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Koskenniemi’s Lauterpacht: A ‘Gentle Civilizer’?
No full textLauterpacht’s normative project has been subject to a number of excellent studies in the past, most notably by Martti Koskenniemi. The central image of the latter’s ‘Lauterpacht’ is, famously, that of a backward-looking thinker: Lauterpacht is portrayed as a ‘natural lawyer’ who nostalgically looks back into the nineteenth century, as the last representative of a ‘Victorian tradition’ in international law. This article wishes to critique and challenge this influential intellectual portrait. In order to do this, it revisits Lauterpacht’s rich academic oeuvre in three sections. Section 2 begins with a reconstruction of Lauterpacht’s understanding of the judicial function – a function on which much of Koskenniemi’s Lauterpacht hinges. Section 3 explores the legislative function within Lauterpacht’s international legal order, while Section 4, subsequently, investigates the ‘function’ given to natural law in Lauterpacht’s normative project. Section 5, finally, offers a critical challenge to Koskenniemi’s ‘Lauterpacht’ and re-evaluates the place he should be given within the history of twentieth-century international law. A Conclusion contends that Lauterpacht is best characterised as a utopian international federalist, whose supranational legacy has largely remained unredeemed
Cyberattacks on Small Banks and the Impact on Local Banking Markets
No full textCyberattacks on small banks have direct and spillover effects in local markets. Following successful cyberattacks, hacked small banks experience a decline in deposit growth rates. This effect of cyberattacks is not observed in hacked large banks. Cyberattacks on small banks also increase the local market share of large banks through positive deposit spillovers. The consequent change in market structure reduces credit access for small borrowers and impedes small establishment growth. Our findings show that, unlike large banks, small banks are not seen by depositors as having the resources to maintain adequate cybersecurity systems to protect customers from evolving cyber threats
Learning-Augmented Online Bipartite Matching in the Random Arrival Order Model
No full textWe study the online unweighted bipartite matching problem in the random arrival order model, with offline and online vertices, in the learning-augmented setting: The algorithm is provided with untrusted predictions of the types (neighborhoods) of the online vertices. We build upon the work of Choo et al.~(ICML 2024, pp.~8762--8781) who proposed an approach that uses a prefix of the arrival sequence as a sample to determine whether the predictions are close to the true arrival sequence and then either follows the predictions or uses a known baseline algorithm that ignores the predictions and is -competitive. Their analysis is limited to the case that the optimal matching has size~, i.e., every online vertex can be matched. We generalize their approach and analysis by removing any assumptions on the size of the optimal matching while only requiring that the size of the predicted matching is at least for any constant . Our learning-augmented algorithm achieves -consistency and -robustness. Additionally, we show that the competitive ratio degrades smoothly between consistency and robustness with increasing prediction error
Big Bang nucleosynthesis
No full textOne of the most compelling pieces of evidence of the Hot Big Bang model is the realisation and confirmation that some nuclides were created shortly after the Big Bang. This process is referred to as Big Bang nucleosynthesis (or, sometimes, primordial nucleosynthesis), and is the end-product of putting neutrons and protons in a hot, expanding Universe. Big Bang nucleosynthesis currently provides our earliest test of cosmology, and it is the only experiment currently designed that is simultaneously sensitive to all four known fundamental forces: the gravitational force, the electromagnetic force, the strong force and the weak force. Our theoretical understanding of Big Bang nucleosynthesis and the measurement of the primordial abundances together represents one of the strongest pillars of the standard cosmological model. In this chapter, we will develop an intuitive understanding of Big Bang nucleosynthesis, discuss modern calculations of this process, and provide a summary of the current state-of-the-art measurements that have been made. Overall, Big Bang nucleosynthesis is in remarkable agreement with various cosmological probes, and it is this agreement that serves to strengthen our confidence in the general picture of cosmology that we have today
Leadership Starts From Within: A Multi-Configurational Model Of Identity-Based Leadership Development
No full textDeveloping identity structures that enable leaders to grow and be adaptive is an important element for leader development. Our aim is to shift theorizing on leader identity development beyond a singular leader identity towards developing leader identity interconnectedness, that is, higher levels of complexity in how individuals situate their leader identity within their network of multiple salient identities. We propose a framework for identity-based leadership development that purposefully leverages the opportunities offered by the interconnected nature of leader identities. We explain how to develop leader identity interconnectedness from within by engaging individuals in identity work and interidentity work in three leader identity configurations: singular, dual, and plural. We outline the distinct developmental goals in each configuration, explain how development towards these goals involves leader identity work and interidentity work, and offer a learning protocol with activities and self-reflective questions suitable for both formal and informal leader development. We discuss the wider implications of our multi-configurational approach for leadership development theorizing and practice
Advanced multimodal imaging: FLIM, PLIM, and FluoRaman enabled by novel diarylacetylene probes
No full textIn drug design, understanding the subcellular localisation and physicochemical behaviour of candidate molecules is essential for optimising their efficacy and elucidating their mechanisms of action. Imaging probes are routinely employed for this purpose, though most studies rely on a single imaging modality. By integrating multiple imaging techniques into a multimodal system, a more comprehensive understanding of localisation, microenvironment, and physicochemical interactions can be achieved. Yet, there remains a scarcity of specialised imaging probes with well-defined photophysical profiles, especially those that combine luminescence with a Raman-active tag in the cell-silent region, where signal clarity is maximised. Such probes could function independently or be conjugated to drugs or targeting moieties as dual-mode imaging tags. In this study, we showcase the application of a suite of advanced imaging modalities: fluorescence microscopy (CLSM); Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FLIM); Phosphorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (PLIM); and simultaneous fluorescence and Raman spectroscopy (FluoRaman). The modalities were exemplified by a series of novel, highly solvatochromic diarylacetylene-based photosensitisers that feature alkyne Raman tags and exhibit diverse subcellular localisation
In Times of Need: Psychiatric Emergency Department Presentations in Autistic Adults
No full textBackground:Autistic individuals exhibit greater vulnerability to mental health challenges than the general population, yet they lack access to adequate mental health care. Barriers to seeking and receiving adequate mental health care, such as minority stress, adverse life events, discrimination, and stigmatization can result in increased reliance on general and psychiatric emergency departments (ED/PsyED) during mental health crises. There is however limited research detailing PsyED use in autistic adults.Methods:This large-scale retrospective chart review analyzed PsyED visits by autistic adults (aged 16 to 63) in an urban psychiatric hospital in Canada from 2018 to 2020. Data were collected from 345 autistic patients who had 1027 PsyED visits during this 3-year period. Demographic information, psychiatric and neurodevelopmental diagnoses, and reasons for PsyED visits were characterized. Predictors of reasons for visiting PsyED were examined using mixed-effects logistic regressions. Differences between single-time and recurrent visitors were explored.Results:Autistic patients were mostly white (56.2%), Canadian citizens (79.1%), heterosexual (50.7%), and assigned male at birth (72.2%). Many were of low socioeconomic status, with one-third earning less than 15,000 Canadian dollars yearly. Most (84.3%) had at least one co-occurring mental health condition, with 54.8% having two or more. Rates of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and intellectual disability were both around 20%. Most frequent reasons for visits included suicidality (42.9%), aggression (24.6%), and mood symptoms (16.1%). Reasons for visiting PsyED were associated with specific mental health and neurodevelopmental diagnoses. Recurrent visitors (40.3%) did not differ in sociodemographic characteristics from single-time visitors, but had more complex clinical presentations.Conclusion:Mental health needs of autistic adults were high and complex in the PsyED setting, particularly those needing recurrent emergency visits. Addressing service gaps and barriers to ongoing mental health support is essential to enhance the continuity of care
Creative Nonfiction: The Christian Dior woman
No full textThis work of creative nonfiction emerges from ethnographic research on Arab women's testimonies of their cancer experience conducted in 2016–2018. It focuses on the account of one Lebanese woman diagnosed with breast cancer and highlights her feelings, thoughts, and perceptions from the time of the initial medical examination through to final diagnosis. The woman's monologic voice dramatizes the fact that her experience of cancer diagnosis takes the form of an alienation of the self from everything around it. In this sense, what is central to this piece are a series of questions around the unhomeliness of being in the world. What happens, phenomenologically, to the patient upon cancer diagnosis? How is the existential dislocation of their world following a cancer diagnosis registered and experienced? What is the place of language and particularly the place of one's native language and second language in the articulation of this sense of foreignness? Finally, how are familial encounters and relations disrupted, othered, and distanced
On-Demand Resource Allocation for a Quantum Network Hub
No full textTo effectively support the execution of quantum network applications for multiple sets of user-controlled quantum nodes, a quantum network must efficiently allocate shared resources. We study traffic models for a type of quantum network hub called an entanglement generation switch (EGS), a device that allocates resources to enable entanglement generation between nodes in response to user-generated demand. We propose an on-demand resource allocation algorithm, where a demand is either blocked if no resources are available or else results in immediate resource allocation. We model the EGS as an Erlang loss system, with demands corresponding to sessions whose arrival is modeled as a Poisson process. To reflect the operation of a practical quantum switch, our model captures scenarios where a resource is allocated for batches of entanglement generation attempts, possibly interleaved with calibration periods for the quantum network nodes. Calibration periods are necessary to correct against drifts or jumps in the physical parameters of a quantum node that occur on a timescale that is long compared to the duration of an attempt. We then derive a formula for the demand blocking probability under three different traffic scenarios using analytical methods from applied probability and queueing theory. We prove an insensitivity theorem which guarantees that the probability a demand is blocked only depends upon the mean duration of each entanglement generation attempt and calibration period, and is not sensitive to the underlying distributions of attempt and calibration period duration. We provide numerical results to support our analysis. Our numerical results suggest that there exist parameter regimes where it is beneficial for nodes to relinquish control of EGS resources during their calibration periods. This benefit is quantified by the blocking probability and the total entanglement generated in a fixed period of time. Our work is the first analysis of traffic characteristics at an EGS system and provides a valuable analytic tool for devising performance driven resource allocation algorithms
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