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Climate change and cultural heritage: influence of a changing environment on the mechanisms of decay
No full textOutdoor Cultural Heritage (CH) materials (stones and metals) are susceptible to degradation processes influenced by the interplay of physical, chemical, and biological factors, particularly due to climate change. Considering this changing environment, the protection and maintenance of CH is a great challenge. That is why in the field of CH preservation, to develop efficient protection strategies, new treatments (coatings) are developed and need to be tested in updated laboratory conditions.
This doctoral research aimed at providing new and updated ageing tests for CH materials: novel formulation for the composition of synthetic rainwater within the context of climate change scenarios, based on comprehensive statistical analyses applied to a dataset collected from the "Boschi di Carrega" regional Park (PR), Italy. (i) A comprehensive characterization of bacterial communities inhabiting marble and bronze artefacts, to discern any correlations between the chemical composition of the patina (surface degradation layer) and the corresponding bacterial community, to identify a representative bacterial community suitable for inclusion in laboratory ageing tests. To this, a sampling campaign was conducted on bronze and marble statues in Bologna and Ravenna, Italy. (iii) A specialized experimental setup for biocorrosion investigation on bronze (pristine, aged, and both pristine and aged coated) samples under stagnant rainwater (defined in step (i) augmented with pollutants and nutrients) conditions, executed under the Prof. Raymond Turner supervision. Bronze coupons were immersed in this culture medium containing bacteria for 6 days. Comprehensive analyses were conducted on the medium, biofilm, and bronze surface. The study established the occurrence of biocorrosion with an illustration of the interaction pathway between the biofilm and the bronze substrate, with species-specific and substrate responses. Coated substrates exhibited lower corrosion and higher bacterial survival in comparison with uncoated samples. This approach aims to enhance degradation processes understanding, to better fine-tune the conservative strategies for outdoor bronze artefacts
Rule of law and judicial independence in the European Union system of judicial cooperation in criminal matters.
No full textAl tempo della crisi dei valori fondativi dell’Unione, il presente lavoro di tesi si propone, in primo luogo, di ricostruire la nozione di Stato di diritto, con riguardo al principio dell’indipendenza del giudice nazionale; in secondo luogo, di analizzare criticamente gli strumenti a tutela di questo ultimo principio messi in campo dalle istituzioni europee; da ultimo, di comprendere gli effetti – e le soluzioni a questi – del deterioramento dell’indipendenza sugli strumenti di cooperazione giudiziaria penale con un focus puntuale sul mandato d’arresto europeo.
Nella prima parte, il lavoro esamina le diverse disposizioni che si riferiscono all’indipendenza al fine di delineare il nuovo “statuto” del principio dell’indipendenza (artt. 2, 19, par.1, TUE, 267 TFUE, 47 CdFUE).
Sennonchè la crescente consapevolezza dell’erosione di tale principio in alcuni ordinamenti nazionali ha fatto emergere la necessità di moltiplicare gli strumenti di protezione dello Stato di diritto. Per questo motivo la seconda parte del lavoro, in primo luogo, traccia una tassonomia delle procedure a tutela della Rule of Law, classificandole in strumenti: i) politici; ii) dialogici; iii) finanziari; e iv) giudiziari. In secondo luogo, esso si propone di valutare limiti e potenzialità dei citati strumenti e delle modalità con le quali le istituzioni europee ne hanno fatto uso.
Da ultimo, il lavoro affronta le conseguenze della crisi dell’indipendenza del giudice sui rapporti tra le autorità nazionali nell’applicazione degli strumenti di cooperazione giudiziaria penale. Analizzato il requisito dell’indipendenza dell’autorità di emissione di un MAE, la trattazione si concentra sulla analisi critica della soluzione offerta dalla Corte nel caso LM relativamente al diritto del singolo ad un giudice indipendenza e imparziale.At the time of the crisis of the Union's founding values, this thesis aims to reconstruct the notion of the rule of law about the principle of independence of national judges; to critically analyse the instruments to protect this latter principle put in place by the European institutions; and to understand the effects - and the solutions to these - of the deterioration of independence on the instruments of judicial cooperation in criminal matters with a specific focus on the European arrest warrant.
In the first part, the paper examines the different provisions that refer to independence to outline the new 'status' of the principle of independence (Articles 2, 19(1) TEU, 267 TFEU, 47 CdFUE). Based on some of these provisions, the Court, ever since the ASJP judgment, has affirmed the obligation of member states to ensure that national courts, as 'Community courts under ordinary law', are independent.
The growing awareness of the erosion of this principle in some national legal systems has led to the need to multiply the instruments for protecting the rule of law. For this reason, the second part, first, traces a taxonomy of procedures to protect the Rule of Law, classifying them into: (i) political; (ii) dialogical; (iii) financial; and (iv) judicial instruments. Secondly, it sets out to assess the limits and potential of these instruments and the ways in which European institutions have made use of them.
The work addresses the consequences of the crisis of judicial independence on the relations between national authorities in the application of criminal judicial cooperation instruments. After analysing the requirement of the independence of the issuing authority of an EAW, the discussion focuses on the critical analysis of the solution offered by the Court in the LM case concerning the individual's right to an independent and impartial judge
Enablers of food system transformation: unveiling pathways for accelerating the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals in Europe
No full textThe global community is falling behind on achieving the SDGs by 2030, necessitating systemic transformations across sectors such as food systems, energy, cities, and education. Food systems, with their complex links to environmental, social, and economic outcomes, are central to advancing multiple SDGs in an integrated manner. Yet, fragmented policies, siloed structures, intricate SDG interlinkages, and a lack of anticipatory policymaking hinder progress. This thesis pursues three core objectives: (1) identify enablers and barriers in food system transformation; (2) assess policy coherence within European food system governance; and (3) examine how feedback loops in SDG interlinkages influence system dynamics and intervention points. A multi-method approach is adopted: horizon scanning - supported by text mining and natural language processing (NLP) - identifies emerging trends, technological innovations, and social practices as potential enablers. Further, text mining, NLP, and network analysis map the European food policy landscape, while systems thinking and network analysis reveal balancing and reinforcing feedback mechanisms within SDG interactions. Key findings highlight digital innovations, precision and climate-smart agriculture, and precision fermentation as crucial enablers that address production and consumption challenges. However, most enablers target lower leverage points, suggesting that deeper paradigm shifts are needed for systemic change. Policy coherence analysis exposes substantial fragmentation in European food system governance, underscoring the need for integrated models to bridge gaps - especially in underrepresented areas like agroecology and alternative proteins. Analysis of SDG feedback loops further emphasizes both the potential and the complexity of harnessing these interactions for transformative change. Overall, this research advocates for holistic, integrated governance frameworks that align interventions with system behaviours, offering a framework for future policy and research aimed at driving systemic, transformative change
Obligatoire de la poursuite et troisième voie. Idées pour une ouverture à le classement sans suite conditionnel
No full textÈ possibile ragionare sulla configurazione di una terza via ulteriore rispetto al tradizionale binomio azione penale/inazione nel nostro sistema processuale? È su questo interrogativo che si fonda il percorso d’indagine che qui si propone. Partendo dalla presa di coscienza dalla crisi che sta attraversando il principio di obbligatorietà di cui all’art. 112 Cost., il presente lavoro si pone l’obbiettivo di comprendere se i tempi siano maturi per superare la dicotomia a noi conosciuta e mettere nelle mani del pubblico ministero una nuova, aggiuntiva, strada da percorrere: “l’archiviazione condizionata”. Sulla scorta delle esperienze già maturate in ordinamenti a noi vicini come la Francia, il cui sistema, in questa ricerca, è stato utilizzato come parametro di comparazione, si ragionerà sulla possibilità di ampliare le ipotesi archiviative, contemplandone una innovativa in cui l’inerzia dell’accusa sia, appunto, condizionata a condotte ripristinatorie e/o risarcitorie dell’indagato, ovvero – con l’avvento della riforma Cartabia – a percorsi riparatori tra quest’ultimo e la persona offesa. Si rifletterà, poi, se, nell’ordinamento italiano, figurino già istituti in qualche modo assimilabili al genus delle “archiviazioni condizionate” e che, quindi, siano in grado di “formare” una via alternativa e ulteriore a quella tradizionale. A tal proposito, alla luce del recente tentativo operato dalla Commissione Lattanzi – incaricata di “plasmare” la già menzionata riforma Cartabia – di dare concretamente vita alla “terza via”, prospettando l’introduzione di una nuova forma di inerzia della pubblica accusa sotto la definizione di “archiviazione meritata”, saranno passati in rassegna i dettagli della proposta e le criticità che, per il momento, hanno portato all’abbandono di tale soluzione.Is it possible to consider a third option beyond the traditional dichotomy of prosecution/inaction in our procedural system? This question forms the basis of the investigation proposed here. Starting from an awareness of the crisis affecting the principle of mandatory prosecution under Article 112 of the Constitution, this work aims to understand whether the time is ripe to overcome the dichotomy we are familiar with and give the public prosecutor a new, additional path to follow: “conditional dismissal”. Based on the experiences already gained in legal systems close to ours, such as France, whose system has been used as a benchmark in this research, we will consider the possibility of expanding the grounds for dismissal, contemplating an innovative approach in which the prosecution's inaction is conditional on the suspect's restorative and/or compensatory conduct or, with the advent of the Cartabia reform, on reparative measures between the suspect and the injured party. We will then consider whether the Italian legal system already includes institutions that are in some way similar to the genus of “conditional dismissals” and which, therefore, are capable of “forming” an alternative and additional route to the traditional one. In this regard, in light of the recent attempt by the Lattanzi Commission – tasked with “shaping” the aforementioned Cartabia reform – to give concrete form to the “third way”, proposing the introduction of a new form of public prosecution inertia under the definition of “deserved dismissal”, the details of the proposal and the critical issues that have led to the abandonment of this solution for the time being will be reviewed.Est-il possible d'envisager une troisième voie, autre que le binôme traditionnel poursuite/classement sans suite dans notre système procédural? C'est sur cette question que se fonde le cheminement de réflexion proposé ici. Partant de la prise de conscience de la crise que traverse le principe d'obligation visé à l'article 112 de la Constitution, le présent travail se propose de déterminer si le moment est venu de dépasser la dichotomie que nous connaissons et de donner au ministère public une nouvelle voie supplémentaire à suivre : «le classement sans suite conditionnel». Sur la base des expériences déjà acquises dans des systèmes juridiques proches du nôtre, comme celui de la France, qui a servi de référence dans cette recherche, nous examinerons la possibilité d'élargir les hypothèses de classement, en envisageant une hypothèse innovante dans laquelle l'inaction de l'accusation serait conditionnée à des mesures de réparation et/ou d'indemnisation de la part du suspect, ou encore, avec l'avènement de la réforme Cartabia, à des mesures de réparation entre ce dernier et la personne lésée. Nous examinerons ensuite si, dans l'ordre juridique italien, il existe déjà des institutions assimilables d'une certaine manière au genre des «classements conditionnels» et qui, par conséquent, sont en mesure de «former» une voie alternative et supplémentaire à la voie traditionnelle. À cet égard, à la lumière de la récente tentative de la commission Lattanzi – chargée de «façonner» la réforme Cartabia déjà mentionnée – de donner concrètement vie à la «troisième voie», en envisageant l'introduction d'une nouvelle forme d'inaction du ministère public sous la définition de «classement mérité», nous passerons en revue les détails de la proposition et les points critiques qui, pour l'instant, ont conduit à l'abandon de cette solution
The State in the juridical-political thought of Manuel Garcia-Pelayo
No full textEn el presente trabajo se presenta una posible teoría del Estado de Manuel García-Pelayo y Alonso (1909-1991), primer presidente del Tribunal Constitucional español (1980-1986).
La tesis puede dividirse en dos partes. Una primera (capítulos uno y dos) donde se trata la vida y obra de García-Pelayo desde una perspectiva generacional y se indagan los principales autores que influyen en un pensamiento sobre el Estado. Autores que son alemanes, por lo que García-Pelayo puede ser cabalmente considerado un «pensador alemán del Estado». En la segunda parte de la tesis (capítulos tres, cuatro y cinco), tras exponer la metodología que se seguirá, la cual está implícita en la obra de García-Pelayo, se pasa a ensayar una teoría de las formas políticas y, más en concreto, una teoría del Estado que el jurista español dejó dispersa a través de infinidad de escritos.This thesis presents a possible theory of the State elaborated by Manuel García-Pelayo y Alonso (1909-1991), first president of the Spanish Constitutional Court (1980-1986).
The thesis can be divided in two parts.
The first part (chapters one and two) deals García-Pelayo's life and works from a generational perspective and explores the principal authors who influence his thinking on the State. These authors are German, so that García-Pelayo can be properly considered a "German thinker of the State".
In the second part of the thesis (chapters three, four and five), after exposing the methodology that will be used, which is implicit in the work of García-Pelayo, we expose a García-Pelayo's theory of political forms and, more specifically, a theory of the State that the Spanish jurist left dispersed through countless writings
In nature, biodiversity enhancement itineraries through performing arts
No full textIn natura esplora le arti performative e il teatro natura in Italia e le applica in forma di progetto all'interno di una Riserve di Biosfera MAB, ovvero una particolare area riconosciuta dall’UNESCO come spazio di conservazione naturale e laboratori di sviluppo sostenibile. La ricerca si sviluppa su tre assi principali: una ricostruzione storiografica transdisciplinare che combina teatrologia, landscape studies e scienze della sostenibilità; una mappatura del panorama italiano delle arti performative in natura, comprendendo compagnie, festival e residenze artistiche; e un progetto applicativo che propone il teatro natura come modello per valorizzare le biodiversità locali, integrando pratiche culturali e metodologie sostenibili. L’indagine adotta un approccio transdisciplinare, attingendo ai performance studies e alle Environmental Humanities per costruire una visione ecologica e relazionale tra ambiente e performance. Particolare attenzione è data alla storicizzazione del teatro natura (1985-2010) e alle sue eredità, nonché allo sviluppo contemporaneo delle performing arts in natura come contesto ibrido di dialogo politico, estetico, ambientale, transdisciplinare e di transizione sostenibile. Il lavoro di mappatura si concentra su reti produttive, festival e residenze, valorizzando pratiche artistiche in contesti selvatici e selvaggi. Il progetto applicativo si radica in un agriturismo all’interno della Riserva MAB dell’Appennino Tosco-Emiliano, affrontando sfide e opportunità tipiche di contesti rurali e montani. Questa parte sottolinea l’importanza del teatro natura come strumento per promuovere relazioni ecologiche e cultura sostenibile nelle comunità locali, contribuendo a una rinnovata sinergia tra patrimonio naturale e pratiche artistiche. La mappatura e il progetto hanno anche un loro “archivio digitale” – in cui si raccolgono ulteriori attività nel seno della ricerca di dottorato – nel sito: https://site.unibo.it/teatri-natura/it.The research explores performing arts and nature theatre in Italy, applying them as a project within a MAB Biosphere Reserve, a special area recognised by UNESCO as a space for natural conservation and sustainable development hub. The research is designed along three main axes: a transdisciplinary historiographical reconstruction that combines theatre studies, landscape studies, and sustainability sciences; a mapping of the Italian panorama of performing arts in nature, including companies, festivals, and artistic residencies; and an applied project proposing nature theatre as a model to enhance local biodiversity by integrating cultural practices and sustainable methodologies. The investigation adopts a transdisciplinary approach, drawing on performance studies and Environmental Humanities to build an ecological and relational vision between environment and performance. Particular attention is given to the historicisation of nature theatre (1985–2010) and its legacies, as well as the contemporary development of performing arts in nature as a hybrid context of political, aesthetic, environmental, transdisciplinary dialogue, and sustainable transition. The mapping focuses on production networks, festivals, and residencies, emphasizing artistic practices in wild and untamed contexts. The applied project is rooted in a farmhouse within the MAB Reserve of the Tuscan-Emilian Apennines, addressing the challenges and opportunities typical of rural and mountain contexts. This section underscores the importance of nature theatre as a tool to promote ecological relationships and sustainability culture within local communities, contributing to a renewed synergy between natural heritage and artistic practices. Both mapping and the project also have their own “digital archive”, which collects additional activities related to the doctoral research, hosted on the website: https://site.unibo.it/teatri-natura/it
Organic radicals as innovative multifunctional materials in field-effect transistors with light-emission, light-detection and neuromorphic characteristics
No full textOpen-shell molecules such as organic radicals are attracting attention thanks to their optical, magnetic and electrical properties that make them appealing as active materials in optoelectronic devices. However, the use of open-shell molecules as active species into transistor-based optoelectronic devices has still to be fully exploited. In this thesis, both light-emitting and light-sensing organic field-effect transistors based on organic radicals are engineered and investigated. In organic light-emitting transistors (OLETs) luminescent mono-radicals and biradicals are successfully used as emitters in ad-hoc developed unipolar n-type transistor architecture. Indeed, electroluminescence from doublet excitons unaffected by spin limitation (in the case of mono-radical) and from zwitterionic excited states with high values of photoluminescence quantum yield in solid state (in the case of biradical) are reported in OLETs. The mechanisms at the basis of excitons formation under electrical excitation are analyzed by means of time-resolved electroluminescence measurements, which demonstrated an efficient electron trapping in radical-based emissive layer in OLETs. At this regard, the tendency of the adopted radical emitters to trap electrons improves the charge recombination efficiency, thus resulting to be beneficial for the OLET’s operation. In the second part of the thesis, open-shell molecules are used as acceptors in photoactive bulk heterojunctions of all solution-processed organic phototransistors (OPTs) sensitive to near-infrared (NIR) light. In OPTs, the well-assessed tendency to trap electrons of radicals is exploited to boost the photo-gain effect. As a result, radical-OPTs exhibit state-of-the-art photosensitivity values in the NIR region. Moreover, the long-living trapped electrons in radical sites enables neuromorphic characteristics in the OPT upon patterned light stimulation, which resulted in synapse-like neuroplasticity. Finally, dual mode operation is obtained by the integration of a ferroelectric polymer as the dielectric layer, so that neuromorphic modulation of the channel current in the device can be obtained also through electrical inputs at the gate electrode
Ex-situ normothermic perfusion for heart preservation: retrospective propensity score matched experience
No full textOBIETTIVO: Lo studio si propone la revisione retrospettiva dell’attività istituzionale di trapianto cardiaco ortotopico(TCO) confrontando gli outcomes della preservazione del graft mediante perfusione normotermica(PN) e mediante preservazione statica fredda(PSF). METODI: Da Gennaio 2010 a Luglio 2024, sono stati eseguiti 335 TCO. La PN è stata utilizzata nel 22.7% dei casi(76/335), mentre la PSF nel 77.3%(259/335). Il propensity-score matching ha identificato 54 coppie con imbalance statistico residuo accettabile. Le caratteristiche intraoperatorie, gli outcomes postoperatori e la sopravvivenza a 1 anno sono stati confrontati fra i gruppi. RISULTATI: Considerando le caratteristiche preoperatorie della coorte unmatched, il gruppo PN dimostrava una maggiore percentuale di reinterventi (50% vs 37.5%) e supporti meccanici long-term (22.7% vs 12%), ma una simile quota di retrapianti (8% vs 6.2%); queste caratteristiche risultavano opportunamente bilanciate dopo matching. Nella coorte matched, nel gruppo PN i tempi di ischemia [129min (110-149) versus 248min (212-268),p0.05). La sopravvivenza a un 1 anno risultava simile(log-rank 0.359). CONCLUSIONI: Nel TCO, la PN consente di ridurre significativamente i tempi di ischemia del cuore e i tempi di circolazione extracorporea. Presenta outcomes intra-ospedalieri e mortalità ad un anno sovrapponibili al gruppo PSF specialmente negli interventi più complessi, offrendo vantaggi sul piano logistico, tecnico e formativo.AIM: This is a retrospective propensity score-matched review of our institutional series of heart transplantation (HTx) aiming to compare real-world early outcomes of heart preservation with normothermic perfusion (NP) and with cold storage (CS). METHODS: From January 2010 to July 2024, 335 HTx were performed. Donor hearts were preserved with NP and CS in 22.7% (76/335) and in 77.3% (259/335) of patients, respectively. After propensity score matching (PSM), 54 matched pairs with negligible residual statistical imbalance were identified. Preoperative features, post-operative morbidity, 30-day mortality and 1-year survival were reported and compared between groups. RESULTS: Considering preoperative features of the unmatched cohort, NP showed more reintervention (50% vs 37.5%) and preoperative long-term mechanical circulatory support(MCS) (22.7% vs 12%), but similar rate of heart retransplantation (8% vs 6.2%); all these features were well-balanced after PSM. Considering outcomes of the matched cohort, NP demonstrated a significative reduction in ischemic times [129 min (110-149) versus 248 min (212-268),p0.05).One-year survival did not differ between groups (log-rank 0.359). CONCLUSIONS: NP allows a significative reduction of operative times, potentially reducing surgical trauma for HTx recipients.In-hospital outcomes and 1-year survival are similar to CS, especially in complex surgery and high-risk recipients, offering several logistical and technical advantages
Optimizing fused deposition modelling: the impact of geometrical slicing parameters on mechanical properties
No full textThis comprehensive study explores the intricate world of 3D printing, with a focus on Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM). It sheds light on the critical factors that influence the quality and mechanical properties of 3D printed objects. Using an optical microscope with 40X magnification, the shapes of the printed beads is correlated to specific slicing parameters, resulting in a 2D parametric model. This mathematical model, derived from real samples, serves as a tool to predict general mechanical behaviour, bridging the gap between theory and practice in FDM printing. The study begins by emphasising the importance of geometric parameters such as layer height, line width and filament tolerance on the final printed bead geometry and the resulting theoretical effect on mechanical properties. The introduction of VPratio parameter (ratio between the area of the voids and the area occupied by printed material) allows the quantification of the variation of geometric slicing parameters on the improvement or reduction of mechanical properties. The study also addresses the effect of overhang and the role of filament diameter tolerances. The research continues with the introduction of 3D FEM (Finite Element Analysis) models based on the RVE (Representative Volume Element) to verify the results obtained from the 2D model and to analyse other aspects that affect mechanical properties and not directly observable with the 2D model. The study also proposes a model for the examination of 3D printed infill structures, introducing also an innovative methodology called “double RVE” which speeds up the calculation of mechanical properties and is also more computationally efficient. Finally, the limitations of the RVE model are shown and a so-called Hybrid RVE-based model is created to overcome the limitations and inaccuracy of the conventional RVE model and homogenization procedure on some printed geometries
"Contamination" and "Reinvention": multicultural critical roles from the perspective of global art. "Chinese Characters" by Xu Bing, Hsiao Chin, and Gu Wenda at the Venice Biennale.
No full textA partire dagli anni '20 del XX secolo, con la partecipazione a esposizioni internazionali, l'arte cinese ha intrapreso un'indagine approfondita sulla propria ricchezza e complessità culturale, inserendosi progressivamente nel contesto del panorama artistico globale. In questo quadro, l'adesione della Cina alla Biennale di Venezia si configura come sintesi della ricchezza culturale cinese, in cui l'impiego di opere connesse ai "Caratteri cinesi" si rivela uno strumento di divulgazione privilegiato per la propria cultura. Un'analisi dettagliata del percorso espositivo della Cina evidenzia tre momenti di rilievo legati ai "Caratteri cinesi": il "Book from the Sky" di Xu Bing (1993), "The Boat" di Hsiao Chin (2000) e "United Nations" di Gu Wenda (2017). Il presente lavoro si intende di esaminare criticamente queste tre esperienze, indagando l'interazione tra l'esplorazione culturale e la sua rappresentazione nell'ambito specifico della Biennale. Attraverso un'analisi fondata sul dibattito relativo all'arte globale e al multiculturalismo, all'arte contemporanea cinese e alla sua proiezione internazionale, nonché sullo studio della storia delle partecipazioni cinesi alle mostre internazionali e alla Biennale di Venezia a partire dal XX secolo, la ricerca si concentra sulle suddette partecipazioni legate ai "Caratteri cinesi", valutando l'impatto dei principi curatoriali della Biennale su di esse. Viene esplorato altresì il modo in cui gli artisti hanno investigato e manifestato le loro riflessioni culturali attraverso le loro opere, contribuendo al dialogo sulla diversità culturale e sull'articolazione di valori dalla prospettiva dell'arte globale contemporanea. L'analisi si sofferma sulle strategie culturali realizzate dagli artisti nel contesto delle esposizioni globalizzate, evidenziando uno stato di contaminazione culturale. L'invito è quello ad una riflessione critica e a una valutazione del suo impatto sulla reinvenzione del contributo cinese alla narrazione futura della storia dell'arte globale. In tal modo, lo studio apre nuovi orizzonti investigativi, proponendo direzioni future di ricerca.Since the 1920s, through its participation in international exhibitions, Chinese art has embarked on an in-depth investigation of its cultural richness and complexity, gradually integrating into the global artistic landscape. Within this framework, China's participation in the Venice Biennale is viewed as a synthesis of Chinese cultural wealth, with works related to "Chinese characters" emerging as a privileged tool for disseminating its culture. A detailed analysis of China's exhibition journey highlights three significant moments associated with "Chinese characters": Xu Bing's "Book from the Sky" (1993), Hsiao Chin's "The Boat" (2000), and Gu Wenda's "United Nations" (2017). This study aims to critically examine these three experiences, investigating the interaction between cultural exploration and its representation within the specific context of the Biennale. Through an analysis grounded in the debate surrounding global art and multiculturalism, contemporary Chinese art, and its international projection, as well as the study of the history of Chinese participations in international exhibitions and the Venice Biennale since the twentieth century, the research focuses on the aforementioned participations related to "Chinese characters," evaluating the impact of the Biennale's curatorial principles on them. It also explores how artists have investigated and expressed their cultural reflections through their works, contributing to the dialogue on cultural diversity and articulating values from the perspective of contemporary global art. The analysis delves into the cultural strategies implemented by artists within the context of globalized exhibitions, highlighting a state of cultural contamination that prompts critical reflection and an assessment of its impact on the reinvention of the Chinese contribution to the future narrative of global art history. In this way, the study opens new investigative horizons, proposing future directions for research