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Three Drivers of 21st-Century Changes in Ocean Tides
Get PDFNumerical model simulations are conducted to study the response of barotropic ocean tides to21st‐century climate change, as manifested by sea level rise, increasing ocean stratification, and expanding Antarctic ice shelf cavities. Emphasis is placed on surface elevations, with projections of M2, S2, K1, and O1made in decadal time slices (2050–2100) under the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5.The simulations suggest that enhanced energy transfer to baroclinic motion in an increasingly stratified ocean weakens barotropic tides on a global scale and dominates secular and decadal amplitude variability in the open ocean for most of the 21st century. Under RCP8.5, significantly reduced (-50%) boundary layer dissipation beneath thinning ice shelves readjusts the excitation of semidiurnal normal modes, leading to amplitude changes by ∼2090–2100 of order a few cm on (sub‐) basin scales. Sea level rise, on the other hand, causes localized anomalies—primarily M2 and S2 amplitude increases—in numerous shallow coastal regions. These local signals are modulated in places (e.g., Gulf of Maine, Patagonian, Northwest European, and Northwest Australian shelf areas) by spatially extended tidal changes associated with the other forcing factors, with a tendency for counteraction between sea level and stratification effects. The combined impact of all three drivers on coastal high tide water levels, as would be of interest in flood risk assessments, varies with location and climate scenario. Under RCP4.5 and at 2100, changes ≳5 cm are mostly restricted to river deltas, but wider sections of coastline could be affected under the upper‐bound RCP8.5 scenario
The Paradox of Digital Empowerment: Content Producers and the International Criminal Court
Get PDFThis article examines the paradoxical impact of the use of social media open source evidence (SMOSE) on content producers during International Criminal Court proceedings. While initially hailed for its democratising potential, reliance on SMOSE in legal processes is set to reveal a complex reality for content producers. The paper traces SMOSE's journey from production to evaluation, highlighting the gradual erosion of agency experienced by content producers. It argues that the Court's procedural approach, focusing on digital artefacts rather than their producers, fails to address the personal nature of SMOSE and the risks it poses to its creators. Content producers are implicitly included in legal proceedings without direct involvement or protections afforded to formal witnesses. The article concludes by emphasising the need for a new framework or addition to existing frameworks that balance SMOSE's evidentiary value with content producers' rights and safety
Seasonal solar thermal energy storage using compressor-assisted thermochemical sorption for domestic space heating applications
Get PDFDue to the unreliability and intermittent nature of solar radiation, using seasonal solar thermal energy storage is necessary to maximise solar energy exploitation. Among different types of seasonal solar thermal energy storage technologies, thermochemical sorption technology has gained increasing attention due to its high energy density along with the negligible heat loss in long-term storage. This study investigates a novel compressor-assisted thermochemical sorption energy storage (CATSES) system using strontium chloride–ammonia (SrCl2/NH3) integrated with flat-plate solar collectors (FPSC) to supply domestic space heating. This study develops a dynamic model using real weather data from Newcastle, UK, to evaluate charging in summer and discharging in winter across a range of dwellings with annual heating demands from 3145 kWh to 15,717 kWh, and for both low- and high-temperature heating systems. Results show that using two compressors with 30 m2 of solar collectors increases stored solar heat nearly fourfold, from 1153 kWh to 4545 kWh, raising storage efficiency from 39.5 % to 76.3 % with only 434 kWh of electricity input. During winter, the system can fully cover the 6917 kWh heating demand of an energy-efficient dwelling with low-temperature heating, and supply up to 53 % of the 15,717 kWh demand of an inefficient dwelling. The study shows that low-temperature systems allow more effective use of stored heat and solar input, while compressor integration delivers a greater enhancement to storage capacity than increasing collector area. By evaluating system behaviour under real weather conditions and diverse heating demands, the work provides new insights into how CATSES-FPSC can transform low-carbon summer electricity into reliable winter heating, with performance shaped by building efficiency, heating system type, and compressor operation
Exploring the legal frameworks around modern slavery and human trafficking: An in-depth examination
No full textHuman trafficking and modern slavery are among the most urgent human rights issues worldwide, disproportionately impacting women, children, and marginalised communities. The UK’s Modern Slavery Act 2015 was introduced as a comprehensive legislative measure to tackle these crimes by strengthening victim protection, increasing penalties, and unifying existing laws. Although the Act represented progress, its implementation has faced criticism for favouring prosecution over long-term support for victims and failing to address systemic vulnerabilities such as insecure immigration status. This chapter critically evaluates the Act’s effectiveness, highlights challenges in victim identification through the National Referral Mechanism, and discusses the need for a more victim-centred legal framework. Recommendations aim to improve implementation, bolster protective measures, and align the law with broader human rights and social justice goals
Hyperbolic monopole data
Get PDFIt is known that hyperbolic monopoles, with a particular value of the curvature, can be obtained from ADHM instanton data that satisfies additional constraints. Here this data is reformulated in terms of a triplet of real matrices that satisfy a set of quartic equations, with solutions associated with representations of (2). Many of the known examples of hyperbolic monopoles can easily be recovered in this formulation by evaluating Nahm data for Euclidean monopoles at the centre of its domain. Toda reductions of Nahm’s equation correspond to cyclic Euclidean monopoles, and this is adapted to the hyperbolic setting to obtain solutions, even when the corresponding Nahm data is not tractable. A new family of charge 4 hyperbolic monopoles with square symmetry is presented as an example
Cathodoluminescence spectroscopy of triplet excitons in organic emitters
Get PDFSinglet and triplet excited-state energies are fundamental to a variety of processes and applications of organic semiconductors, such as singlet fission, triplet–triplet annihilation, and thermally activated delayed fluorescence. Measuring the triplet energy via traditional optical methods is often challenging though, due to spin selection rules governing these excited states following optical excitation. Here we examine cathodoluminescence (CL) spectroscopy in an electron microscope as a candidate to circumvent these challenges. Both singlet and triplet luminescence bands are observed in a single continuous wave CL spectrum, as the electron beam directly excites singlets alongside plasmons that decay into electron–hole pairs forming triplets. This process removes the need for intersystem crossing to generate triplet excitons in the emitter molecule itself. It is estimated that on average 104 plasmon decay events are required to form a single exciton. The mechanism is in principle similar to electroluminescence as in OLED devices, with CL also allowing the target material to be investigated in its native state (or dilute in insulating media) without electrical biasing or adjacent transport layers. We propose that CL is potentially a powerful technique for organic semiconductor characterisation, although not yet capable of resolving triplet emission from more challenging emitters. Care must also be taken to minimise electron beam damage, since the luminescence from singlets is preferentially quenched, due to a longer diffusion length compared to triplets at room temperature
The Seeds Are Sown: Towards Interracial Inclusivity at a UK Predominantly White Institution
Get PDFThe mental distress experienced by ethnic minority students studying at predominantly White institutions is well documented. These institutions and their spaces can be hostile environments for ethnic minority students and staff, leading to low retention, engagement and poor mental health. Often posited through a deficit lens, we challenge models that situate the experiences of what we call the resilient minority (ReM)—racialised ethnic groups—into categories to be fixed. By deploying qualitative research into Black and White university student experiences of racial inclusion, we explore alternative views to building stronger, more resilient communities. By further theorising interracial anxiety (the increased levels of anxiety felt by White people when interacting with ReM or experienced by ReM in predominantly White contexts), we highlight how decolonisation, built on representation and recognition, not only generates important discussions about interracial anxiety but also creates opportunities for change. We evidence how the representation of ReM groups through a Black feminist and decolonial critique in predominantly White contexts can reduce anxiety, promote wellbeing and potentially foster interracial inclusivity in higher education
EmoBridge: Bridging Emotion Comprehension from Avatars to Human Faces for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder
No full textStellar streams around dwarf galaxies in the local Universe
Get PDFContext. While mergers between massive galaxies and their dwarf satellites have been well studied, the properties of dwarf─dwarf satellite mergers are not well constrained. Stellar streams trace satellite disruption and, in the dwarf galaxy regime, are predicted to provide novel constraints on low-mass galaxy evolution and dark matter. However, the mass ratios required to form these streams make them challenging to detect. Aims. We present a preview of the Stellar Stream Legacy Survey (SSLS) in the dwarf galaxy regime. The SSLS aims to produce a statistically large, homogeneous sample of stellar streams for comparison with galaxy evolution theory. Methods. We visually inspected dwarf galaxies using the DESI Legacy Imaging Survey (DES and DECaLS footprints, r-band ~29 mag / arcsec^2) within 4-35 Mpc. We developed a classification metric to categorise accretion debris around dwarf galaxies, and measured the frequency of accretion features in the DES footprint only. Results. We present the first release of accretion features around dwarf galaxies collected from the DES and DECaLS footprints, including 1 stream, 11 shells, and 8 asymmetric stellar halos, of which 17 constitute new identifications. In the DES footprint, we inspected 730 dwarfs and found that 5.1% (37/730) show accretion features. Although this frequency measurement is lower than the SSLS result for massive galaxies, we discuss the observational biases behind detecting streams in the dwarf galaxy regime. Conclusions. Our results highlight the difficulty of detecting streams around dwarfs, and identify the need for improved theoretical modelling of low-mass merger morphologies. Nevertheless, they place constraints on hierarchical mass assembly in this regime
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