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Wind-Mediated Dispersal of Beet Leafhoppers and Pine Pollen in Southern Idaho
Full text linkThe management of beet leafhoppers (BLHs) is important for disease control since BLHs can vector important plant pathogens such as curly top viruses and phytoplasmas in southern Idaho. Historical data for southern Idaho suggests that BLH need approximately 130 growing degree days (GDDs; 12.8°C base) to initiate dispersal and around 382 GDDs until they reach peak dispersal. A recent study in southern Idaho identified large peak dispersal events of BLHs on May 19, 2020 and June 2, 2021 in Elmore County near Mountain Home, Idaho. Historically, BLH are supposed to originate from local areas. However, based on GDDs and dispersal numbers under optimal conditions for Mountain Home, the BLHs likely did not originate from local areas. Data for wind and pine pollen dispersal combined with GDDs for areas known to contain BLH suggest that the BLH could have originated outside the local area and possibly up to 142 to 515 km away. Five conditions emerge that are necessary for large-long distance BLH dispersal to be successful in southern Idaho: a wind event must occur (35 km/h avg. hourly wind speed), dispersal temperature threshold (16 to 18°C) must be met, >130 GDDs must be accumulated to initiate dispersal, daily peak temperatures should reach 24°C, and attractive BLH vegetation such as Russian thistle must be present. Combining wind event forecasts with temperature parameters in the future may make it possible to provide targeted timely sprays for BLH control
Commercial sugar beet cultivars evaluated for rhizomania resistance and storability in Idaho, 2022
Full text linkRhizomania caused by Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) and storage losses are serious sugar beet production problems. To identify sugar beet cultivars with resistance to BNYVV and evaluate storability, 25 commercial cultivars were screened by growing them in a sugar beet field infested with BNYVV in Kimberly, ID during the 2022 growing season in a randomized complete block design with 6 replications. At harvest on 3-4 October 2022, roots were dug and evaluated for symptoms of rhizomania and also placed in an indoor commercial sugar beet storage building. After 152 days in storage, samples were evaluated for surface rot, weight loss, and sucrose loss. Surface root rot ranged from 11 to 87%, weight loss ranged from 12 to 24%, sucrose losses ranged from 28 to 87%, and estimated recoverable sucrose ranged from 376 to 8,159 lb/A. Given these response ranges, selecting cultivars for rhizomania resistance and combining this resistance with storability will lead to considerable economic benefit for the sugar beet industry
Experimental sugar beet cultivars evaluated for rhizomania resistance and storability in Idaho, 2022
Full text linkRhizomania caused by Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) and storage losses are serious sugar beet production problems. To identify sugar beet cultivars with resistance to BNYVV and evaluate storability, six experimental cultivars were screened by growing them in a sugar beet field infested with BNYVV in Kimberly, ID during the 2022 growing season in a randomized complete block design with 6 replications. At harvest on 3-4 October 2022, roots were dug and evaluated for symptoms of rhizomania and also placed in an indoor commercial sugar beet storage building. After 152 days in storage, samples were evaluated for surface rot, weight loss, and sucrose loss. Surface root rot ranged from 19 to 87%, weight loss ranged from 11 to 21%, sucrose losses ranged from 32 to 87%, and estimated recoverable sucrose ranged from 376 to 8,222 lb/A. Given these response ranges, selecting cultivars for rhizomania resistance and combining this resistance with storability will lead to considerable economic benefit for the sugar beet industry
Root microbiome and metabolome traits associated with improved post-harvest root storage for sugar beet breeding lines under southern Idaho conditions
Full text linkPost-harvest storage loss in sugar beets due to root rot and respiration can cause >20% sugar loss. Breeding strategies focused on factors contributing to improved post-harvest storage quality are of great importance to prevent losses. Using 16S rRNA and ITS sequencing and sugar beet mutational breeding lines with high disease resistance (R), along with a susceptible (S) commercial cultivar, the role of root microbiome and metabolome in storage performance was investigated. The R lines in general showed higher abundance of bacterial phyla, Patescibacteria at M time point, and Cyanobacteria, and Desulfobacterota at L time point. Amongst fungal phyla, Basidiomycota (including Athelia) and Ascomycota were predominant in diseased samples. Linear discriminant analysis Effect Size (LEfSe) identified bacterial taxa such as Micrococcales, Micrococcaceae, Bacilli, Glutamicibacter, Nesterenkonia, and Paenarthrobacter as putative biomarkers associated with resistance in the R lines. Further functional enrichment analysis showed higher abundance of bacteria such as those related to the super pathway of pyrimidine deoxyribonucleosides degradation, L-tryptophan biosynthesis at M and L, and fungi such as those associated with the biosynthesis of L-iditol 2-dehydrogenase at L in the R lines. Metabolome analysis of the roots revealed higher enrichment of pathways associated with arginine, proline, alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism at M, and in addition beta-alanine, butanoate metabolism at L in the R lines. Correlation analysis between microbiome and metabolites indicated that root biochemical composition such as nitrogen containing secondary metabolites may regulate relative abundances of key microbial candidates contributing to better post-harvest storage
Kimberly sugar beet germplasm evaluated for Rhizoctonia crown and root rot resistance in Idaho, 2023
Full text linkRhizoctonia crown and root rot (RCRR) is a serious fungal root disease problem for sugar beets worldwide that is caused by Rhizoctonia solani. In-furrow chemical treatments and host resistance are the primary control measures for RCRR. However, resistance is controlled by a number of genes (quantitative trait) which makes it challenging and time consuming to introgress resistance into commercial hybrids. In order to identify additional sources of resistance, 29 lines from the USDA-ARS Kimberly, Idaho sugar beet program were evaluated along with three check cultivars for resistance to RCRR. The rhizoctonia susceptible check had 26% of its root area covered in rot and 72% of its roots were harvestable. On the other hand, the resistant check had only 6% rot and 88% of its roots were harvestable. Based on root rot, disease index, and harvestable roots, five entries (K23Rcs2, K23Rcs3, K23Rcs7, K23Rcs12, and K23Rcs27) were also significantly better than the susceptible check and not different from the resistant check. These five lines along with some other better performing entries should be evaluated again since they may serve as a starting point for identifying additional sources of resistance to R. solani. These lines will be retested and investigated further for potential release to the general public so they can be utilized to improve RCRR resistance in commercial sugar beet cultivars
Intercropping in maize silage versus solo-seeding for alfalfa establishment in Wisconsin and Idaho
Full text linkAlfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) intercropping with maize (Zea mays L.) silage is being
developed in the northern United States to improve the profitability and environmental
sustainability of forage production. This study, conducted under rainfed conditions
inWisconsin and semiarid irrigated conditions in Idaho, compared the establishment
of alfalfa and dry matter yield of four intercropping systems to three conventional
systems. The former systems included alfalfa interseeded at planting or the vegetative
emergence (VE) stage of maize and grown with or without prohexadione
growth retardant. The latter systems included alfalfa seeded in spring, summerseeded
after barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), or late summer-seeded after maize silage.
Spring seeded and interseeded alfalfa inWisconsin also received foliar fungicide and
insecticide during establishment. During alfalfa establishment, yield of intercropped
maize silage was 1.8- to 4.4-fold greater than spring-seeded alfalfa. Compared to
spring-seeded alfalfa, interseeded alfalfa had similar or somewhat lower stand density
but similar first cut yield the following year, provided that intercropped maize
was harvested near September 1 to allow ample alfalfa fall regrowth. Shifting interseeding
from maize planting to the VE stage decreased early-season alfalfa growth,
but improved maize silage yield, with minor effects on alfalfa fall growth, stand
density, and first cut yield. Prohexadione application had little impact on establishment
or yield of interseeded alfalfa. While having high plant density, alfalfa seeded
after barley or especially maize had less fall growth and low first cut yield. Overall,
alfalfa establishment and yield of intercropping systems compared favorably with
conventional systems
Fertilizer value of sugarbeet processing precipitated calcium carbonate for crop production in Southern Idaho
Full text linkThe annual accumulation of precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) in sugar processing factory stockpiles in the Northwest U.S. sugar beet growing area can create problems related to storage requirement and environmental related issues. Utilizing this PCC for agricultural use may provide a long-term solution to this problem but applying PCC or other lime materials to high pH soils is not a common practice. In other areas of the U.S., PCC is routinely used as an amendment in low pH soils to ameliorate negative effects on crop growth, however this use is not needed in the Northwest U.S. sugarbeet growing area due to soils typically having high pH. Recently concluded research in southern Idaho has demonstrated that PCC application (rates up to 40 dry tons per acre) on calcareous soils does not negatively affect crop growth or yields. An alternative reason for PCC application may be to supply phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) as a fertilizer. The PCC in this study had average P and K concentrations of 24.8 lbs P2O5 per ton and 4.1 lbs K2O per ton. Data from this and other research studies suggests that PCC and P fertilizer likely have equivalent plant P availability. This study also assumed that the K in PCC was equivalent to K fertilizer. Across all crops assessed in this study (sugarbeet, corn, spring malt barley, and potato (Russet Burbank)), as P and K fertilizer prices increased from 2018 and 2022, the value of P and K in PCC increased from 25.54 per ton and 2.87 per ton, respectively. Averaged across all acres and selected crops in the Amalgamated Sugar Company (ASCO) growing area, substituting PCC for fertilizer P and accompanying K could have resulted potential savings of between 80 per acre in 2022. Substituting PCC for fertilizer K could have resulted potential savings of between 77 per ac in 2022. Alternate uses, and transportation and application costs need to be accounted for to fully understand the full PCC value. Because Amalgamated Sugar Company is a grower owned cooperative, PCC utilization strategies are economically important for sugarbeet growers
Soil health indicators reveal that past dairy manure applications create a legacy effect
Full text linkUnderstanding the long-term effects of manure applications on soil biological measurements in agricultural systems receiving animal manure in semiarid climates is important. From 2004 to 2009, dairy manure solids were applied to plots at rates of 0, 134, and 237 dry Mg/ha. The study was a randomized complete block with three replicates. Soil samples were taken from each manure rate in the spring of 2020 at 0-15 and 15-30 cm. Eleven years after manure applications ceased, many of the soil chemical and biological indicators were different between the manure and control treatments. In general, soil organic carbon (SOC), biological indicators were significantly greater in the 134 Mg/ha and 237 Mg/ha treatments as compared to the 0 Mg/ha. Therefore, it is evident that manure applications had a long-term or legacy effect (at least 11 years post manure application) on soil properties, especially those related to nutrient cycling
USDA-ARS plant introduction lines evaluated for rhizomania and storage rot resistance in Idaho, 2023
Full text linkThirty sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) USDA-ARS Plant Introduction (PI) lines and five check cultivars were screened for resistance to
Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV), the causal agent of rhizomania, and to storage rot. The rhizomania evaluation was
conducted at the USDA-ARS North Farm in Kimberly, ID which has Portneuf silt loam soil and had been in barley in 2022. The field
was fall plowed with a Terrano chisel plow. In the spring the field was fertilized (115 lb N and 140 lb P2O5/A) and roller harrowed on
10 Apr 23. The germplasm was planted (density of 114,048 seeds/A) on 2 May. The plots were one row 10-ft long with 22-in.
between-row spacing and arranged in a randomized complete block design with 6 replicates. The crop was managed according to
standard cultural practices for southern Idaho. The trial relied on endemic field inoculum for rhizomania and storage rot development.
The plots were rated for rhizomania foliar symptom (percentage of plants with yellow, stunted, upright leaves) development on 7 Aug.
The plants were mechanically topped and hand harvested on 16-17 Oct. At harvest, ten roots per plot were rated for rhizomania
symptom development using a scale of 0 to 9 (0 = healthy and 9 = dead; Plant Disease 92:581-587). At harvest, eight roots per plot
were also placed in a mesh-onion bag and kept in an indoor commercial storage facility (temperature set point 34°F) in Paul, ID on 18
Oct. On 11 Mar 24, after 145 days in storage, the roots were evaluated for the percentage of root surface area covered by fungal
growth or rot. Except for root ratings, data were analyzed in SAS (Ver. 9.4) using the general linear model (Proc GLM) procedure,
and Fisher’s protected least significant difference (α = 0.05) was used for mean comparisons. The root ratings were analyzed in a
nonparametric analysis as described by Shah and Madden (Phytopathology 94:33-43)
Beet curly top virus affects vector biology: The first transcriptome analysis of the beet leafhopper
Full text linkCurly top disease, caused by beet curly top virus (BCTV), is one of the most serious viral diseases affecting sugar beets in western United States. The virus is exclusively transmitted by the beet leafhopper (BLH, Circulifer tenellus) in a circulative and non-propagative manner. Despite the growing knowledge base on virus-vector interactions, our understanding of the molecular interactions between BCTV and BLH is hampered by limited information regarding the virus impact on the vector and the absence of genomic and transcriptomic resources for BLH. Our study unveils the significant impact of BCTV on both the performance and transcriptome response of BLHs. Viruliferous BLHs had higher fecundity than non-viruliferous counterparts, which was evidenced by up-regulation of differentially expressed transcripts (DETs) associated with the development, viability, and fertility of germline and embryos in viruliferous insects. In contrast, most DETs associated with muscle movement and locomotor activities were down-regulated in viruliferous insects, implying potential behavioral modifications by BCTV. Additionally, a great proportion of differentially expressed transcripts related to innate immunity and detoxification was up-regulated in viruliferous insects. Viral infection also induced notable alterations in primary metabolisms, including energy metabolism namely glucosidases, lipid digestion and transport, and protein degradation, along with other cellular functions, particularly in chromatin remodeling and DNA repair. To our knowledge, this study represents the first comprehensive transcriptome analysis for BLH. Our findings provide new insights into the multifaceted effects of viral infection on various biological processes in BLH, revealing key molecular players in both virus manipulation of vector biology and the vector’s defensive strategies resulting from their long-term association