinical manifestations of the coronavirus disease 2019
(COVID-19). Infecting intestinal epithelial cells, the severe
acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 may impact on
host’s microbiota and gut inflammation. It is well established
that an imbalanced intestinal microbiome can affect pulmonary
function, modulating the host immune response (“gutlung
axis”). While effective vaccines and targeted drugs are
being tested, alternative pathophysiology-based options to
prevent and treat COVID-19 infection must be considered on
top of the limited evidence-based therapy currently available.
Addressing intestinal dysbiosis with a probiotic supplement
may, therefore, be a sensible option to be evaluated,
in addition to current best available medical treatments. Herein, we summed up pathophysiologic assumptions and current evidence regarding bacteriotherapy administration
in preventing and treating COVID-19 pneumonia
SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern P.1 (Gamma) infection in young and middle-aged patients admitted to the intensive care units of a single hospital in Salvador, northeast Brazil, February 2021 (Preprint)
No full textA Rede Genômica Fiocruz é formada por especialistas de todas as unidades da Fundação no país e de institutos parceiros que se empenham diariamente em gerar dados mais robustos sobre o comportamento do SARS-Cov-2 e contribuir para um melhor preparo do país no enfrentamento da pandemia em termos de diagnóstico mais precisos e vacinas eficazes. Saiba mais sobre a Rede Genômica Fiocruz em: http://www.genomahcov.fiocruz.br/National Committee
for Ethics on Research (CONEP; CAAE: 29496920.8.0000.5262, 46821621.5.0000.0048 and
3.980.128 /2020).To evaluate changes in COVID-19 patients' characteristics occurring after the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern (VOC) P.1 (Gamma) by comparing the clinical, demographic and laboratory profile of patients hospitalized during the first (May-July 2020) and second (December 2020 - February 2021) pandemic waves. Methods: Data was collected from records of COVID-19 patients (n=4164) admitted to a single hospital in Salvador, Northeast Brazil. SARS-CoV-2 genome sequencing was performed in nasopharyngeal swab samples from 12 patients with age < 60 years-old admitted to the intensive care units (ICU) in February 2021. Results: From June 2020 to February 2021, the median age of patients admitted in the ICU decreased from 66 to 58 years (p<0.05), accompanied by an increased proportion of patients without comorbidities (15.32% vs 32.20%, p<0.0001). A significant reduction in the Ct values of SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR tests was observed in the second wave (p<0.0001). Sequencing analysis detected lineage Gamma in all 12 ICU patients sampled in February 2021. Conclusion: Our results demonstrated an increased proportion of younger adults without comorbidities with severe disease during the second COVID-19 wave, shortly after the confirmation of local Gamma circulation
Boletim Observatório COVID-19: semanas epidemiológicas 33 e 34: de 15 a 28 de agosto de 2021
No full textDe 15 a 28 de agosto de 2021.O Boletim visa apresentar dados, de forma clara e didática, da situação dos estados brasileiros e do Distrito Federal, em relação ao cenário epidemiológico da Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave (SRAG) e da Covid-19, assim como da capacidade do sistema de saúde para o enfrentamento da pandemia
Saúde Amanhã: Textos para Discussão 70: Contaminação do solo e dos mananciais no Brasil: contextos e perspectivas
No full textPublicação cujo objetivo é divulgar resultados de estudos desenvolvidos no âmbito do Projeto Saúde Amanhã, disseminando informações sobre a prospecção estratégica em saúde, em um horizonte móvel de 20 anos. Busca, ainda, estabelecer um espaço para discussões e debates entre os profissionais especializados e instituições do setor. As opiniões emitidas nesta publicação são de exclusiva e de inteira responsabilidade do autor, não exprimindo, necessariamente, o ponto de vista da Fiocruz/MS. O projeto Saúde Amanhã é conduzido pela Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz) no contexto da “Estratégia Fiocruz para a Agenda 2030”/Fiocruz. É permitida a reprodução deste texto e dos dados nele contidos, desde que citada a fonte. Reproduções para fins comerciais são proibidas.Luís Sérgio Ozório Valentin, da Secretaria de Estado da Saúde. Centro de Vigilância Sanitária do Estado de São Paulo, foi convidado pela Fiocruz, para autoria e desenvolvimento do conteúdo do trabalho.O texto apresenta um panorama da situação ambiental e sanitária associada à contaminação química do solo e dos mananciais, com ênfase no urbano, e discute as tendências para enfrentamento do problema