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Georgia Audio Files: Khoni
No full text<p>Audio files created by the Gulagechoes team, interviews taken in Khoni Georgia in Summer and Autumn of 2021. </p>
Law as a weapon of war: Justice, domination and violence in Afghanistan
No full textAdam Baczko is the author of a book entitled "Law as a weapon of war: Justice, domination and violence in Afghanistan".
"Ready to be published" three weeks after the Taliban took power in Afghanistan, this sadly very timely comparative study of the parallel legal system put in place by the Taliban for decades is likely to help us better understand more broadly the role of Law in war.
This study is part of the ERC Social Dynamics of Civil Wars project that has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant agreement No. 669690)
Romania Interview Responses
No full text<p>Responses from interviews and surveys conducted by Gabriela Groza between 2019 and 2021. Data is collected from samples of prisoners and prison employees in Romania.</p>
Estonia Interview Transcripts
No full textInterviews in Russian and English taken by team members of the Gulag Echoes Project between Winter of 2021 and Summer 2022
Corporate Governance and Disclosure: Evidence from India
No full text<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>This paper aims to examine the relationship between the readability of annual reports and corporate governance in Indian listed firms while controlling for firm's performance and specific features such as size, age and industry type. This study uses both legitimacy theory and agency theory to create testable hypotheses. It tests for obfuscation in annual reports by investigating the relationship between the readability of narrative disclosures (NDs) and corporate governance from 2013 to 2017 using a sample of 82 firm-year listed companies on the Bombay Stock Exchange. The findings show that firms with low annual report readability are poorly governed which is an indication of the existence of ''obfuscation.'' Indian firms may use narrative complexity as a disclosure strategy to enhance their image and consequently maintain their social legitimacy. Although the study findings suffer from limited global generalization, they can be generalized across Asian countries. Thus, future cross-country research is encouraged. The findings encourage India's policymakers to instate a policy for ''Plain English'' writing to make NDs easy to read by international investors. This study is one of the very few studies that examines the readability of annual reports in emerging market economies, i.e., India. The study contributes to the paucity of research that examines English-written annual reports in non-English speaking countries.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Readability, Agency Theory, Corporate Governance, Corporate Performance, Legitimacy Theory</p><p><strong>JEL Classification Number: </strong>K2, L2</p>
Miscellaneous Audio Files
No full text<p>Miscellaneous or non-geographically relevant interviews taken by the Gulag Echoes team. </p>
Digitalization in Small Businesses: Status, Challenges and Insights from SMEs in Kerala
No full text<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Digital technology can contribute immense growth to the Small Business sector. Though the awareness level about the process is limited and the speed of digital inclusion is prolonged, the sector has started adopting digital platforms in varied forms during the pandemic. There are challenges on account of the diverse nature of business as well as the levels of infrastructure available for the sector. This study examined the extent of digitalization in the SME sector in the state of Kerala, in India. Business processes in 420 establishments in the sector have been studied to assess the extent of digitalization and its influence on the growth of SMEs. </p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Digital Inclusion, SME Digitalisation, ICT in SME, Small and Medium Enterprises, E-Business, Small Business, Digitalization during a Pandemic</p><p><strong>JEL Classification Number: </strong>O32, O33</p>
Impact of the Mid-Day Meal Program on Student Enrollment, Retention, and Attendance in Faridabad Government Schools
No full text<p><strong><span>Abstract: </span></strong><span>The Indian government launched the Mid-Day Meal program to enhance the nutritional needs of school-age children. This study aims to analyze the impact of the midday meal program on students' academic performance. We set out to assess how the midday meal program affected primary school students' enrollment, attendance, and retention. Results show that, in comparison to schools without a midday meal program, schools with such a program had higher enrollment and retention rates. Developing human potential is mostly dependent on education. State governments are devoting a significant portion of their meager resources to providing educational resources within their own states. Despite the initiatives, there are two reasons why the goal of 100% universalization of elementary education appears to be far off intrinsic socioeconomic elements found in a community. Primary school students, aged five to fourteen, make up roughly twenty percent of India's population. Compulsory and free education up to the age of fourteen is mandated by the constitution. The majority of children from low socioeconomic backgrounds in today's society experience undernourishment, and they are more likely to leave facilities at a young age, both of which have an adverse effect on their overall development. A starving child would also not frequent in schools. Persistent hunger can cause or even contribute to malnutrition. It can also cause children to place much less value on their education and to shift their attention away from it. These effects can be seen in the improvement of student enrolment, retention, and attendance as well as the concurrent improvement of children's health. While attempts have been made to examine the impact of midday meals on students' academic performance, a thorough investigation of the factors that genuinely determine how much of an impact the midday meal has on academic achievement has not yet been conducted. </span></p>
<p><strong><span>Keywords: </span></strong><span>Mid-Day Meal, Students, Education, Student Enrolment Attendance Retention</span></p>
A Comparative Analysis of Task Scheduling Algorithms for Resource Management in Cloud Environments
No full text<p><strong><span>Abstract: </span></strong><span>We are living in an era, where Cloud Computing Technology is used everywhere. It is the technology that keeps information and applications on remote servers connected to the internet. To gain economies of scale and coherence, cloud computing works on resource sharing. The sharing of resources must be optimised because it processes a massive amount of data. The study intersects with management concerns by addressing issues related to resource optimisation, performance management, cost control, risk mitigation, and decision-making in the context of cloud infrastructure management. To optimize resources, we need to use some scheduling algorithms. This research paper studies various problems, and issues related to the sharing of resources on the cloud and the types of scheduling algorithms used. Algorithms are illustrated with the help of state diagrams to understand the cloud workflow management system. Moreover, this paper compares and contrasts the existing scheduling algorithms in the cloud ecosystem.</span></p>
<p><strong><span>Keywords</span></strong><span>: Cloud Computing, Scheduling Algorithm, State Diagram, Sharing of Resources</span></p>
Secteur 105
No full text<p>Issu de la gestion de l’aménagement du territoire et du parcours de vie des bâtiments, le jumeau numérique 3D est un outil déjà bien défini avec des formats interopérables, standardisés et des chaînes opératoires/process éprouvés (collaboratives, traçabilité des fichiers et de leurs modifications, etc.).</p>
<p>Le présent projet de collaboration institutionnel se propose d’appliquer le maquettage 3D pour fournir, non pas une cinématique 3D esthétisante de plus, mais un véritable S.I.G 3D aux potentialités d’études immersives importantes. Un outil en quatre dimensions (référentiel euclidien et variable temporelle), regroupant les problématiques de conservation et de recherche, est, désormais, indispensable pour la gestion conservatoire et scientifique de la grotte Cosquer (Marseille, Bouche du Rhône.</p>
<p>Les précédentes preuves de concept issues de projets SHS ont prouvé la pertinence de lier l’expertise du CSTB aux objets patrimoniaux numériques issus de la recherche en sciences humaines et sociales. Le retour d’expérience du CSTB face à l’étude de la résistance et du vieillissement des matériaux sera, tout particulièrement, attendu face aux problématiques de conservation de « Cosquer ».</p>
<p>Cette mise en place numérique peut, également, palier à la grande difficulté d’accès à « Cosquer » et au temps d’intervention très réduit in situ. Autant immergé que submergé, l’espace d’étude sera celui du gisement archéologique et de la zone immédiatement autour de ce dernier. La création du jumeau numérique « Cosquer » permettra le travail collaboratif des différents personnels scientifiques et des organismes collaborant aux études actuelles ou à venir (Inrap, CNP, Musées, MCC, LAMPEA, AMU, SRA, etc.).</p>
<p>Découverte probablement au milieu des années 1980, la grotte Cosquer a été déclarée par son inventeur, Henri Cosquer, en septembre 1991. L’accès est aujourd’hui submergé en raison de la remontée du niveau marin depuis la fin du Pléistocène. Situé sur la commune de Marseille, le site a été classée au titre des Monuments historiques le 2 septembre 1992.</p>
<p>Il s’agit d’un des sites majeurs à dispositifs pariétaux du Paléolithique supérieur européen en raison de la richesse, de la diversité et de l’originalité des manifestations graphiques pariétales. En l’état actuel des connaissances, le cadre chronologique des fréquentations humaines a été appréhendé par une quarantaine de datations radiocarbones. Ces mesures radiocarbones fournissent un premier cadre chronologique qui s’échelonne sur près de 11 millénaires (entre 27 000 et 16 000 BP non cal.). Comme plusieurs grottes ornées du Paléolithique supérieur, la grotte Cosquer témoigne ainsi d’un palimpseste de comportements, de gestes artistiques, techniques, fruit des multiples sociétés humaines venues y laisser leurs traces.</p>
<p>On décompte aujourd’hui plusieurs centaines d’entités graphiques peintes et gravées, zoomorphes (chevaux, bouquetins, bisons et de cervidés) et anthropiques avec de nombreuses empreintes de mains. Si la représentation d’espèces marines reste minime sur les parois de la cavité (env. 3% du total des entités), elle marque néanmoins une originalités de ce site dont le littoral se situait, au plus près, à environ 6 km de distance lors du dernier maximum glaciaire.</p>
<p>Les données archéologiques des parois et des sols de la grotte Cosquer sont les seuls à ce jour qui permettent d’offrir le potentiel d’analyse pour une confrontation technique, iconographique et anthropologique des schèmes symboliques et des traditions techniques des sociétés humaines paléolithiques de l’Europe atlantique et méditerranéenne.</p>
<p>Pour aider à la préparation des travaux et pour enregistrer et croiser les résultats des différents champs scientifiques réunis dans l’équipe scientifique Cosquer (archéologues, géomorphologues, hydrogéologie,...), le modèle 3D de la grotte est combiné aux bases de données géospatiale d’enregistrement scientifique.</p>