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An Explainable Android Malware Detection Framework Based on Graph Neural Network
No full textWith the widespread of Android mobile devices, the Android system has been a prime target of malware. Although neural network-based Android malware detection approaches have shown significant effectiveness, they often encounter challenges in providing explainability due to their complexity. With explainability, users can understand the model, anticipate the biases, and perform further improvement. Moreover, given the fast evaluation of Android malware, explainability provides an opportunity to adopt the model for future malware. Therefore, explainability is a highly desired property for a neural network model to be reliable, predictable, and robust.
Given this, this research proposed a graph attention network-based Android malware detection framework with explainability. The framework determines whether malicious behavior appears by analyzing the data flow of the Android App. Furthermore, it provides explainability by leveraging the attention mechanism of graph attention networks. Researchers can obtain information on the involved Android application programming interface, such as the names and execution orders. Hence, further validation or inspection is possible. The experiment shows that the proposed framework achieves 97.4\% precision. Also, this research includes an illustration showing what insight researchers can get by utilizing the explanation
Time-series observation of carbonate chemistry in the northeastern South China Sea in 1993\ue22023
No full textThe rising atmospheric CO2 alters the carbonate chemistry of the world ocean, making it acidified. Using the northeastern South China Sea (SCS) as an example, in addition to anthropogenic CO2, this study investigates the influences of temporal changes in organic matter decomposition, CaCO3 dissolution, and the water masses composition on the carbonate chemistry of seawater from the surface to 2,000 m. Three decadal time-series at various depths from 1992 to 2023, consisting of data collected from 498 hydrographic stations in 69 cruises, are constructed. Rates of temporal changes of various carbonate chemistry parameters are determined using the simple linear regression (SLR) model.
The SLR results show that significant changes in carbonate chemistry in the northeastern SCS are observed from the surface to 2,000 m, largely due to the influences of increased atmospheric CO2 and the reduced West Philippine Sea (WPS) water proportion. At the surface, dissolved oxygen (DO) shows an insignificant rate of change, whereas the rates of changes of pH and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) reflect the anticipated due to the increasing atmospheric CO2. Of note is that the highest decreasing rates of pH (-0.0039\uc2\ub10.0006 pH unit yr-1) and DO (-1.228\uc2\ub10.229 \uc2\ub5mol kg-1 yr-1) and highest increasing rates of apparent oxygen utilization (1.363\uc2\ub10.314 \uc2\ub5mol kg-1 yr-1), DIC (1.756\uc2\ub10.348 \uc2\ub5mol kg-1 yr-1), and phosphate (0.0104\uc2\ub10.0042 \uc2\ub5mol kg-1 yr-1) are found at 200 m, largely due to the increase in SCS seawater proportion and partly due to the penetration of anthropogenic CO2. To the author's best knowledge, such acidification and deoxygenation rates are the highest found in the open oceans or marginal seas based on decadal observations.
Generally speaking, the WPS waters intrude into the SCS in the form of the Kuroshio branch. Taking 1993\ue22010 which is a period with a significant reduction in Kuroshio intrusion into consideration, the temporal trends of changes of the studied carbonate chemistry parameters remain unchanged. Interestingly, the rates have magnified obviously from the surface to at least 500 m. This study indicates the importance of the intrusion of Kuroshio into the SCS to moderate the seawater carbonate chemistry, suggesting that the reduction of the Kuroshio intrusion will worsen the hypoxia and acidification conditions in the SCS
A case study on the Work and Travel USA served by private employment services institution
No full textIn recent years, the channels and methods for Taiwanese youth to seek employment overseas have become increasingly diverse. Among them, the introduction of The Summer Work and Travel (WAT) program in the United States has surpassed 25 years, indicating its significant appeal to Taiwanese college students as a means of overseas employment. As this program requires applicants to seek assistance through local agencies, Taiwanese college students must choose to be assisted by private service agencies in their local area. These private service agencies must comply with relevant government regulations and undergo scrutiny for their ability to operate as agents for the WAT program.
This case study focuses on Private employment services institution that provide services for the WAT program in the United States, aiming to understand and explore their services and processes in this business. Interviews were conducted with the general manager and manager of a private service agency in the southern region, and relevant secondary written materials were collected.
In terms of research findings, the workflow of this private employment agency in handling the WAT program was categorized into seven steps: preparation before registration, membership application, pre-matching preparation, job matching, visa application, services during departure, and services upon return.
Finally, the case study discusses the differences in the workflow, complaint channels, and abnormal handling during different phases of processing the WAT
An Analysis of the Securitization of Sustainability: A Case Study on Sustainability Linked Bonds in Taiwan
No full textThis research delves into the current status and future potential of Sustainability-Linked Bonds (SLBs) in Taiwan, revealing significant progress in the field of sustainable finance since the implementation of green finance policies starting in 2017. Particularly in the issuance of green bonds, social bonds, and sustainability bonds, Taiwan has accumulated a total issuance amount of NT$473 billion, committed to sustainable development. However, compared with international markets, challenges remain in Taiwan in expanding market size, enhancing product diversity, and fostering innovation. Further analysis of the core contract conditions and issuance motives of SLBs in Taiwan has been conducted, exploring how contract design optimization from an investor's perspective can more effectively support Taiwan's sustainable development goals. It suggests that transparency in achieving sustainability goals, monitoring the use of funds, and refining regulatory mechanisms are key to maturing the market and broadening its impact. Thus, this research aims to provide strategic recommendations for Taiwan's sustainable bond market to facilitate its growth and align more closely with international climate action goals. To achieve this, Taiwan needs to strengthen policy support, market innovation, and international cooperation, enhancing the market scale and diversity of SLBs. Through this analysis, hopes to offer valuable insights for the advancement of sustainable finance in Taiwan, moving towards a greener, more sustainable future and addressing the challenges of global climate change
The Impact of Air Pollution on the Risk of Commercial Health Insurance Claims for Non-Influenza Pneumonia Hospitalizations
No full textThis study investigates the impact of air pollution in Taiwan on the number of hospital admissions for respiratory diseases and its association with commercial insurance claims. Analyzing air quality data from 2012 to 2022 and its correlation with pneumonia hospitalization rates, the study compares these findings with claim data from commercial insurance companies to assess the impact of air pollution on insurance risk. The aim is to help commercial insurers predict future claim risks through statistical analysis, thereby adjusting their risk management strategies to ensure sustainable corporate development.
The study explores the effect of air pollution on non-influenza pneumonia hospitalizations in Taiwan and its correlation with the medical insurance claim risks of Company S's commercial insurance. Using SPSS for negative binomial regression analysis, the study investigates the relationship between air pollutant concentrations and national health insurance hospital admissions, predicting the potential impact of increased air pollution on claim expenses.
The research reveals a significant positive correlation between air pollution levels and pneumonia hospitalization rates, particularly noting that fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has the greatest impact on hospitalization rates. Further regression analysis linking hospitalization needs and insurance claims indicates that this impact is most significant in northern Taiwan, followed by the Yunlin-Chiayi-Tainan and central regions, while Yilan and outlying islands are less affected. This provides insurance companies with reference for risk assessment and product design based on regional and age stratification. The study suggests that insurers adjust their risk management strategies according to regional air quality to address the potential increase in future claim risks and adapt their insurance products to meet customer needs in a changing environment. This approach not only aids in the sustainable operation of the enterprise but also promotes corporate social responsibility for public health
The Impact of Port Congestion on Company Market Value-Evidence of Taiwan Market
No full textDue to continuously expanding of the international trading, more than two-thirds of international trade now relies on maritime transportation. Historically, port congestion, caused by unexpected incidents such as natural disasters, strikes, and explosions, has kept tremendous amounts of ships to wait outside of the ports for loading and unloading. Such congestion impacts shipping companies and businesses, which relies on the international trading. Consequently, increased costs would be casted on the end consumers. This study focuses on the investigation of the effects of port congestion on global trade and the impact of port congestion on the market value of shipping companies. Using DID fixed effect analysis, this research examines the consequences of major incidents such as the "Ever Given" incident , 2012 Los Angeles Long Beach strike ,2017 congestion at the Shanghai Yangshan Port, and the 2021 closure of the Ningbo-Zhoushan Port. Additionally incorporates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global transportation industry, which identifies the relationship between port congestion and market valuation, especially for logistics and non-logistics companies. This study finds that port congestion negatively impacts the market value of logistics companies, including but not limited to shipping firms. It also focuses on the discussions of implications for the financial sector, particularly in risk assessment and lending & borrowing decision-making. This study addresses the importance of financial institution to understand these impacts for better customer relationship management and diversified business strategies
A case study on the recruiting effectiveness of a components manufacturing company
No full textThe most significant challenge facing Taiwanese companies in human resources is how to address the talent shortage resulting from a declining birthrate. Moreover, in the competitive landscape across various industries, companies must devise strategies to attract top-tier talent to join their organizations willingly and contribute to their success. Understanding the strengths and weaknesses of the company itself is crucial in formulating recruitment improvement strategies.
This study focuses on YA Components Manufacturing Company as the subject of analysis, employing a secondary data approach to collect and analyze data between August 2021 and November 2022. Through methods such as internal recruitment processes and observations during daily work, as well as historical data records, the study examines recruitment data indicators and effectiveness in the actual recruitment processes within the components manufacturing industry. The findings are synthesized based on these analyses.
Recruitment Indicators\uef\ubcIn terms of job levels, senior-level positions exhibit the lowest vacancy rates, demanding higher external recruitment standards. On average, there are more resumes received for these positions; however, the recruitment process tends to take longer compared to basic and mid-level positions. Within organizational units, the vacancy rate is lower in business management units, where the average number of resumes exceeds the standard. Nevertheless, the average recruitment duration is longer compared to logistical support and production-sales units.
In terms of job positions, information technology roles experience the highest vacancy rates, receiving a greater number of resumes on average. The average recruitment duration is shorter compared to business management and administrative professions. Both the quantity of resumes and the duration of recruitment are influenced by factors such as the job requirements, geographical location, and the source of recruitment channels.
Recruitment Effectiveness: In terms of job levels, the senior level has more stringent recruitment criteria, resulting in a lower percentage of applicants passing interviews. It is comparatively more challenging to fill senior positions than basic and mid-level roles. Within organizational units, business management units have relatively relaxed recruitment criteria, leading to a higher interview success rate due to a lower interview arrangement rate. Consequently, applicants are more likely to be hired in these units. In job positions, information technology roles have stringent recruitment criteria, resulting in a lower percentage of applicants passing interviews and facing challenges in securing employment
Chemical Fingerprints and Spatiotemporal Variation of Marine Fine Particles and Cluster Analysis of Long-range Transport Routes/Channels
No full textThis study investigated the spatiotemporal distribution, chemical characteristics, source apportionment, and transport routes/channels of marine fine particles (PM2.5) at Green Island (Site GR; West Pacific Ocean), Hengchun Peninsula (Site HC; northern Bashi Channel), and Dongsha Island (Site DS; northern South China Sea). Intensive and regular samplings were conducted to simultaneously collect marine PM2.5 from September 2020 to August 2022.
This study revealed that air masses arrived at Sites GR and HC were mainly originated from the East Channel, accounting for 67.0 and 66.7% of total air masses, respectively. On the other hand, air masses arrived at Site DS were primarily originated from the West Channel, accounting for 60.2% of total air masses. High concentrations of PM2.5 were commonly observed between late fall and early spring. It was primarily attributed to northeastern monsoons in East Asia, which carried polluted air masses southward and significantly increased PM2.5 concentrations. It was noteworthy that Site DS generally exhibited higher PM2.5 concentrations than Sites GR and HC. The South Channel has no significant stationary sources, resulting in the lowest concentration of PM2.5 in this region. Furthermore, daytime PM2.5 concentration was generally higher than that at nighttime, indicating that it was probably caused by human activities at the remote sites in the daytime. The chemical composition of PM2.5 was mainly composed of water-soluble ions (WSIs), and WSIs were primarily dominated by secondary inorganic aerosols (SIAs = NO3- + SO42- + NH4+). The average concentration of SIAs in the West and East Channels were generally higher than the South Channel. Although the metallic content was dominated by crustal elements (Ca, K, Mg, Fe, and Al), enrichment factor (EF) showed that trace elements (Ti, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, and Zn) mainly came from anthropogenic sources. The major carbonaceous content in PM2.5 was organic carbon (OC), and the mass ratios of organic and elemental carbons (OC/EC) in the West and East Channels both were higher than 2.0, indicating the potential formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOAs). The average EC concentrations in the West and East Channels were higher than that in the South Channel, indicating that EC was mainly transported from the north to the target sea areas via long-range transport (LRT). The concentrations of levoglucosan and organic acids also showed similar seasonal variation. The concentrations of levoglucosan in PM2.5 in the West and East Channels were higher than the South Channel. It was mainly due to the burning of agricultural wastes and space heating in the northern regions in winter, resulting in significantly high concentrations of levoglucosan in the West and East Channels. In addition, the molecular ratios of malonic acid and succinic acid (M/S) were higher than 1.0, indicating that SOAs generated through atmospheric (photo)chemical reactions seriously affect PM2.5 in the target sea areas.
The results of the chemical mass balance (CMB), positive matrix factorization (PMF), and pollution source directional apportionment (SDA) model analysis all showed that Sites GR and HC were mainly affected by the East Channel. The influence of SIAs and oceanic spray, while Site DS was affected primarily by the contribution of ship and vehicular emissions from the West Channel. The main contributors of the South Channel of the three sampling sites were oceanic spray and ship emissions. This study further deducted the background concentration of PM2.5 at the three sampling sites and found that the lowest contribution of cross-boundary transport (CBT) (29.6%) occurred in summer and the highest contribution of CBT occurred in winter (84.9%), indicating that all three sampling sites were highly affected by CBT.
In addition, the results of analyzing pollution source areas using the weighted potential source contribution function (WPSCF) and the weighted concentration-weighted trajectory (WCWT) were quite similar. The potential sources were the coastal areas of China, South Korea, and Japan during the periods of high PM2.5 concentrations (50-100%) at the three sampling sites. While, low concentrations of PM2.5 (0-50%) mainly occurred during the southwestern monsoons, and their potential sources came mainly from the South China Sea and the Philippine Sea
Efficient Multi-change-point Analysis to Decode Economic Crisis Information from Mean Market Correlation: Take the S&P500/FTSE 100/HSI/TAIEX Index as an Example
No full textThis research aims to interpret the efficient multi-change points analysis of economic crisis information from the mean market correlation of the S&P500, FTSE 100, HSI and TAIEX four indices. By delving into the correlation and volatility between different stock market indices, this research attempts to reveal the behavior and reactions of the market during economic crises.
By analyzing the historical data of the four major stock indexes in the past 23 years (from 2020/1/1 to 2023/9/30), and the major economic events that occurred during the period, we selected unique, representative, and important events as the main research data, including the bursting of the Internet bubble, the global financial crisis, the European sovereign debt crisis and the COVID-19 global pandemic. Python and related packages are used to conduct Bayesian high-performance multivariate analysis. Supplemented by a variety of research methods, including statistical analysis, time series modeling and machine learning techniques, to explore differences and correlations between different markets and identify potential risk factors.
Through the verification of market correlation, the impact of global economic events on volatility, and the commonalities and differences in volatility patterns, we introduce the importance of risk management strategies, with the aim of providing new insights into market crises and expanding the application of data analytics in risk prediction, so as to provide useful information and practical recommendations for investors, policy makers, regulators and academic researchers, and to contribute to the formulation of portfolio management, policy adjustments, and regulatory measures in the face of economic crises
Current Status and Comparative Analysis of TCFD Reports in Domestic Banking Industry
No full textClimate change has become an undeniable global imperative, profoundly impacting the economic landscape. In response to this challenge, the international financial sector has widely adopted Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD) reports to assess companies' performance in addressing climate risks and adaptability. This study aims to comprehensively understand the current adoption and development status of TCFD reports within the domestic banking industry, while conducting a cross-bank assessment and comparative analysis of climate-related risks and opportunities. Firstly, by reviewing the background and objectives of TCFD, the study underscores its significance in the financial industry. Subsequently, through content analysis, an in-depth examination of the actual implementation of TCFD reports within domestic banks is conducted. The research indicates that the banking sector has begun to recognize the profound impact of climate change on their operations, actively participating in the preparation of TCFD reports. Secondly, the study performs a comparative analysis among banks, delving into the differences and similarities in the content, disclosure levels, and strategies for managing climate-related risks. Through this comparison, the research aims to identify best practices in climate-related financial disclosure, guiding other banks towards more comprehensive and transparent reporting. Finally, the study presents a series of conclusions and recommendations to encourage domestic banks to gain an advantage in climate-related financial disclosure, while providing specific suggestions for improvement. These insights contribute to advancing the further development of climate-related financial disclosure, enhancing the banking industry's understanding of climate change risks, and promoting the establishment of a more sustainable financial system