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The statistical theory of industrial systems
No full textAbstract:
Modelling complex economic systems is an effective method of research. The widespread class is formed by economic systems in which the determined character of observable processes is combined with their stochastic nature. Laws which are observed in systems of economic exchange, in many respects are similar to what takes place in physical (thermodynamic) systems. These laws are proclaimed for thermodynamic systems and systems of economic exchange as the general principles: Le Chatelier-Samuelson, Carno-Hicks, etc. [1, 2]. On the basis of the given principles functioning of modern mass production can be presented in the form of the stochastic process during which the industrial system passes from one condition to another. The condition of the industrial system can be defined as a condition of base products of the industrial system. The base product (or a subject of work) is understood as an element of an industrial system on which during technological processing occurs the deferring of manpower, raw material, materials and amortisation of instruments of work. During technological processing transformation of initial raw material and materials into a ready product by the purposeful influence of instruments of work is carried out. The state of a base product is described by microscopic sizes observed during the technological process (a microscopic level of the description of industrial systems). Microscopic sizes observed at a microscopic level are a total sum of the expenses transferred for the subject of labour and intensity of expenses in a unit of time. It is possible to observe and measure these microscopic sizes, and consequently, and to operate them. The state of the system at some moment of time will be certain if microscopic sizes for each base product are certain, and during any other moment of time are found from the equations of a state of base products. The equations of the state of base products are defined by the engineering-production function of enterprises. To each base product there correspond two equations. As a rule, in technological process of mass production, there are tens or hundred thousand base products. As the quantity of base products is much greater than one the solution of the system with such a number of equations is practically impossible. The last specification demands a transition from the microscopic description of the industrial system to the microscopical description with elements of a probabilistic nature. Such a description is made in the present report. The main difficulty in such description consists in allocating for base products of the characteristic of microscopic conditions, which it would be possible to measure at a level of a microscopic condition of the enterprise. Instead of considering the state of the industrial system described in microscopic sizes of base products, a discrete function of the distribution of the general number of base products in phase technological space is entered in appropriate way нормированная. Each point in the given space will set the state of a base product. It is reasonable to expect, that if there will be lots of base products in the technological process this function will be good for approximating the continuous function of the distribution of base products on the intensity of carrying of expenses for a base product. We will break phase space into such a number of cells at which the sizes of a cell would be much less than characteristic sizes of the industrial system and at the same time containing inside of itself the big number of base products. Instead of fixing exact values of microscopic sizes of a base product, we will characterize approximately a condition of the industrial system number of base products in each cell. If the sizes of a cell are small enough, the approached description will carry almost so detailed information, as exact. Thus, for the industrial system, it is possible to write down the kinetic equation for the distribution function of base products on the intensity of deferring, similar to the equation in the statistical mechanics. We shall consider the continuous distribution function to be normalized. The normalizing condition represents the conservation law of the quantity of the base products which are in the production process. It is an engineering-production function defined from the registration data of the enterprise. By implication, the engineering production function in the kinetic equation represents the certain analogue of force moving a base product along a technological chain of production. At such moving, there is an influence from instruments of subjects of labour (equipment) on a base product. Thus there is an increase in the expenses transferred on a base product as it moves along a technological chain of production. The equipment influences a base product, changing it qualitatively and quantitatively. It is necessary to notice, that we can speak only about the probability of that after influence from the process equipment the base product will be in one state or another. The moments of the distribution function are observable and measurable macroscopical parameters of the industrial system. The zero and first moments of distribution function have simple industrial interpretation: reserves of base products and their rate of movement along a technological chain. By means of the moments of the distribution function, the balance equations for the description of macroscopical sizes of the industrial system are written down. Multiplying the kinetic equation accordingly by unit, the intensity of deferring, and also by a square of deferring and integrating on all range of a random variable, we will receive the equations of balances of the industrial system. The equations of balances representing the equations of reserves, rate and dispersion of base products along a technological chain, are incomplete. The opportunity to receive the closed system of the equations is based on the properties of the function describing work of the process equipment and presence of small parameter, representing the attitude of expenses on the separate technological operation to the characteristic cost price of manufacturing of an end-product. From the balanced equation, the closed system of the equations for the description of the industrial system follows. If the rate of movement of base products along a technological chain is set, as a special case from the system of the balance equations one receive the well-known cybernetic economy Forester equation, which is used for the description of industrial marketing systems
Особенности применения статистической теории для моделирования технологических процессов производственно-технических систем
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Рассмотрены особенности функционирования производственно-технических систем с единичным, серийным и массовым выпуском продукции. Производственно-техническая система представлена как совокупность предметов труда (базовых продуктов), находящихся в различных стадиях технологической обработки [1]. Полагается, что если известна информация о состоянии каждого базового продукта, то имеется исчерпывающая информация о состоянии производственно-технической системы [2]. Проведен анализ календарно-плановых нормативов производственно-технической системы, использование которых целесообразно при построении моделей технологического процесса. Рассмотрена методика выбора координат фазового технологического пространства для описания состояния базового продукта в модели технологического процесса. Динамическое изменение микроскопических параметров состояния базового продукта описано через наблюдаемые в ходе технологической обработки микроскопические параметры предмета труда. Показано, что теория ансамблей представляет для моделирования производственно-технических систем очевидный интерес. Такой подход позволяет через усреднение по ансамблю базовых продуктов при неизвестных начальных значениях микропараметров базовых продуктов, составляющих производственно-техническую систему, вычислить среднее значение любой величины производственно-технической системы. Обращено внимание на то, что базовые продукты производственно-технической системы представлять собою ансамбль Гиббса. Состояние элементов производственно- технической системы описывается в фазовом технологическом пространстве точками. Сами же элементы (базовые продукты) обладают одним и тем же Гамильтонианом, подвержены действию одних и тех же связей, отличаются начальными состояниями. Показано, что статистическое описание производственно-технических систем дает возможность в моделях технологического процесса учесть не только особенности заданной технологии изготовления изделия, но и особенности организационного типа производства [3]
Synergetic economics of the manufacturing firm with mass production output
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The possibility of using a synergetic approach to describe production systems is analyzed
Оценка влияния линейной нагрузки на коэффициент нелинейных искажений от выпрямителя // Appraisal of linear load effect on non-linear distortion coefficient from rectifier
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Объект и цель научной работы. Объектом исследования является выпрямитель (преобразователь) ОПЕД-12,5-115 (О – однофазный; П – постоянный ток; Е – естественное воздушное охлаждение; Д – на диодах с примером записи в документации; 12,5 – номинальный ток; 115 – номинальное напряжение).
Материалы и методы. В работе применены методы силовой электроники и гармонический анализ.
Основные результаты. Разработаны способы оценки и ограничения коэффициента гармоник (коэффициента нелинейных искажений от преобразователя) с учетом активной нагрузки генератора повышенной частоты (400 Гц).
Заключение. Получены численные оценки для коэффициентов ослабления гармоник 3, 5 и 7 с использованием базовых значений Xd и Xq генератора АТО-20.
Object and purpose of research. The object of research is the rectifier (transducer) OPED-12,5-115 (О – single phase; P – direct current; Е – natural air cooling; D – on diodes with an example of document record; 12.5 – current rating; 115 – voltage rating).
Materials and methods. Methods of power electronics and harmonic analysis are applied.
Main results. Ways of appraisal and restriction for the harmonic coefficient (non-linear distortion coefficient from transducer) are worked out taking account of an active load of higher frequencies generator (400 Hz).
Conclusion. Numerical estimations for the attenuation coefficient of harmonics 3, 5 and 7 are obtained using basic values Xd and Xq of generator АТО-20
One year of sound monitoring since July 2020 during COVID-19 pandemic at one neighborhood in Lima, Peru
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In Lima City, it is not possible to know the sound levels previous to the COVID-19 because there is no governmental sound monitoring network. A private noise monitoring has been conducted since July 2020 at one neighborhood in this city, and, consequently, the changes in the soundscape produced by different sound levels that were a concern of the successive quarantines and lockdown due to COVID-19 have been registered. In the residential area under analysis, one of the noise sources comes from the circulation of cars and buses; the other one is produced by aircraft night overflights. The emergence of the virus new variants had forced the authorities to implement different social confinement orders prohibiting people’s mobility; therefore, it was possible to measure the lowest possible sound levels ever. This paper analyzes in one neighborhood in Lima, Peru, the environmental sound levels since July 2020 during different periods due to the COVID-19
Моделирование шумообразования специального расточного станка
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Уровни шума на рабочих местах операторов металлообрабатывающих станков зачастую превышают нормативные значения и достигают уровней звука до 90-95 дБА. Характерной особенностью данного типа станков является наличие двух одновременно работающих борштанг, предназначенных для растачивания отверстий различного диаметра. В этой статье рассмотрен процесс моделирования шумообразования специального расточного станка
Noise Theory and Practice Vol. 5 No. 4 (IV, 2019)
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Главная цель сетевого научного Журнала "Noise Theory and Practice" – способствовать развитию виброакустики (наука о шуме и вибрации). Основными задачами Журнала являются: - отражение последних достижений в теории и практике борьбы с шумом и вибрацией; - отражение результатов научно-исследовательских работ по изучению процессов шумообразования, распространения звука и вибрации; - отражение результатов разработки средств шумо- и виброзащиты, а также результатов иных работ, проводимых в области виброакустики, и выполняемых научными сотрудниками ВУЗов и иных организаций; - предоставление сведений о планируемых конференциях, семинарах, проводимых в России и других странах; - предоставление архивных материалов трудов научных конференций, посвященных виброакустике
The Experience of the Republic of Moldova in Reforming the Accounting System and Its Harmonization with Ifrs and European Directives
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Reforming the accounting system in the Republic of Moldova and its harmonization with IFRS and European directives takes almost three decades and is a complex technical route which involves important financial and human resources. The given paper aims to present and interpret the way in which the accounting system reform was achieved, how international accounting standards and European directives have been transported into national legislation in order to identify the main waves of the accounting reform and the regulatory changes made by the regulator, of the benefits and costs, advantages and disadvantages arising from the implementation of the reformed regulatory framework. The responses are obtained by applying, as a method of research, the phenomenological interpretive analysis, the documentary and analytical research, the comparative opinion and analysis, thus being categorized as a qualitative empirical research. The results and conclusions of the study will serve as the basis and lessons learned for future reforms. However, knowing the past is building the future
Conformity of Higher Education with Requirements of “Digital Natives”
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The paper explores stages that teaching followed in its revolutionizing transitions from Education 1.0 to Educaton 4.0. The study presents a detailed analysis of the scientific approaches, which econ omists used in examining influence of digital technologies on behavior of young people and on identifying a generation of children as “digital natives” who grew up in the era of informational changes. An assessment of traits inherent in the new generation of young people has been used as a basis for carrying out a comparative analysis of the features of “digital natives” with the distinctiveness of “digital immigrants.” The study identified factors that contributed to growing number of “digital immigrants” in developing and least developed countries. The notions of “digital cowboys” and “digital nomads” are considered in terms of their recent appearance in the academic market. Countries with the highest share of “digital natives” comprise the high-income and above-average income countries, the countries with very high levels of general Internet penetration, the countries with top ICT Development Index (IDI), and the countries with a relatively high proportion of young people. Solutions are proposed to support “digital natives” in their educational aspirations and narrow the gap between them and “digital immigrants”
Influence of Social Innovations on Modernization of Economic Relations
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The article generalizes approaches to understanding the essence of social innovations and substantiates their significance as a process that ensures a qualitative transformation of the system of soci o-economic relations, their modernization and appropriate institutional formulation. Specifics of social innovations, approaches to their classification, their factors are determined. The following changes in the system of economic relations under the influence of social innovations are revealed: socialization of economic relations as a global trend of their development; formation of join to ownership and sharing models; social investment; minimize transaction costs; rating of partner sand clients, control over their behavior; partial replacement of market mechanisms based on the construction of modern communications vertically and horizontally, gradual transition to digital multilevel governance, establishment of social management, etc. It is noted that social innovations lead to the emergence of new socio- economic institutions, changes in “rules of the game” and typical behavior patterns. The influence of social innovations on the change of socio- economic relations at the mega-, macro-, meta- and micro-levels of functioning of the economy is shown. Changes in socio-economic relations under.the influence of global social innovations, Internet technologies, social reforms, social networks, digital governance and other factors are described. On the example of formation and accumulation of social capital, the directions of the influence of social innovations on the change of the whole system of economic relations and modernization of social and economic order are determined. Their influence on the formation of modern social institutions, which sanction the norms and structure of social relations, functions of state structures, the range of rights and responsibilities of individuals, forms of coordination of social processes