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Surveillance risks in IoT applied to smart cities
Get PDFNowadays, cities deal with unprecedented pollution and overpopulation problems, and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies are supporting them in facing these issues and becoming increasingly smart. IoT sensors embedded in public infrastructure can provide granular data on the urban environment, and help public authorities to make their cities more sustainable and efficient. Nonetheless, this pervasive data collection also raises high surveillance risks, jeopardizing privacy and data protection rights.
Against this backdrop, this thesis addresses how IoT surveillance technologies can be implemented in a legally compliant and ethically acceptable fashion in smart cities. An interdisciplinary approach is embraced to investigate this question, combining doctrinal legal research (on privacy, data protection, criminal procedure) with insights from philosophy, governance, and urban studies.
The fundamental normative argument of this work is that surveillance constitutes a necessary feature of modern information societies. Nonetheless, as the complexity of surveillance phenomena increases, there emerges a need to develop more fine-attuned proportionality assessments to ensure a legitimate implementation of monitoring technologies. This research tackles this gap from different perspectives, analyzing the EU data protection legislation and the United States and European case law on privacy expectations and surveillance. Specifically, a coherent multi-factor test assessing privacy expectations in public IoT environments and a surveillance taxonomy are proposed to inform proportionality assessments of surveillance initiatives in smart cities. These insights are also applied to four use cases: facial recognition technologies, drones, environmental policing, and smart nudging. Lastly, the investigation examines competing data governance models in the digital domain and the smart city, reviewing the EU upcoming data governance framework. It is argued that, despite the stated policy goals, the balance of interests may often favor corporate strategies in data sharing, to the detriment of common good uses of data in the urban context
Analysis of heat-related phenomena and their interactions at different spatio-temporal scales
Get PDFThis thesis analyzes the impact of heat extremes in urban and rural environments, considering processes related to severely high temperatures and unusual dryness. The first part deals with the influence of large-scale heatwave events on the local-scale urban heat island (UHI) effect. The temperatures recorded over a 20-year summer period by meteorological stations in 37 European cities are examined to evaluate the variations of UHI during heatwaves with respect to non-heatwave days. A statistical analysis reveals a negligible impact of large-scale extreme temperatures on the local daytime urban climate, while a notable exacerbation of UHI effect at night. A comparison with the UrbClim model outputs confirms the UHI strengthening during heatwave episodes, with an intensity independent of the climate zone.
The investigation of the relationship between large-scale temperature anomalies and UHI highlights a smooth and continuous dependence, but with a strong variability. The lack of a threshold behavior in this relationship suggests that large-scale temperature variability can affect the local-scale UHI even in different conditions than during extreme events.
The second part examines the transition from meteorological to agricultural drought, being the first stage of the drought propagation process. A multi-year reanalysis dataset involving numerous drought events over the Iberian Peninsula is considered. The behavior of different non-parametric standardized drought indices in drought detection is evaluated. A statistical approach based on run theory is employed, analyzing the main characteristics of drought propagation. The propagation from meteorological to agricultural drought events is found to develop in about 1-2 months. The duration of agricultural drought appears shorter than that of meteorological drought, but the onset is delayed. The propagation probability increases with the severity of the originating meteorological drought. A new combined agricultural drought index is developed to be a useful tool for balancing the characteristics of other adopted indices
Non-thermal phenomena in galaxy clusters: the LOFAR revolution
Get PDFTurbulence introduced into the intra-cluster medium (ICM) through cluster merger events transfers energy to non-thermal components (relativistic particles and magnetic fields) and can trigger the formation of diffuse synchrotron radio sources. Owing to their steep synchrotron spectral index, such diffuse sources can be better studied at low radio frequencies. In this respect, the LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR) is revolutionizing our knowledge thanks to its unprecedented resolution and sensitivity below 200 MHz. In this Thesis we focus on the study of radio halos (RHs) by using LOFAR data.
In the first part of this work we analyzed the largest-ever sample of galaxy clusters observed at radio frequencies. This includes 309 Planck clusters from the Second Data Release of the LOFAR Two Metre Sky Survey (LoTSS-DR2), which span previously unexplored ranges of mass and redshift. We detected 83 RHs, half of which being new discoveries. In 140 clusters we lack a detected RH; for this sub-sample we developed new techniques to derive upper limits to their radio powers. By comparing detections and upper limits, we carried out the first statistical analysis of populations of clusters observed at low frequencies and tested theoretical formation models.
In the second part of this Thesis we focused on ultra-steep spectrum radio halos. These sources are almost undetected at GHz frequencies, but are thought to be common at low frequencies. We presented LOFAR observations of two interesting clusters hosting ultra-steep spectrum radio halos. With complementary radio and X-ray observations we constrained the properties and origin of these targets
RNA interference technology as a potential control method for fruit and horticultural crops pathogens Botrytis cinerea and Plasmopara viticola
Get PDFChapter 1, a general introduction on Botrytis cinerea and its threat to crop production is presented. What Botrytis looks like, its life cycle, why it is a threat to agricultural production, its worldwide pest status, and its current state of management is further elaborated on. Chapter 2, a general introduction on Plasmopara viticola, its threat to grape production and management strategies presented. Chapter 3, titled " RNA Interference Strategies for Future Management of Plant Pathogenic Fungi: Prospects and Challenges ", presents the rapid improvement and extensive implementation of RNA interference (RNAi) technology for the management of fungal pathogens. In this chapter, we describe the application of exogenous RNAi involved in plant pathogenic fungi and discuss dsRNA production, formulation, and RNAi delivery methods. Chapter 4, titled " Exogenous dsRNAs against chitin synthase and glucan synthase genes suppress the growth of the pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea " addresses two important questions: Is RNAi technology functional for B. cinerea control ? And which target genes can be exploited for RNAi-based B.cinerea disease control ? Upon target genes selections, an exogenous RNAi protocol was set up and we could effectively deliver a known dose of bacterially produced double stranded RNA (dsRNA) to induce RNAi in B. cinerea. Chapter 5, titled " Double-Stranded RNA Targeting Dicer-Like Genes Compromises the Pathogenicity of Plasmopara viticola on Grapevine “, which deals mainly on RNAi induction against Plasmopara viticola. This chapter addresses two main questions: Is RNAi technology functional in contrasting Plasmopara viticola? And which target genes can be exploited for RNAi-based disease control in Plasmopara viticola?. In the last Chapter (Chapter 6) titled “General discussions and perspectives for future research”, the major research findings from this thesis are discussed together with perspectives for future research
The onco-geriatric patient following an ERAS protocol for colorectal cancer surgery: the experience at the General Surgery of Faenza Hospital
Get PDFPremessa: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) riduce le complicanze e accorcia il recupero nei pazienti sottoposti a chirurgia per tumore del colon-retto. I pazienti più anziani sono spesso esclusi dai programmi ERAS a causa della difficoltà nell'applicazione dei protocolli stabiliti. Lo scopo dello studio è stato valutare i benefici di ERAS nei pazienti anziani sottoposti a chirurgia colorettale elettiva e valutare i risultati a breve termine.
Metodi: studio monocentrico osservazionale prospettico condotto da febbraio 2021 a luglio 2022. Sono stati inclusi tutti i pazienti di età ≥ 70 anni sottoposti a chirurgia colorettale elettiva. I risultati e le complicanze postoperatorie dei pazienti trattati secondo il nostro protocollo ERAS sono stati confrontati con un gruppo di pazienti < 70 anni sottoposti a intervento chirurgico per cancro del colon-retto nello stesso periodo.
Risultati: abbiamo incluso un totale di 186 pazienti (104 ≥ 70 anni vs. 82 < 70 anni). Un terzo dei pazienti di entrambi i gruppi non ha sviluppato complicanze perioperatorie (65,4% vs. 67,0%, p = 0,880). Ugualmente non sono state osservate differenze nell’incidenza di complicanze di grado I-II (31,7% vs. 28,0%) né digrado III-IV (1,9% vs. 4,9%) secondo Dindo-Clavien tra i due gruppi (p = 0,389). Il tasso di leak anastomotico e il reintervento non sono risultati statisticamente differenti tra i due gruppi: 3,8% vs. 4,9% (p = 0,733) e 1,0% vs. 3,6% (p = 0,322) rispettivamente pazienti ≥ 70 anni vs. < 70 anni. I temi di degenza media sono stati di 5.1±4.3 vs. 4.6±4.2, (p = 0.427), mentre i tassi di riammissione sono rimasti inalterati. La mortalità a 90 giorni è risultata del 2,8% vs. 0% (p = 0,256).
Conclusioni: nella nostra esperienza i pazienti ≥ 70 anni affetti da tumore del colon-retto dovrebbero seguire routinariamente un programma ERAS prevedendo gli stessi benefici degli altri gruppi di età.Background: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) reduces morbidity and shorten recovery in patients undergoing colorectal resections for cancer. Older patients are frequently excluded from ERAS programs due to the difficulty in applying established protocols. The aim of the study was to evaluate the benefits of ERAS protocols in elderly patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery and to evaluate the short-term outcome.
Methods: A prospective observational monocentric study was conducted from February 2021 to July 2022. We included all patients ≥ 70 years undergoing elective colorectal surgery. Outcome measures and postoperative complications of patients treated according to our ERAS protocol were matched with a group of patients < 70 years undergoing surgery for colorectal cancer in the same period.
Results: A total of 186 patients (104 ≥ 70 years vs. 82 < 70 years) were included in the study. No post-operative complication were observed in one third of both group (65.4% vs. 67.0%, p = 0.880). The older group had also no difference of grade I-II (31.7% vs. 28.0%) nor in III-IV (1.9% vs. 4.9%) Dindo-Clavien’s postoperative complications when compared with patients < 70 years (p = 0.389). Leak rate and re-intervention showed no significative difference between the two groups: 3.8% vs. 4.9% (p = 0.733) and 1.0% vs. 3.6% (p = 0.322) respectively in ≥ 70 years vs. patients < 70. Length of stay was not different between the two groups (5.1±4.3 vs. 4.6±4.2, p = 0.427), while readmission rates remained unaffected. The 90 days mortality resulted 2.8% vs. 0% (p = 0.256).
Conclusion: In our experience elderly patient affected by colorectal cancer should routinely follow an ERAS program expecting the same benefits as with other age groups
A Trans-dimensional inversion algorithm to model deformation sources with unconstrained shape in finite element domains
Get PDFGround deformation provides valuable insights on subsurface processes with pattens reflecting the characteristics of the source at depth. In active volcanic sites displacements can be observed in unrest phases; therefore, a correct interpretation is essential to assess the hazard potential. Inverse modeling is employed to obtain quantitative estimates of parameters describing the source. However, despite the robustness of the available approaches, a realistic imaging of these reservoirs is still challenging. While analytical models return quick but simplistic results, assuming an isotropic and elastic crust, more sophisticated numerical models, accounting for the effects of topographic loads, crust inelasticity and structural discontinuities, require much higher computational effort and information about the crust rheology may be challenging to infer. All these approaches are based on a-priori source shape constraints, influencing the solution reliability. In this thesis, we present a new approach aimed at overcoming the aforementioned limitations, modeling sources free of a-priori shape constraints with the advantages of FEM simulations, but with a cost-efficient procedure. The source is represented as an assembly of elementary units, consisting in cubic elements of a regular FE mesh loaded with a unitary stress tensors. The surface response due to each of the six stress tensor components is computed and linearly combined to obtain the total displacement field. In this way, the source can assume potentially any shape. Our tests prove the equivalence of the deformation fields due to our assembly and that of corresponding cavities with uniform boundary pressure. Our ability to simulate pressurized cavities in a continuum domain permits to pre-compute surface responses, avoiding remeshing. A Bayesian trans-dimensional inversion algorithm implementing this strategy is developed. 3D Voronoi cells are used to sample the model domain, selecting the elementary units contributing to the source solution and those remaining inactive as part of the crust
Fracassetti and the unpublished translation of Petrarch's Rerum memorandarum libri
Get PDFAncora poco è stato detto riguardo alla traduzione del trattato latino Rerum memorandarum libri di Petrarca compiuta da Giuseppe Fracassetti (1802-1883) nel 1860 e rimasta inedita. Fracassetti, avvocato e poliedrico studioso di Fermo, si dedicò all'edizione e al volgarizzamento di diverse opere latine di Petrarca – nello specifico, del trattato De sui ispius et multorum ignorantia reso in Della propria ed altrui ignoranza nel 1858, delle lettere Familiari (il cui corpus fu dato alle stampe prima nella versione latina, nel 1859-1863, e poi in traduzione nel 1863-1867) e Senili (stampate nel biennio 1869-1870 solo in italiano) – ma non pubblicò il suo lavoro sui Rerum memorandum libri.
A partire dalla ricostruzione del processo editoriale e poi della fortuna delle opere edite, questa tesi propone un approfondimento sulle carte autografe – conservate presso la biblioteca Civica "Romolo Spezioli" di Fermo – che documentano la traduzione di Fracassetti dei Rerum memorandarum libri, i suoi Libri delle cose memorabili. Il lavoro presenta inoltre un focus sulla lingua adottata e avvia un'indagine sistematica sulle fonti latine utilizzate – e non dichiarate – dallo studioso fermano, attraverso lo studio delle annotazioni marginali appuntate da Fracassetti sui fogli. L’elaborato dà luce a questa traduzione inedita e incompleta – si interrompe infatti al terzo libro – pubblicandone il testo (corredato di un apparato in doppia fascia che registra da un lato la stratigrafia correttoria e, dall’altro, le postille presenti sulle carte).Still little has been said about the translation of the Latin treatise Rerum memorandarum libri by Francesco Petrarca, carried out by Giuseppe Fracassetti (1802-1883) in 1860 and remained incomplete and unpublished. Giuseppe Fracassetti was a lawyer, a historian, and a scholar from Fermo who published and translated, indeed, most Latin works of Petrarch — like a treatise entitled Della propria ed altrui ignoranza in 1858, the Latin Letters of Petrarch Familiari, (first in Latin edited in 1859-1863 and after in an Italian translation in 1863- 1867) and Senili (published in 1869-1870, only in Italian) – but he didn’t published his work about Rerum Memorandum Libri, his Libri delle cose memorabili.
Fracassetti's editions about Petrarch are part of a cultural, political, and linguistic context of profound change, in which translations of the classics had a civil, as well as literary, value: starting from the reconstruction of the editorial process, circulation, and fortune of the published works, this thesis therefore proposes an in-depth review of Fracassetti’s autograph manuscripts kept in the homonymous archive of the “Spezioli” library of Fermo, documenting the translation. It also initiates a systematic investigation of the Latin sources used – and not declared – by the translator, starting with a comparison between the Latin marginalia he noted in the manuscript. This work intends to reveal this unpublished and incomplete translation (the work stops in fact at the third book) by accompanying it with a double-band apparatus to record the corrective stratigraphy of the papers and the author's annotations on the text (such as classical sources and doubts about the translation) with a focus also on the language used by Fracassetti, in keeping with the Italian prose of the time
A new catalogue of the Greek alchemical manuscripts of the Italian libraries.
Get PDFIl presente lavoro di ricerca propone una revisione del corpus greco dei manoscritti alchemici conservati presso le biblioteche italiane attraverso la realizzazione di un nuovo catalogo, aggiornato ed elaborato secondo le recenti norme di catalogazione. Tale progetto risponde alla necessità di un completo riesame dell’attuale catalogo dei codici alchemici italiani curato da Carlo Oreste Zuretti e pubblicato a Bruxelles nel 1927 (Catalogue des manuscrits alchimiques grecs, II). L’inadeguatezza e insufficienza di tale sussidio emerge soprattutto nella descrizione dei singoli esemplari, specie per quanto riguarda gli aspetti codicologici e paleografici. Il nuovo accurato studio che ha coinvolto ciascun manoscritto mira alla realizzazione di un esaustivo strumento di lavoro in grado di coniugare gli aspetti materiali, scrittori, testuali e storico-culturali degli esemplari esaminati. Le nuove acquisizioni emerse dallo studio dei codici consentono di delineare meglio la storia della circolazione dei testi alchemici greci e dei loro lettori.This work proposes a revision of the Greek corpus of alchemical manuscripts preserved in Italian libraries through the creation of a new and updated catalogue, compiled according to recent cataloging standards. This project responds to the need for a complete revision of the current catalogue of Italian alchemical manuscripts edited by Carlo Oreste Zuretti and published in Brussels in 1927 (Catalogue des manuscrits alchimiques grecs, II). The insufficiency of that work emerges in the description of individual items, especially with regard to codicological and paleographic aspects. The new careful study involving each manuscript aims at the realization of a comprehensive working tool capable of combining the material, scriptural, textual and historical-cultural aspects of each codex
Collective actions for environmental monitoring and conservation: citizen science, informal environmental education, and participatory approach
Get PDFThis PhD was driven by an interest for inclusive and participatory approaches. The methodology that bridges science and society is known as 'citizen science' and is experiencing a huge upsurge worldwide, in the scientific and humanities fields. In this thesis, I have focused on three topics: i) assessing the reliability of data collected by volunteers; ii) evaluating the impact of environmental education activities in tourist facilities; and iii) monitoring marine biodiversity through citizen science. In addition to these topics, during my research stay abroad, I developed a questionnaire to investigate people's perceptions of natural areas to promote the implementation of co-management. The results showed that volunteers are not only able to collect sufficiently reliable data, but that during their participation in this type of project, they can also increase their knowledge of marine biology and ecology and their awareness of the impact of human behaviour on the environment. The short-term analysis has shown that volunteers are able to retain what they have learned. In the long term, knowledge is usually forgotten, but awareness is retained. Increased awareness could lead to a change in behaviour and in this case a more environmentally friendly attitude. This aspect could be of interest for the development of environmental education projects in tourism facilities to reduce the impact of tourism on the environment while adding a valuable service to the tourism offer. We also found that nature experiences in childhood are important to connect to nature in adulthood. The results also suggest that membership or volunteering in an environmental education association could be a predictor of people's interest in more participatory approaches to nature management. In most cases, the COVID -19 pandemic had not changed participants' perceptions of the natural environment
Vulnerable users' protection with advanced recycling paving materials. Design and characterisation of rubber-based impact-absorbing pavement materials for bike lanes and sidewalks
Get PDFOur cities are constantly evolving, and the necessity to improve the condition and safety of the urban infrastructures is fundamental. However, on the roads, the specific needs of cyclists and pedestrians are often neglected.
The Vulnerable Road Users (VRUs), among whom cyclists and pedestrians are, rarely benefit from the most innovative safety measures. Inspired by playgrounds and aiming to reduce VRUs injuries, the Impact-Absorbing Pavements (IAP) developed as novel sidewalks, and bike lanes surface layers may help decrease injuries, fatalities, and the related societal costs. To achieve this goal, the End-of-Life Tyres (ELTs) crumb rubber (CR) is used as a primary resource, bringing its elastic properties into the surface layer.
The thesis is divided into five main chapters. The first concerns the formulation and the definition of a feasible mix. The second explores the mechanical and environmental properties in detail, and the ageing effect is also assessed. The third describes the modelling of the material to simulate accidents and measure the injury reduction, especially on the head. The fourth chapter is reserved for the field trial. The last gives some perspectives on the research and proposes a way to optimize and improve the data and results collected during the doctoral research.
It was observed that the specimens made with cold protocol have noticeable performances and reduce the overall carbon footprint impact of this material. The material modelling and the accident simulation proved the performance of the IAP against head injuries, and the field trial confirmed the good results obtained in the laboratory for the cold-made material.
Finally, the outcomes of this thesis opened many prospective to the IAP development, such as the use of a plant-based binder or recycled aggregates and gave a positive prospect of an innovative material to the urban road infrastructures