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Do academically selective school systems strengthen the link between students’ family backgrounds and the likelihood of higher education participation?
Get PDFProponents of academic selection argue that academic selection helps children from disadvantaged backgrounds have better lifelong outcomes. However, the evidence needs to be clarified since selections by performance could be a proxy for selection by socioeconomic class. Based on the unique situation in England, where both selective and non-selective systems coexist, we evaluate whether students from selective schools are more likely to continue higher education than those in non-selective schools and whether the link between students’ family backgrounds and their likelihood of higher education participation is stronger under a selective system. The results show that attending selective schools is associated with some post-18 advantages for pupils who stayed until the end of Key Stage 5, but brings disadvantages for those who left at earlier stages, even if we look at the upper bound of the selective school effect. Meanwhile, the link between students’ family backgrounds and future opportunities is consistently stronger under the selective system
Pitch as a Recipient, Channel, and Context Factor Affecting Thought Reliance and Persuasion.
No full textThree experiments tested how low versus high pitch generated from sources beyond a message communicator can affect reliance on thoughts and influence recipients' attitudes. First, participants wrote positive or negative thoughts about an exam proposal (Experiments 1, 2) or their academic abilities (Experiment 3). Then, pitch from the message recipient (Experiment 1), channel (Experiment 2), or context (Experiment 3) was manipulated to be high or low. Experiment 1 showed that when participants vocally expressed their thoughts using low (vs. high) pitch, thoughts had a greater effect on attitudes toward exams. Experiment 2 revealed low (vs. high) pitch sounds from the keyboard participants used to write their thoughts produced the same effect on thought usage. Experiment 3 demonstrated that thoughts influenced attitudes more when listed while background music was low (vs. high) Pitch can influence attitudes through a meta-cognitive thought reliance process whether emerging from the recipient, channel, or context
The role of visuomotor synchrony on virtual full‐body illusions in children and adults
Get PDFThe present study explored the effects of visuomotor synchrony in virtual reality during the embodiment of a full human avatar in children (aged 5–6 years) and adults. Participants viewed their virtual bodies from a first‐person perspective while they moved the body during self‐generated and structured movement. Embodiment was measured via questions and psychophysiological responses (skin conductance) to a virtual body‐threat and during both movement conditions. Both children and adults had increased feelings of ownership and agency over a virtual body during synchronous visuomotor feedback (compared to asynchronous visuomotor feedback). Children had greater ownership compared to adults during synchronous movement but did not differ from adults on agency. There were no differences in SCRs (frequency or magnitude) between children and adults, between conditions (i.e., baseline or movement conditions) or visuomotor feedback. Collectively, the study highlights the importance of visuomotor synchrony for children's ratings of embodiment for a virtual avatar from at least 5 years old, and suggests adults and children are comparable in terms of psychophysiological arousal when moving (or receiving a threat to) a virtual body. This has important implications for our understanding of the development of embodied cognition and highlights the considerable promise of exploring visuomotor VR experiences in children
Investigating solitude as a tool for downregulation of daily arousal using ecological momentary assessments
Get PDFObjective: This research explored arousal levels as a motivating factor for solitude‐seeking. We hypothesized that solitude becomes more desirable when high‐arousal emotions were heightened and individual differences in extraversion and neuroticism would moderate this pattern. Method: We tracked individuals' hourly experiences throughout a day. We assessed their high‐arousal positive (e.g., excitement) and negative emotions (e.g., tension), whether they were alone or with others, and their preferred situation at the time of the signal. We gathered 4338 surveys from 362 participants, with 103 participants completing all hourly surveys. Results: Preference for and incidence of solitude changed throughout the day. Contrary to our hypotheses, lagged analyses did not indicate high‐arousal emotions predicting reports of being alone an hour later. However, individuals were more likely to express a preference for solitude while experiencing high‐arousal negative emotions, and less so while experiencing positive emotions. Younger individuals display stronger preference for solitude during experiences of high‐arousal negative emotions. Extraversion and neuroticism did not moderate these patterns. Conclusions: The results highlight the distinctive appeal of solitude as a space for young adults to deal with negative emotions. We discussed how these findings are connected to existing literature and implications for future research
Is there a future for 43 Ca nuclear magnetic resonance in cement science?
Get PDFCalcium and silicon are critical components of cement. While 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is widely used in cement science, 43Ca NMR has received comparatively less attention given the experimental challenges associated with it. To investigate the potential of 43Ca NMR in cement research, a density functional theory study was carried out. The study focused on distinct calcium sites within the calcium silicate hydrate (C–S–H) structure. Four unique calcium sites were identified, each predicted to display distinct 43Ca chemical shifts due to differences in their local environments. These findings were used to generate theoretical 43Ca NMR spectra for C–S–H. Furthermore, theoretical 43Ca NMR spectra for the hydration reaction of triclinic tricalcium silicate were developed, illustrating the potential of 43Ca NMR for tracking the hydration process in multiphase systems
Social contagion in primates: Moderating factors and significance for individuals and the group
Get PDFSocial contagion, which involves behavioural and emotional state matching, is a crucial process for healthy social functioning. In humans as well as other species, it underpins key elements of social interaction, including empathy and social learning, thereby allowing individuals to effectively engage with others and their environment. Given their highly social nature and complex societies, studying social contagion in primates sheds light on the evolution of these processes and their significance in individuals' daily lives. Here, we review this research, and identify factors that are thought to moderate the presence of social contagion; namely age, sex, dominance rank and social closeness. Although there are few direct comparisons in the literature, patterns of contagion and the factors influencing them vary across species and behaviour, appearing to differ especially between emotional contexts. We therefore seek to categorise contagious behaviour along an affective dimension, highlighting when there are ambiguities, and then considering the distinct evolutionary benefits of positive and negative social contagion. We further consider the significance of social contagion within social learning, using this as a unifying framework to understand contagion. [Abstract copyright: Copyright © 2025. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
The type IIA Virasoro-Shapiro amplitude in AdS 4 × CP 3 from ABJM theory
Get PDFWe consider tree level scattering of gravitons in type IIA string theory on AdS4 × CP3 to all orders in α′, which is dual to the stress tensor correlator in U(N)k × U(N)−k ABJM theory in the planar large N limit and to all orders in large λ ~ N/k. The small curvature expansion of this correlator, defined via a Borel transform, is given by the flat space Virasoro-Shapiro amplitude plus AdS curvature corrections. We fix curvature corrections by demanding that their resonances are consistent with the superconformal block expansion of the correlator and with a worldsheet ansatz in terms of single-valued multiple polylogarithms. The first correction is fully fixed in this way, and matches independent results from integrability, as well as the R4 correction at finite AdS curvature that was previously fixed using supersymmetric localization. We are also able to fix the second curvature correction by using a few additional assumptions, and find that it also satisfies various non-trivial consistency checks. We use our results to fix the tree level D4R4 correction at finite AdS curvature, and to give many predictions for future integrability studies
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