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The Chinese translation of similes in Dante's Inferno: a comparison of three Chinese versions and the Dantean poem
No full textLa Commedia di Dante ha conosciuto numerose versioni cinesi, sia parziali che integrali, e gli studiosi cinesi rivolgono sempre più attenzione al poeta italiano e al suo capolavoro. È necessario riconoscere che, sebbene il «dantismo cinese» abbia intrapreso «una via di pluralismo, sistematizzazione e professionalizzazione», permangono numerose lacune da colmare, in particolare per quanto concerne gli aspetti legati alla cultura e alla lingua cinese. Un esempio tipico che intendo proporre è quello della traduzione cinese del poema dantesco, un tema raramente affrontato dalla critica cinese, e ancor meno quello specifico della traduzione delle similitudini.
Questa tesi si propone di esaminare la traduzione cinese delle similitudini nell’Inferno. Il primo capitolo mira a fornire un aggiornamento sull’evoluzione della traduzione della Commedia in Cina. Tale scelta si rende necessaria sia in virtù della recente pubblicazione di nuove versioni integrali del poema e delle nuove scoperte sulla fortuna di Dante in Cina, sia per riportare alla luce numerosi tentativi traduttivi del passato, caduti purtroppo nell’oblio. Nel secondo capitolo, offro un confronto conciso e concreto tra la similitudine italiana e quella cinese, con l’obiettivo di fornire una solida base teorica per l’analisi testuale della traduzione delle similitudini. Vengono presentate tre versioni cinesi, ossia quella in prosa di Tian Dewang e le due in versi di Huang Guobin e Wang Jun, rappresentative delle diverse traduzioni del poema dantesco in Cina. Il terzo capitolo, che costituisce la parte centrale della tesi, è dedicato allo studio delle similitudini presenti nell’Inferno, identificate secondo il regesto di Venturi (Le similitudini dantesche ordinate, illustrate e confrontate) e analizzate in relazione alle tre versioni cinesi, realizzate in diverse forme. Il quarto capitolo sarà riservato all’analisi dei fenomeni specifici e delle strategie traduttive adottate nelle tre versioni cinesi, messe a confronto con le similitudini originali, che emergeranno dall’analisi condotta nel capitolo precedente.Dante’s Commedia has been translated into numerous Chinese versions, both partial and complete, and Chinese scholars are increasingly focusing their attention on the Italian poet and his masterpiece. It is necessary to acknowledge that, although “Chinese Dantism” has embarked on “a path of pluralism, systematization, and professionalization,” many gaps remain to be filled, particularly concerning aspects related to Chinese culture and language. A typical example that I intend to examine is the Chinese translation of Dante’s poem, a topic rarely addressed by Chinese critics, and even less so the specific issue of translating similes.
This dissertation aims to examine the Chinese translation of similes in Inferno. The first chapter seeks to provide an update on the evolution of the translation of the Commedia in China. This choice is necessary both due to the recent publication of new complete versions of the poem and new discoveries regarding Dante’s reception in China.
In the second chapter, I offer a concise comparison between the Italian similes and their Chinese counterparts, with the aim of providing a solid theoretical foundation for the textual analysis of simile translation. Three Chinese versions are presented: the prose translation by Tian Dewang and the two verse translations by Huang Guobin and Wang Jun, which are representative of different approaches to translating Dante’s poem in China.
The third chapter, which constitutes the core of the dissertation, is dedicated to studying the similes found in Inferno, identified according to Venturi’s register and analyzed in relation to the three Chinese versions, which employ different translation approaches.
The fourth chapter will be devoted to the analysis of specific phenomena and translation strategies adopted in the three Chinese versions, comparing them with the original similes. The results of this comparison will emerge from the analysis conducted in the previous chapter
Rotational spectroscopy and modelling of halogenated carboxylic acids and their hydrated complexes
No full textThe rotational spectra of several halogenated carboxyl acids and their 1:1 and 1:2 water complexes, namely 3-chloropropionic acid, 2-chloropropionic acid, 3-bromopropionic acid, 3-chloropropionic acid monohydrate and dihydrate and 2-chloropropionic acid monohydrate, were studied in the microwave and millimeter wave ranges using Chirp Pulse-Fourier Transform Microwave and Stark-modulated Free-Jet Absorption Millimeter-Wave spectroscopy respectively. For 3-chloropropionic acid, three conformations with a Z-COOH arrangement were identified in the gas expansion, while the spectra belonging to the 37Cl isotopologue of all three conformers were observed in nature abundance. For 2-chloropropionic acid, in total three conformations were observed using a helium expansion, two of which were not observed in a previous reported study. For 3-bromopropionic acid, transitions from one Z-COOH conformation were assigned, and 81Br isotopologue was identified in nature abundance. Two conformations of 3-chloropropionic acid monohydrate were observed, in which water acts as both a proton donor and a proton acceptor, forming hydrogen bonded cyclic structures with the carboxyl groups. For the 3-chloropropionic acid dihydrate complexes, only one conformation was revealed, in which the global minimum conformation of 3ClPA forms a ring structure with three HBs with a slightly distorted water dimer. For 2-chloropropionic acid monohydrate, only one conformation was observed, in which water forms HBs with the carboxyl groups of the global minimum conformations of the monomer. The last chapter employs implicit and explicit models to describe the structural and energetic changes of monochloropropionic acids in aqueous environments compared to those in the gas phase. This study provides a theoretical basis for understanding the behavior of such water pollutants and holds significant implications for their degradation
Mitochondrial dynamics modulation by IF1 in cancer cells and their interplay with tumor associated macrophages
No full textThis study investigates two critical aspects of cancer cell metabolism and mitochondrial dynamics: (1) the role of the F1Fo-ATP synthase endogenous hydrolytic inhibitor IF1 in mitochondrial network organization, and (2) the metabolic interaction between neuroblastoma (NBL) cells and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), with a focus on the potential role of TLR8 as a microRNA receptor in this interplay. In the first analysis, we explore the function of IF1 in modulating mitochondrial fissionfusion balance, demonstrating that IF1 enhances mitochondrial network interconnection in cancer cells under stress. This may support an elevated oxidative phosphorylation rate in stress condition and may protect IF1-expressing cancer cells from apoptosis. Our findings suggest that IF1 acts as a pro-oncogenic factor, impacting mitochondrial dynamics in addition to its other tumor-promoting activities. Thus, IF1 presents a potential target for cancer therapies, with effects that may vary across different solid tumors. The second focus examines metabolic reprogramming in NBL cells co-cultured with THP-1 monocytes. Preliminary data indicate that TAMs significantly influence NBL cell metabolism, increasing their metabolic rate, potentially highlighting a pro-tumoral role of TAMs. Notably, the two NBL cell lines tested displayed diverse glucose and lactate utilization patterns, underscoring intratumorally metabolic heterogeneity. TLR8 expression in monocytes appears pivotal for this reprogramming, possibly altering the tumor microenvironment (TME) by influencing nutrient availability. Metabolic shifts in both NBL cells and TAMs suggest bidirectional reprogramming, likely proceeding in opposing metabolic directions. Future studies are needed to elucidate the precise mechanisms driving this metabolic reprogramming, potentially mediated by extracellular vesicles (EVs) and miRNAs, with TLR8 emerging as a key component in this process. This work emphasizes the value of co-culture models in cancer bioenergetics research, as they partially recapitulate the complex interactions between tumor and immune cells that are instrumental in cancer progression and metabolic adaptation
Assessing the sustainability performance of the aquaculture sector in Italy in the context of the circular economy
No full textRecent European strategies and organizational changes within the European Maritime, Fisheries and Aquaculture Fund have made the long-term sustainability of aquaculture a top priority in the agenda, driven by population growth and increasing market demand that are changing the way aquaculture is talked about in the public debate. These developments are occurring in a remarkably short amount of time, and the necessity of sustainable transformation and ability to effectively address increased demand prompts the question of which production model to adopt in the near future. The project aims to consider, among the sustainable models, the potential of circular economy approach, among fact and stakeholders’ views in the Italian aquaculture sector. The thesis is divided into four chapters. In the first chapter, a literature review provided a theoretical framework on the most widely used circular practices, and case studies conducted in the aquaculture sector. In the second chapter, the goal was to understand the perceptions of relevant stakeholders acting “From Farm To Fork” on the circular economy approach and related strategies. In the third chapter, the proposed outcome is to offer a feasible trajectory to guide the European sector's circular transition. A circular transition model for aquaculture companies is proposed, within which the concepts of circular readiness (in financial and cognitive terms), and circular maturity (in terms of implemented strategies) are proposed. In the fourth chapter, a case study on the application of insect meal, the most popular innovative practice to reach circular economy in literature was studied within Italian trout farms. The collected results can raise awareness of the role of the circular economy approach in meeting the future challenges of the Italian aquaculture sector and offer policy implications for strengthening the knowledge infrastructure and supporting paradigm shift strategies
Climate change and cultura heritage. Disaster risk management strategies to face severe weather events in archaeological areas.
No full textIl cambiamento climatico rappresenta una delle maggiori sfide del nostro tempo, con impatti sempre più evidenti anche sul patrimonio culturale. Fenomeni metereologici intensi, un tempo rari, si verificano oggi con crescente intensità e frequenza, anche in luoghi storicamente non colpiti. Questi eventi mettono a rischio la conservazione di siti storici in tutto il mondo, rendendo urgente l’adeguamento delle strategie di tutela e gestione dei beni culturali. Gli effetti del cambiamento climatico amplificano infatti i rischi a cui il patrimonio è da sempre esposto, sommandosi ai problemi preesistenti che caratterizzano la conservazione delle strutture antiche e i loro naturali fenomeni di deterioramento. I siti archeologici, per la loro fragilità intrinseca e/o acquisita e per il profondo legame con l’ambiente circostante, risultano particolarmente vulnerabili di fronte a tali fenomeni, che possono generare situazioni potenzialmente catastrofiche, soprattutto in caso di precipitazioni anomale. La presente ricerca si propone si identificare misure efficaci per contenere gli impatti derivanti da eventi estremi nei contesti archeologici, partendo dalle linee guida internazionali e dalla letteratura esistente, integrate con l’esperienza raccolta in tre casi studio, il Parco archeologico di Baratti e Populonia (LI), il Parco archeologico della città romana di Suasa (AN) e l’area archeologica di Claterna (BO). I risultati hanno portato alla definizione di una serie di linee di indirizzo per la gestione delle precipitazioni intense in questi contesti, basate su un approccio di Disaster Risk Management. Queste indicazioni includono l’adozione di azioni di preparazione e prevenzione, promuovendo pratiche di conservazione e gestione più integrate, interdisciplinari e consapevoli dei cambiamenti in corso. La ricerca si concretizza infine in un protocollo per la gestione delle emergenze associate a tali eventi, fornendo uno strumento per la salvaguardia di questi luoghi.Climate change is one of the most compelling challenges of our time, with profound and widespread impacts on cultural heritage. Extreme weather events, once rare, are now occurring with greater intensity and frequency, hitting even historically unaffected places. These events threaten the conservation of historic sites worldwide, calling for imperative adaptation cultural heritage protection and management strategies. Indeed, the effects of climate change amplify the risks to which heritage has always been exposed, adding to the pre-existing factors that characterise the conservation of ancient structures and their natural deterioration phenomena. Archaeological sites, due to their intrinsic and/or acquired fragility and their deep connection with the surrounding environment, are particularly vulnerable to such events, which can generate potentially catastrophic situations, especially under exceptional rainfall conditions. This research aims to identify effective measures to mitigate the impacts of extreme weather events in archaeological contexts building on international guidelines, existing literature, and lessons learned from three case studies: the Archaeological Park of Baratti-Populonia (LI), the archaeological park of Suasa (AN), and the archaeological area of Claterna (BO). The findings have led to the formulation of a set of guidelines for managing intense rainfall in these contexts, based on a Disaster Risk Management approach. These guidelines include the adoption of preparatory actions and preventive measures, promoting more integrated, interdisciplinary and climate-change aware conservation and management practices. The research ultimately resulted in a protocol for managing emergencies associated with such events, providing a tool for safeguarding these places
Microbial valorization of agro-industrial wastes through chain elongation, pha production, and biofuel generation: a study on grape pomace, sewage scum, sewage sludge, vegetable waste, olive mill pomace, and wetland biomasses
No full textThe increasing generation of agro-industrial waste necessitates sustainable valorization strategies that mitigate pollution while recovering valuable bioproducts. This thesis thus explores the biotechnological conversion of five industrial byproducts—grape pomace, the cellulose-hemicellulose-rich fraction of sewage scum, sewage sludge and vegetable waste, olive mill pomace, and wetland biomasses—into high-value chemicals and biofuels. Microbial processes investigated include chain elongation for hexanoic acid production, polyhydroxyalkanoate synthesis, and anaerobic digestion, complemented by extraction studies for process optimization. For grape pomace valorization, ethanol leaching generated a liquid stream rich in ethanol and nutrients, enabling efficient hexanoic acid production through microbial chain elongation. The process was adaptable to different grape pomace sources and resulted in high hexanoic acid productivity. Hexanoic acid was recovered at 89% purity through acidification and phase separation, while the solid residue remained available for further valorization, including polyphenol or tartaric acid extraction and anaerobic digestion. Enzymatic saccharification of the cellulose-hemicellulose-rich fraction from sewage scum yielded a glucose-rich liquor, supporting hexanoic acid production in semi-continuous setups with yields comparable to similar studies. Pertraction was evaluated for hexanoic acid extraction, revealing bicarbonate as a safer alternative to boric acid in the stripping phase, improving process safety and product purity. Polyhydroxyalkanoate production was achieved using anaerobically co-digested sewage sludge and vegetable waste pretreated with hydrodynamic cavitation, yielding a high-purity polyhydroxybutyrate. The use of filtered but non-sterilized substrate with a pure strain improved process feasibility, lowering costs associated with sterilization. Biochemical methane potential tests assessed the anaerobic digestion potential of olive mill pomace and wetland biomasses, demonstrating methane yields comparable to literature values despite challenges such as high organic loading and polyphenol content. This thesis advances the sustainable valorization of agro-industrial waste by integrating microbial conversion and extraction technologies, contributing to circular economy principles and enabling the production of bio-based chemicals and fuels from diverse waste streams
Phase change materials in latent thermal energy storage systems: experimental and numerical investigations
No full textThis PhD Thesis investigates Phase Change Materials (PCMs) with a focus on their behavior during melting and solidification, particularly for applications in Latent Thermal Energy Storage (LTES) systems and electronic component protection during reflow soldering. The study begins by contrasting Sensible and Latent Thermal Energy Storage systems, highlighting PCMs' higher energy storage density. Strategies to enhance PCMs’ low thermal conductivity, such as the use of metal foams, fins, and carbon-based additives, are also discussed. An experimental analysis of a prototype LTES system utilizing a paraffinic PCM and a finned-tube heat exchanger was conducted. The system’s thermal performance during charging and discharging phases was evaluated and compared to that of a conventional STES system using water, demonstrating the superior efficiency of LTES in terms of energy storage and thermal power exchange. Further numerical investigations examined PCM melting and solidification within heated/cooled cavities, evaluating the effects of metallic fin configurations. Two case studies were conducted: one on melting in a rectangular cavity with and without vertical fins, and another on phase transitions within a double cavity system. Results demonstrated that fin placement significantly influences heat transfer dynamics and efficiency. The final part of the research explores an industrial application, assessing PCMs’ capability to protect sensitive electronic components during Surface Mount Device (SMD) soldering. Numerical simulations and experimental validations confirmed that integrating PCMs reduces thermal stress, improving component reliability. Overall, this Thesis provides a comprehensive analysis of PCMs in both theoretical and practical contexts, contributing new insights into optimizing thermal management systems and proposing innovative solutions for industrial heat control. Future research directions aim to further enhance PCM-based systems for broader and more efficient energy applications
The environmental and social stewardship of institutional investors
No full textNegli ultimi anni il tema della sostenibilità ambientale e sociale ha iniziato ad essere preso in considerazione non solo nelle decisioni d’investimento, ma anche nell’esercizio dei diritti derivanti dallo status socii. La presente analisi muove dalla constatazione che le regole di comportamento che gravano sugli investitori istituzionali dispongono che la gestione collettiva del risparmio debba avvenire nell’interesse dei partecipanti al fondo. Il primo capitolo dell’elaborato intende determinare se, e in che misura, le considerazioni ambientali e sociali possano ritenersi implicitamente già incluse nel perimetro dell’interesse dei partecipanti e/o possano essere funzionalizzate al perseguimento di tale interesse, nonché espressamente integrate all’interno di quest’ultimo attraverso l’informativa precontrattuale. Il secondo capitolo valuta come le regole di gestione si riflettano nel rapporto di governo societario tra investitori istituzionali e società partecipate. In particolare, ci si concentra sull’integrazione di dette considerazioni nelle varie forme di engagement in sede assembleare ed extrassembleare, estendendo poi la trattazione all’esercizio dei diritti derivanti da strumenti finanziari diversi dalle azioni quotate in mercati regolamentati. Dopo aver esaminato e offerto una ricostruzione del frammentato quadro normativo entro cui l’impegno ambientale e sociale deve muoversi, il terzo capitolo affronta il tema del suo enforcement e della funzione che può essere assunta dalle iniziative di soft law in materia. L’elaborato conclude con alcune prospettive de iure condendo, con cui si intende proporre una razionalizzazione della disciplina vigente.In recent years, the issue of environmental and social sustainability has begun to be taken into account not only in investment decisions, but also in the exercise of shareholder voting rights. This analysis moves from the observation that the rules of conduct that burden institutional investors stipulate that collective asset management must be carried out in the interest of fund participants. The first chapter of the paper seeks to determine whether, and to what extent, environmental and social considerations can be considered implicitly included in the scope of the participants’ interest and/or can be functionalized in the pursuit of that interest, as well as expressly integrated within it through pre-contractual disclosure. The second chapter assesses how investment management rules are reflected in the corporate governance relationship between institutional investors and investee companies. In particular, the analysis focuses on the integration of these considerations into the various forms of engagement at shareholders’ meetings and outside shareholders’ meetings, then extending the discussion to the exercise of rights arising from financial instruments other than shares listed on regulated markets. After examining and offering a reconstruction of the fragmented regulatory framework within which the environmental and social stewardship must move, the third chapter addresses the issue of its enforcement and the function that can be assumed by soft law initiatives in this area. The paper concludes with some de iure condendo perspectives aimed at rationalizing the current framework
Balkan soundscapes in travelogues (15th-18th centuries)
No full textTra il XV e il XVIII secolo – precisamente tra la conquista ottomana di Costantinopoli del 1453 e lo scioglimento della Repubblica di Venezia nel 1797 – i viaggiatori occidentali diretti a Oriente produssero numerosi testi di viaggio che offrono preziose informazioni su pratiche musicali e sonorità della penisola balcanica e delle regioni circostanti, tra cui le attuali Venezia Giulia, Istria, Slovenia, Austria e Ungheria. Spesso corredati da illustrazioni che raffigurano usi e costumi orientali, questi documenti contribuirono anche a stimolare una lunga tradizione iconografica nei libri di viaggio e di costume. L'analisi sincronica e diacronica degli eventi musicali descritti e raffigurati dai viaggiatori, condotta in un’ottica interdisciplinare, offre nuove prospettive di ricerca sui paesaggi sonori dei territori in esame, contribuendo a una comprensione più profonda del loro patrimonio culturale.Between the 15th and 18th centuries - namely from the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453 to the fall of the Venetian Republic in 1797 - Western travellers to the East produced a wealth of documentation. These accounts offer valuable insights into the musical practices and soundscapes of the Balkan peninsula and surrounding regions, including present-day Venezia Giulia, Istria, Slovenia, Austria, and Hungary. Often featuring illustrations that depict Eastern customs and traditions, these documents also contribute to a long-standing iconographic tradition in travelogues and costume books. The synchronic and diachronic analysis of these musical events, conducted within an interdisciplinary framework, offers new insights into the soundscapes of the region, contributing to a deeper understanding of its cultural heritage
Art, science et politique : l'obstétrique à Paris entre l'Ancien Régime et la Révolution
No full textLa ricerca indaga la trasformazione dell’ostetricia nella Parigi tra fine XVIII e inizio XIX secolo, con particolare attenzione al periodo rivoluzionario analizzando il passaggio da “arte dei parti” a “scienza ostetrica” attraverso prospettive storiche, istituzionali, sociali e di genere. Lo studio si concentra sulle politiche sanitarie rivoluzionarie e sul loro contributo nell’affermazione di uno stile ostetrico “geometrico” e chirurgico manifestatosi nelle sperimentazioni operatorie come la sinfisiotomia, nella crescente diffusione del taglio cesareo in vivo e nella trasmissione di tali pratiche nelle nascenti scuole di medicina e chirurgia e nei moderni reparti di maternità. Lo studio evidenzia come l’istituzionalizzazione delle pratiche ostetriche abbia ridisegnato il rapporto tra sapere medico e potere politico, lo sguardo medico sul corpo delle partorienti, e la percezione culturale della nascita. Un’attenzione particolare è rivolta ai dibattiti che animarono la comunità medica dell’epoca, dove l’introduzione di nuove tecniche chirurgiche generò una profonda spaccatura tra i fautori del “progresso” tecnico-scientifico e coloro che le consideravano pratiche brutali ed eticamente inaccettabili. La ricerca evidenzia inoltre come questa trasformazione abbia influenzato le dinamiche di genere nella professione, analizzando il ruolo delle levatrici tra subordinazione formale agli ostetrici e autonomia pratica. Lo studio contribuisce a una più profonda comprensione delle complesse interazioni tra medicina, politica e società che hanno caratterizzato la ridefinizione dei confini dell’epistemologia e della deontologia ostetrica e la nascita dell’ostetricia moderna.This research investigates the transformation of obstetrics in Paris between the late 18th and early 19th centuries, with particular attention to the revolutionary period, analyzing the transition from “art of childbirth” to “obstetrical science” through historical, institutional, social, and gender perspectives. The study focuses on revolutionary health policies and their contribution to the establishment of a “geometric” and surgical obstetric style, manifested in surgical experiments such as symphysiotomy, in the increasing spread of caesarean sections in vivo, and in the transmission of these practices in the emerging schools of medicine and surgery and in modern maternity wards. The study shows how the institutionalization of obstetric practices reshaped not only the relationship between medical knowledge and political power but also social equilibria and the cultural perception of birth. Special attention is paid to the debates that animated the medical community of the time, where the introduction of new surgical techniques generated a deep divide between advocates of technical-scientific "progress" and those who considered them brutal and ethically unacceptable practices. The research also highlights how this transformation influenced gender dynamics within the profession, analyzing the role of midwives between formal subordination to obstetricians and practical autonomy. The study contributes to a deeper understanding of the complex interactions between medicine, politics, and society that characterized the redefinition of epistemological and deontological boundaries in obstetrics and the birth of modern obstetrics.Cette recherche examine la transformation de l’obstétrique à Paris entre la fin du XVIIIe et le début du XIXe siècle, en portant une attention particulière à la période révolutionnaire, analysant le passage de « l’art des accouchements » à la « science obstétricale » à travers des perspectives historiques, institutionnelles, sociales et de genre. L’étude se concentre sur les politiques sanitaires révolutionnaires et leur contribution à l’affirmation d’un style obstétrical « géométrique » et chirurgical, manifesté dans les expérimentations opératoires comme la symphyséotomie, dans la diffusion croissante de la césarienne in vivo et dans la transmission de ces pratiques dans les nouvelles écoles de médecine et chirurgie et d’obstétrique, et dans les nouveaux services de maternité. L’étude montre comment l’institutionnalisation des pratiques obstétricales a redessiné le rapport entre le savoir médical et le pouvoir politique, le regard médical sur le corps des parturientes, et la perception culturelle de la naissance. Une attention particulière est portée aux débats qui ont animé la communauté médicale de l’époque, où l’introduction de nouvelles techniques chirurgicales a généré une profonde division entre les partisans du « progrès » technico-scientifique et ceux qui les considéraient comme des pratiques brutales et éthiquement inacceptables. La recherche souligne également comment cette transformation a influencé les dynamiques de genre dans la profession, en analysant le rôle des sages-femmes entre subordination formelle aux obstétriciens et autonomie pratique. La thèse contribue à une compréhension plus profonde des interactions complexes entre médecine, politique et société qui ont caractérisé la redéfinition des frontières de l’épistémologie et de la déontologie obstétricale et la naissance de l’obstétrique moderne