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'NuMex Las Cruces' Cayenne Pepper
Get PDF‘NuMex Las Cruces’ is a high-yielding, high-heat, cayenne pepper with a maturity similar to that of ‘Large Red Thick’, an early maturing cayenne cultivar. In addition, it possesses resistance to curly top virus, having resistance to at least three Curtovirus species: Beet curly top virus (BCTV; formerly Cal/Logan strain), Beet severe curly top virus (BSCTV; formerly CFH strain), and Beet mild curly top virus (BMCTV; formerly Worland strain)
DNA Fingerprinting of Sugarbeet Varieties to Track Root Rot. 2010
Get PDFThe sugar beet industry is continuously undertaking major efforts
to reduce postharvest sucrose losses. In Idaho sugarbeet roots
may be stored indoors or outdoors for up to five months. Sugarbeet variety genetic make-up, pre-harvest field conditions, harvest
practices, and post-harvest storage conditions can affect storability
significantly. Physical root conditions and root health before deliv-
ery to the pile contribute to the magnitude of sucrose losses.
Growers chose different varieties for a certain season and may
plant more than one variety in a field. This practice renders it difficult to collect information on the exact location of varieties in the
field and storage piles. Additionally, it’s a daunting task to physically
tag samples starting in the field until delivered to the pile, as well
as, it is difficult to locate these samples after a storage period of
a few months
Phosphorus Utilization and Characterization of Excreta From Swine Fed Diets Containing A Variety of Cereal Grains Balanced For Total Phosphorus
Get PDFIntrinsic phytase in swine feeds may alter phytate utilization and solubility of excreted phosphorus. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to quantify changes in fecal phosphorus composition from swine fed various cereal grains with a range of phytate concentrations and endogenous phytase activities. Twenty-five crossbred barrows weighing 89.3 + or - 6.8 kg were fed one of five diets based on corn, barley, low phytate barley, high fat-low lignin oat or wheat. Experimental diets were formulated to contain 75% of the test grain and were fed for a seven-day acclimation period followed by a three-day fecal collection. Total tract apparent digestibility coefficients were determined for dry matter, phosphorus and phytate using the indicator method. Fecal phosphorus was characterized using solution state phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-NMR). Water soluble phosphorus (WSP) and the ratio of WSP to total phosphorus (WSP:TP) were determined in the feces. Apparent digestibility coefficients for phosphorus and phytate ranged from 0.33 (barley) to 0.45 (low phytate barley) and 0.32 (corn) to 0.79 (oat), respectively. The majority of phosphorus excreted in the feces was in the form of phosphate (> 48% of total phosphorus), and phytate degradation was not related to the endogenous phytase activity in the feeds. There was a positive linear relationship between dietary neutral detergent fiber and apparent total tract phytate digestibility, indicating that higher dietary fiber levels may enhance microbial breakdown of phytate in the hind gut. There was a negative relationship between the fecal WSP:TP and the % of total phosphorus in the form of phytate in the feces. In summary, our results indicate that the majority of the phosphorus in the feces of pigs fed cereal grains is present in the form of phosphate and only small amounts of phytate are contained in the excreta. The exception to this was the corn diet where 45% of the total fecal P was in the form of phytate. This hydrolysis of phytate in the gut did not appear to be related to the content of either phytate or phytase in the grain but was related to dietary fiber concentrations
Nitrogen Mineralization Response to Tillage Practices on Low and High Nitrogen Soils
Get PDFDecomposition rates directly affect carbon and nitrogen ratios, which can affect nitrogen mineralization rates. The objective of this research is to determine the effect of tillage method and nitrogen rate on nitrogen available to sugar beets planted after a cereal crop. This two-year field study conducted in Kimberly, Idaho, consisted of three tillage methods (moldboard plow, chisel plow, and strip tillage), two tillage timings (fall and spring), and four fertilizer N rates plus a control. Soils from each plot were sampled shortly after nitrogen fertilization and incubated at average seasonal temperatures for Kimberly, Idaho to monitor nitrogen mineralization patterns. In 2008, we found that at N fertilizer rates of 0, 50, and 100 lbs N per acre, intensive tillage (moldboard plow and chisel plow) in the spring had the greatest potential for decreasing plant available nitrogen and increasing soil carbon, while intensive tillage in the fall slightly increased plant available nitrogen. No tillage method or tillage timing effects were detected in 2009, likely due to unexpectedly high residual nitrogen concentrations in the soil. It appears that tillage method and timing are more likely to impact nitrogen mineralization in growth limiting (low N) environments
Fate and Transport of Bioaerosols Associated with Livestock Operations and Manure
Get PDFAirborne microorganisms and microbial byproducts from intensive livestock and manure management systems are a potential health risk to workers and individuals in nearby communities. This report presents information on zoonotic pathogens in animal wastes and the generation, fate, and transport of bioaerosols associated with animal feeding operations and land applied manures. Though many bioaerosol studies have been conducted at animal production facilities, few have investigated the transport of bioaerosols during the land application of animal manures. As communities in rural areas converge with land application sites, concerns over bioaerosol exposure will certainly increase. While most studies at animal operations and wastewater spray irrigation sites suggest a decreased risk of bioaerosol exposure with increasing distance from the source, many challenges remain in evaluating the health effects of aerosolized pathogens and allergens in outdoor environments. To improve our ability to understand the off-site transport and diffusion of human and livestock diseases, various dispersion models have been utilized. Most studies investigating the transport of bioaerosols during land application events have used a modified Gaussian plume model. Because of the disparity among collection and analytical techniques utilized in outdoor studies, it is often difficult to evaluate health effects associated with aerosolized pathogens and allergens. Invaluable improvements in assessing the health effects from intensive livestock practices could be made if standardized bioaerosol collection and analytical echniques, as well as the use of specific target microorganisms, were adopted
Copper Impacts on Corn, Soil Extractability, and the Soil Bacterial Community
Get PDFSequestering carbon in soils may be one method to reduce the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. We measured inorganic and organic carbon, bacterial biomass and structural community diversity in southern Idaho soils having long term land use histories that supported native sagebrush vegetation (NSB), irrigated moldboard plowed crops (IMP), irrigated conservation (chisel) tilled crops (ICT) and irrigated pasture systems (IP). Organic carbon in soil decreased in the order IP>ICT>NSB>IMP. We use our findings to estimate the organic carbon, potentially sequestered if the use of irrigated agriculture were increased. We also use our findings to estimate inorganic and total carbon, potentially sequestered if the use of irrigated agriculture were increased. If irrigated agricultural land was expanded by10 percent worldwide and NSB were converted to IMP, a possible 2.78 percent of the total carbon, emitted in the next 30 years could potentially be sequestered in soil. If irrigated agricultural land was expanded by 10% worldwide and NSB were converted to ICT, a possible 1.87 percent of the total C emitted in the next 30 years could be sequestered in soil. We used molecular methods to determine the bacterial diversity in all soils. Bacterial diversity was the greatest in the NSB 5-15 cm soil and lowest in the IMP soil. ICT and IP increased soil C and to some extent increased bacterial diversity relative to IMP. Irrigated agricultural systems can produce twice the yield compared to non-irrigated land. Irrigation also favors economic sustainability and increasing soil C relative to native semi arid or arid sites, but decreases bacterial diversity compared to native sagebrush soils. Irrigation decreased soil bacterial diversity compared to native sagebrush soils, but because irrigated agriculture produces higher yields, less land needs to be put into production relative to rain-fed agriculture. Altering land use practice to produce crops on high output irrigated agriculture, while returning less-productive rain-fed agricultural land to temperate forest or native grassland, could reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide
Rhizoctonia and Bacterial Root Rot in Sugarbeet
Get PDFThe Amalgamated Sugar Company production area in
southern Idaho and southeastern Oregon suffers considerable losses from root rot in the field. Both Rhizoctonia and bacterial root rots on sugarbeet are common
in Treasure Valley and Magic Valley (Fig. 1 and 2), while
eastern Idaho fields seem to be relatively root rot free.
The yield losses in some Treasure Valley fields can approach or surpass 50%. The growers not only suffer
losses in the field, but diseased roots also store and
process poorly, leading to additional losses
Use of Fly Ash as a Liming Material of Corn and Soybean Production on an Acidic Sandy Soil
Get PDFFly ash (FA) produced from subbituminous coal combustion can potentially serve as a lime material for crop production in acidic soils. A five-year study was conducted to determine if FA was an effective liming material in an acid sandy soil under corn and soybean grain production. Fly ash and pelletized lime (PL) were surface applied at rates ranging from 3,200 to 6,400 and 1,416 to 5,658 kg/ha (0.5 to 2 times the recommended rate) at two sites near Brunswick, NE, respectively. At Site A, lime source additions increased soil pH by 0.7 units and decreased soil exchangeable Al by 7.3 mg/kg to a depth of 20 cm. Lime applications resulted in pH increase during the first year (2004) at the 0 to 10-cm depth, and in 2007 at the 10 to 20-cm depth. At Site B, soil pH data suggested that one or more past lime applications may have occurred. Corn and soybean grain yields were not different during each year between the control and lime source treatments at both sites. This lack of difference was likely due to soluble Al concentrations not being great enough to affect grain yield. Fly ash did not negatively affect grain yields in this study. Boron concentration (400 mg/kg) in FA were likely too low to adversely affect yields. The FA applied at rates in this study, increased pH comparable to PL and is an appropriate liming material
Year-Long Assessment of Airborne Endotoxin at a Concentrated Dairy Operation
Get PDFIn this study, we monitored total airborne endotoxins at upwind and downwind sites at a large open-lot dairy each month for a year. At the upwind site, the average airborne concentration was 28.5 endotoxin units (EU) m-3, while at the downwind edge of the lot and 200 m from the lot edge, the average concentrations were 169 and 72 EU m-3, respectively. At the downwind edge of the lot, there was a significant correlation between the airborne endotoxin concentration and wind speed or air temperature. A comparison between total and inhalable airborne endotoxin concentrations, near the end of the study, revealed no significant differences between the two endotoxin collection methods. Our data suggest that endotoxin exposure can be reduced as one increases their distance from the open-lot dairy
Sugarbeet Cultivar Evaluation for Bacterial Root Rot
Get PDFBacterial root rot of sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris) caused by Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. dextranicum is a disease problem recently described in the Intermountain West region of the United States. To ameliorate the impact of bacterial root rot on sucrose loss in the field, storage piles, and factories, studies were conducted to establish an assay for identifying host resistance. In 2006 and 2007, 21 commercial cultivars were evaluated in a petri dish laboratory assay. Root slices were inoculated with L. mesenteroides and the diameter of the rotted area was measured after 72 and 96 h. The cultivars were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. With 2006 roots after 96 h, the average rot diameter ranged from 16 to 34 mm (LSD = 5) depending on cultivar. With 2007 roots after 96 h, the average rot diameter ranged from 10 to 48 mm (LSD = 7) depending on cultivar. The cultivar ranking between years was correlated at 72 (r = 0.47, P = 0.03) and 96 (r = 0.43, P = 0.05) h. The assay allowed for reliable cultivar separation regardless of whether one, two, three, or four roots were used per replication. The laboratory assay has the potential to allow host resistance to bacterial root rot caused by L. mesenteroides to be improved in sugarbeet