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Experimental sugar beet cultivars evaluated for rhizomania resistance and storability in Idaho, 2020
Full text linkRhizomania caused by Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) and storage losses are serious sugar beet production problems. To identify sugar beet cultivars with resistance to BNYVV and evaluate storability, 14 experimental cultivars were screened by growing them in a sugar beet field infested with BNYVV in Kimberly, ID during the 2020 growing season in a randomized complete block design with 6 replications. At harvest on 5-6 October 2020, roots were dug and evaluated for symptoms of rhizomania and also placed in an indoor commercial sugar beet storage building. After 140 days in storage, samples were evaluated for surface rot, weight loss, and sucrose loss. Surface root rot ranged from 12 to 67%, weight loss ranged from 21 to 36%, sucrose losses ranged from 34 to 63%, and estimated recoverable sucrose ranged from 1,572 to 9,526 lb/A. Given these response ranges, selecting cultivars for rhizomania resistance and combining this resistance with storability will lead to considerable economic benefit for the sugar beet industry
Beta vulgaris lines from USDA-ARS Kimberly evaluated for resistance to Cercospora beticola, 2016
Full text linkIn 2016, six sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) germplasm lines from the USDA-ARS Kimberly program and 2 check lines [EL50/2 (resistant) and F1042 (susceptible)] were screened for resistance to Cercospora beticola. The Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) evaluation was conducted at the Michigan State University Saginaw Valley Research and Extension Center (SVREC) near Frankenmuth, MI in a field that had been planted in wheat with clover underseeded in 2015. The germplasm was planted on 6 May and thinned by hand as necessary. Single-row plots 4.5 m long with 51 cm between row spacing were planted with the treatments arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Quadris 2.08SC (azoxystrobin) was applied at 0.0091 kg/100 m row in a 14 cm band in-furrow at planting to control Rhizoctonia damping-off. Weeds were controlled by a preplant application of ethofumesate 9 May, four times with mixtures of phenmedipham, desmedipham, triflusulfuron methyl, and clopyralid (18 and 23 May, 10 Jun., and 21 Jun), and once with S-metolachlor (29 Jun). The herbicide spray treatments had to also be supplemented with hand weeding. The nursery was spray inoculated on 5 Jul. with a liquid spore suspension (1 x 103 spores/ml) of C. beticola. The inoculum was produced from a mixture of leaves collected from the 2015 CLS nursery at SVREC and from naturally infected sugar beets grown at SVREC and on the Michigan State University campus farms in East Lansing, MI. The plots were rated for foliar symptom development on 6 Sep. using a scale of 0 to 10 (0 = healthy and 10 = all leaves dead; J. Am. Soc. Sugar Technol. 16:284). Data were rank transformed prior to analysis in SAS (Ver. 9.4) with mixed linear models (Proc MIXED), but the non-transformed means have been presented in the table. Mean separation was based on a PDIFF comparison with a probability cutoff of 0.05. Cercospora leaf spot development was uniform and moderate and other disease and pest problems were evident in the plot area. The checks performed as expected for the visual rating. Statistically, five of the entries contain at least moderate resistance since their visual ratings were at least as good as the moderate and resistant checks. However, entry 3 was better than the resistant check and entries 4, 5, and 6 were equal to the resistant check. These data confirm what had been determined the previous year, so these lines will be incorporated into the USDA-ARS germplasm improvement program as a source of resistance to CLS
Cell wall degrading enzymes originating from rhizoctonia solani increase sugar beet root damage in the presence of leuconostoc mesenteroides
Full text linkSugar beet crown and root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani is a major yield constraint. Root rot is highly increased when R. solani and Leuconostoc mesenteroides co-infect roots. We hypothesized that the absence of plant cell wall degrading enzymes in L. mesenteroides and their supply by R. solani during close contact, causes increased damage. In planta root inoculation with or without cell wall degrading enzymes showed greater rot when L. mesenteroides was combined with cellulase (49 mm rot), polygalacturonase (48 mm), and pectin lyase (35 mm) versus these enzymes (0–11 mm), R. solani (13 mm), and L. mesenteroides (22 mm) individually. Carbohydrate analysis revealed increase in simpler carbohydrates namely glucose + galactose, and fructose in the infected roots versus mock control, possibly due to the degradation of complex cell wall carbohydrates. Expression of R. solani cellulase, polygalacturonase, and pectin lyase genes during root infection corroborated well with the enzyme data. Global mRNAseq analysis identified candidate genes and highly co-expressed gene clusters (in all 3 organisms) that might be critical in host plant defense and pathogenesis. Future targeting of R. solani cell wall degrading enzymes could be an effective strategy to mitigate root damage during interaction with L. mesenteroides
Leaf bacteriome in sugar beet show differential response against beet curly top virus during resistant and susceptible interactions
Full text linkBeet curly top virus (BCTV) is an important sugar beet yield limiting disease in semi-arid production areas. Genetic resistance to BCTV is limited; therefore, identification of additional resistance associated factors is highly desired. Using 16S rRNA sequencing and BCTV resistant (R) genotypes (KDH13, KDH4-9) along with a susceptible (S) genotype (KDH19-17), we investigated leaf bacteriome changes during BCTV post inoculation (pi). At day 6 (~6 week-old plants), Cyanobacteria were predominant (~90%), whereas at week 4 (~10 week-old plants) Firmicutes (11-66%), Bacteroidetes (17-26%), and Verrucomicrobia (12-29%) were predominant and genotype dependent. Both Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobia, increased post infection only in the R lines. Brevibacillus increased at 6 dpi, and Akkermansia and Bacteroides at 4 wkpi in the R lines. Linear discriminant analysis Effect Size identified potential biomarkers in the R lines vs. S line. Functional profiling revealed bacterial enrichment associated with TCA cycle, polyisoprenoid, and L-methione biosynthesis pathways only in KDH4-9 at 6 dpi. At 4 wkpi, bacteria associated with tryptophan and palmitate biosynthesis in the R lines and uridine monophosphate, phosphatidyl glycerol, and phospholipid biosynthesis in the S line, were enriched. Future characterization of bacterial genera with antiviral properties will help establish their use as biocontrol agents/biomarkers against BCTV
Maize grain yield and crop water productivity functions in the arid northwest U.S.
Full text linkIncreased water demands and drought have resulted in the need to provide data to guide deficit water management decisions in irrigated corn grain production. The objective of this study was to develop relationships between corn grain production factors and corn water use (evapotranspiration) and water input under low and high nitrogen input systems on a soil type (silt loam) common to corn production in the arid Northwest U.S. The treatments consisted of two N inputs (0 and 246 kg nitrogen per hectare per year) and four water input treatments ranging from 100 to 25 percent of full irrigation. The full irrigation treatment crop evapotranspiration was 20 percent less than evapotranspiration model calculated crop use, indicating that crop coefficient values should be adjusted for corn in the arid Northwest United States. There were no grain yield response differences between N input treatments in 2017 but during 2018 and 2019 (treatments on same plots), crop evapotranspiration versus grain yield and water input versus grain yield relationships were different for the N input treatments. Crop water production functions were developed using quadratic relationships between corn grain yield and crop evapotranspiration and water input. The range of grain yield across all years and treatments were 15.03 to 7.23 metric tons per hectare. The range of crop water productivity across all years and treatments were 1.6 to 2.6 kilograms per cubic meter of water use. The crop evapotranspiration at maximum crop water productivities across all years and treatments had a range of 60 to 71 percent of model calculated crop evapotranspiration. These relationships are valuable to understanding corn response over a range of water availability and in developing tools to assess future production under water shortages
Beta vulgaris lines from USDA-ARS Kimberly evaluated for resistance to Cercospora beticola, 2015.
Full text linkIn 2015, six sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) germplasm lines from the USDA-ARS Kimberly program and 2 check lines [EL50/2 (resistant) and F1042 (susceptible)] were screened for resistance to Cercospora beticola. The Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) evaluation was conducted at the Michigan State University Saginaw Valley Research and Extension Center (SVREC) near Frankenmuth, MI in a field that had been planted in wheat with clover underseeded in 2014. The germplasm was planted on 30 Apr. and thinned by hand as necessary. Single-row plots 4.5 m long with 51 cm between row spacing were planted with the treatments arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Quadris 2.08SC (azoxystrobin) was applied at 0.0091 kg/100 m row in a 14 cm band in-furrow at planting to control Rhizoctonia damping-off. Weeds were controlled by a preplant application of ethofumesate (7 May), three times with mixtures of phenmedipham, desmedipham, triflusulfuron methyl, and clopyralid (23 May, 11 Jun., and 24 Jun), and once with S-metolachlor (17 Jun.). The herbicide spray treatments had to also be supplemented with hand weeding. The nursery was spray inoculated on 2 Jul with a liquid spore suspension (1 x 103 spores/ml) of C. beticola. The inoculum was produced from a mixture of leaves collected from the 2014 CLS nursery at SVREC and from naturally infected sugar beets grown at SVREC and on the Michigan State University campus farms in East Lansing, MI. The plots were rated for foliar symptom development on 9 Sep. using a scale of 0 to 10 (0 = healthy and 10 = all leaves dead; J. Am. Soc. Sugar Technol. 16:284). Data were rank transformed prior to analysis in SAS (Ver. 9.4) with mixed linear models (Proc MIXED), but the non-transformed means have been presented in the table. Mean separation was based on a PDIFF comparison with a probability cutoff of 0.05.
Cercospora leaf spot development was uniform and moderate and other disease and pest problems were evident in the plot area. The checks performed as expected for the visual rating. Statistically, five of the entries contain at least moderate resistance since their visual ratings were at least as good as the moderate and resistant checks. However, 3 entries (4, 5, and 6) were better than the resistant check and entry 3 was equal to the resistant check. If the resistance in these four entries can be confirmed, these lines will be considered for incorporation into the USDA-ARS germplasm improvement program as a source of resistance to CLS
Use of self-organizing maps to estimate furrow sediment loss in western U.S.
Full text linkThe area irrigated by furrow irrigation in the U.S. has been steadily decreasing but still represents about 20% of the total irrigated area in the U.S. Furrow irrigation sediment loss is a major water quality issue in the western U.S. and a method for estimating sediment loss is needed to quantify the environmental impacts and estimate effectiveness and economic value of conservation practices. The objective of the study was to investigate the use of the unsupervised machine learning technique Kohonen self-organizing maps (KSOM) to predict furrow sediment loss. Historical published and unpublished data sets containing measurements of furrow irrigation sediment loss in the western U.S. were assembled into a furrow sediment loss data set comprising over 2000 furrows. Despite the immunity of KSOMs to parameter variability, the inherent variability in measured furrow sediment loss limited the ability of a KSOM model to reliability predict furrow sediment loss. Furrow sediment loss was under predicted by 44% on average with a linear regression coefficient of determination of 0.6. The KSOM model was placing little weight on measured sediment loss in the input data set, indicating that it was clustering the data based on input parameters defining hydraulic and soil conditions. This outcome was used to develop a transfer learning approach for predicting furrow sediment loss. The transfer learning approach used a KSOM to cluster data records of similar of hydraulic and soil conditions in the data set. Mean measured sediment loss and furrow flow rate of each cluster was determined based on data set vectors assigned to a cluster by the KSOM. Furrow sediment loss prediction was obtained by applying an input vector to the KSOM to identify the cluster the input vector most closely matches. Then the mean measured sediment loss of the identified cluster was adjusted for any difference between the input vector furrow flow rate and cluster mean furrow flow rate to obtain a prediction of furrow sediment loss. Predicted furrow sediment loss was 16% less than measured sediment loss on average with a coefficient of determination of 0.82. When the data set was randomly split into model development (90%) and validation (10%) data sets the prediction results were similar
USDA-ARS Plant Introduction lines evaluated for rhizomania and storage rot resistance in Idaho, 2021.
Full text linkBeet curly top resistance in USDA-ARS Ft. Collins germplasm, 2020
Full text linkThirty sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) germplasm lines produced by the USDA-ARS Ft. Collins sugar beet program and three commercial check cultivars [Early Wonder (susceptible), HM PM90 (resistant), and SV2012RR (susceptible)] were screened for resistance to Beet curly top virus (BCTV). The curly top evaluation was conducted at the USDA-ARS North Farm in Kimberly, ID which has Portneuf silt loam soil and had been in barley in 2019. The field was plowed and then fertilized (110 lb N and 120 lb P2O5/A) and roller harrowed on 27 Mar. The germplasm was planted (density of 51,840 seeds/A) on 18 May. The plots were two rows 10-ft long with 22-in. row spacing and treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with six replications. The field was sprinkler irrigated, cultivated, and hand weeded as necessary. Plant populations were thinned to about 23,760 plants/A on 17 Jun. Plants were inoculated at the four- to six-leaf growth stage on 23 Jun with approximately six viruliferous (containing the following BCTV strains: California/Logan and Severe) beet leafhoppers (Circulifer tenellus Baker) per plant. The beet leafhoppers were redistributed three times a day during the first two days and then twice a day for five more days by dragging a tarp through the field. The plants were sprayed with Lorsban 4E (1.5 pints/A) on 7 Jul to kill the beet leafhoppers. Plots were rated for foliar symptom development on 13 Jul using a scale of 0 to 9 (0 = healthy and 9 = dead), with the scale treated as a continuous variable (Plant Dis. 90:1539-1544). Data were rank transformed and analyzed in SAS using the general linear model procedure (Proc GLM), and Fisher’s protected least significant difference (LSD; a = 0.05) was used for mean comparisons. The non-transformed means are presented in the table. Curly top symptom development was uniform and no other disease problems were evident in the plot area. The resistant and susceptible checks performed as expected for the visual ratings. Statistically, 22 of the entries contain at least some minor resistance since their visual ratings were significantly lower than those for both susceptible checks. However, only four entries 1,7,14, and 20 were not significantly different from the resistant check. These four entries along with entries with similar levels of resistance will be retested and, if resistance is confirmed, these lines will be considered for incorporation into the USDA-ARS germplasm improvement program as a source of resistance to BCTV