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Determinants of the Intellectual Capital Efficiency of Cambodian Commercial Banks
Get PDFThis study intends to investigate the potential effects of various bank-specific characteristics on the efficiency of intellectual capital (IC) in Cambodia’s commercial banks from 2013 to 2021. Using multiple regression analysis, the study examines the link between IC efficiency as a dependent variable and some independent variables. The study uses value-added intellectual capital (VAIC) established by Pulic (2004) to assess how IC is effectively utilized in Cambodian commercial banks. The findings show that the bank size, bank profitability, and entry barriers significantly influence IC efficiency. The study’s findings cannot be extrapolated to commercial banks in other countries or other study periods because the empirical testing has been confined to Cambodian commercial banks from 2013 to 2021. The study will aid banking regulators in identifying the variables influencing IC efficiency so they can take steps to improve the efficient utilization of IC resources and maximize value creation. This analysis is beneficial to bank management. Since it informs them of the variables, they should concentrate on increasing the IC efficiency of the banks. This study is the first to examine the variables that affect IC efficiency in commercial banks in Cambodia. It adds to the previous studies about the factors that affect IC efficiency in banks
Sustainability Reporting in Cambodia: Challenges and Prospects
Get PDFThis study investigates the challenges and prospects of sustainability reporting in Cambodia, filling a research gap in the existing literature. The study’s objectives focus on identifying the challenges faced by Cambodian companies when adopting sustainability reporting practices, investigating the benefits these practices provide, and making recommendations for improvement. The study utilized a purposive sampling technique to select participants from diverse sectors in Cambodia. The data collection methods involve conducting semi-structured interviews and online surveys. The data is then analyzed using thematic analysis and triangulation techniques. The research findings provide valuable insights into the challenges faced by organizations when implementing sustainability reporting practices in Cambodia. The challenges identified in the study include limited awareness of sustainability reporting, the absence of a common standard for reporting, and data management issues. In response to the challenges, the study offers recommendations to enhance sustainability reporting in Cambodia. These recommendations include raising awareness among companies, developing clear guidelines for reporting, promoting collaboration among stakeholders, addressing data management challenges, and involving SMEs in sustainability reporting. In addition, the study acknowledges its limitations, precisely the limited number of interviews and surveys used as the basis for analysis. Therefore, it calls for future research with a larger sample size and longitudinal studies to examine Cambodia’s sustainability reporting challenges and prospects further. Overall, this research contributes to improving sustainability reporting in Cambodia and provides valuable insights for companies, policymakers, and stakeholders
Coping with Mental Health When Teaching Online during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Get PDFThe COVID-19 pandemic keeps taking hold of our daily lives in 2021. This study aims to analyze the effect of the pandemic on teachers from CamEd Business School. A literature review examined how levels of psychological distress are elevated during the pandemic. Teachers were highlighted as an at-risk group through various factors, and the paper discusses the effect of coping styles and resilience on psychological distress. The study measured psychological distress and deployed coping strategies of 17 respondents using the Perceived Stress Scale and Brief COPE, respectively. Statistical analysis showed similar levels of psychological distress in this sample as the pre-pandemic norm group of the PSS (M=14.23). Positive and Emotional Coping were used most often in this population and pre-pandemic norm groups (M=2.40, M=2.05). A significant positive correlation was found between Problem Solving and Psychological Distress, r(13) = .76, p = 0.01. There was no higher use of Avoidant coping styles than the pre-pandemic norm group (M=1.45). The study suggests that this population found resilience over time, helping to manage psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic
Navigating the Storm: How ASEAN Managed the Great Power Competition Through the ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific
Get PDFAs it has globally, geopolitical competition has intensified in the Indo-Pacific. It is a competition between and among major powers; Japan competes with China, US-led allies challenge China’s assertiveness, and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is a hinge in and a battleground. Situated at the heart of this region, ASEAN is under significant pressure. To set out their views and navigate through this turbulent time, ASEAN leaders released “the ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific” in June 2019. This paper seeks to answer how Outlook is used to help ASEAN maintain its central role in the Indo-Pacific region. The paper also discusses the internal and external challenges ASEAN faces in implementing its vision. Externally, rising power competition is a force pulling ASEAN apart. Internal to ASEAN, differences in the national interests of the member states remain roadblocks. The paper also tries to depict a future for ASEAN. Towards the end, it makes some recommendations for ASEAN to move forward. In the end, strong cohesion of the member states is probably the key to mutual prosperity and expanded influence, but can this be achieved when the forces of division have become so much greater
Gender-based Differences in Leadership Style: An Empirical Analysis
Get PDFThis research investigates the differences in leadership styles among males and females of tertiary educational institutions in Cambodia and Malaysia. The study used a questionnaire as a measuring instrument and hypotheses testing to perform a one-sample t-test and a paired t-test. The sampling design used was convenience sampling. This research is relatively novel as it involved respondents from educational institutions in two Southeast Asian countries. This research found that females have a people-oriented leadership style and have a higher perception of their leadership abilities. In addition, it found that males have neither a task-oriented nor a people-oriented leadership style. The study suggests that women should be given the helm to manage these concerns in light of recent geopolitical uncertainties and workplace issues
An Empirical Study of Pairs Trading in Cambodia Securities Exchange
Get PDFA pair trading strategy of two shares works when there is a co-integration between the two equities. This paper uses the two-step Engle and Granger method to establish whether or not the two stock price series had a long-run relationship. Since the residual term predicted from the sample regression function between the dependent variable, PPSP, and the independent variable, PWSA, is stationary, as indicated by the ADF test, all listed stocks in CSX, a pair of equities, PPSP and PWSA, are co-integrated. During the research period, the price spread increased three times to two standard deviations. At any point, one unit of outperformance stock is short, and one unit of co-integrated ratio is long. Pair trading has an average investment return of 8.0264 percent, outperforming the weighted average return of 1.1651 percent
The Influence of Intellectual Capital on Earnings Quality: Evidence from Firms Listed on the Cambodia Securities Exchange
Get PDFThis study aims to determine whether the efficiency of intellectual capital (IC) and each of its three constituents—human capital efficiency (HCE), capital employed efficiency (CEE), and structural capital efficiency (SCE)—can generate better earnings quality (EQ) in an emerging market. Drawing on the Pulic (2004) model for measuring the efficiency of IC and the absolute value of discretionary accruals as a proxy for EQ, the study analyzes the data of a sample of Cambodian nonfinancial firms listed on the Cambodian Securities Exchange (CSX) during the period from 2013 to 2021. The empirical results indicated that Cambodian firms active in utilizing IC has more tendency to provide reports of high quality. Besides, it is shown that each of the three elements of IC significantly and positively influences EQ. Meanwhile, SCE has the most significant impact among the three components. Those results offer an enhanced understanding of IC-utilizing and EQ practices that might be in favor of investors, regulatory bodies, and scholars. This study is among the first studies investigating Cambodian firms for IC and EQ topics
Sustainability Reporting in Cambodia: A Tale of Two Companies
Get PDFThis study examines the current state of sustainability reporting in Cambodia by conducting a qualitative content analysis of the sustainability reports of two prominent Cambodian companies, NagaCorp Ltd. and Smart Axiata Co., Ltd. The findings show that both companies are committed to sustainability in their sustainability reports by emphasizing environmental responsibility, social responsibility, and governance. NagaCorp prioritizes reducing emissions, conserving resources, and promoting employee well-being and good governance, whereas Smart Axiata prioritizes economic growth, inclusivity, and process improvements. Both companies adhere to recognized reporting frameworks and prioritize standard compliance. The recommendations include collaboration, strengthening governance reporting for Smart Axiata, and engaging with stakeholders. Implementing these recommendations will improve the case companies’ sustainability performance and create long-term value for stakeholders and communities. The main limitation of this study is that it relies solely on information provided in sustainability reports, which may not accurately represent the companies’ sustainability practices. Additionally, constraints associated with research instrument development, data collection, and data analysis must be acknowledged, as they may affect the validity and reliability of the research findings. Future studies should include a larger sample size, develop standardized coding schemes, incorporate additional data sources, conduct comparative analyses across industries or countries, and track sustainability practices over time to observe trends and evolution of sustainability practices by Cambodian companies
International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), Corporate Social Responsibility, and Sustainable Development
Get PDFThis paper describes a brief evolution of IFRS and its benefits. It then explains the organized hypocrisy of firms that, on the one hand, eulogized the importance of IFRS and quality financial reporting while, on the other hand, using corporate social responsibility (CSR) and sustainable development as a form of earnings management to depress profits, so that a firm’s share of fair tax is not paid to the State; as such there is some form of organized hypocrisy. This article also explains what can be done to address tax avoidance. Since the precursor of tax avoidance is earnings management, a simple cosmetic earnings management is analyzed using Benford’s Law for a public-listed Cambodian firm. This paper aims to illuminate that once cosmetic earnings management occurs, a grander scale of earnings management may occur for tax avoidance purposes, which, while legal, is unethical. This study sheds some light on the discourse of tax avoidance, which may become rampant among Cambodian firms in the future
Does Applying IFRS 15 Affect the Quality of Earnings of Cambodian-Listed Companies?
Get PDFIn May 2014, the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued a joint standard, which is international financial reporting standard no.15 (IFRS 15), entitled “Revenue from contracts with customers.” This research aims to identify the new standard, illustrate the new recognition model, and determine the impact of measuring revenues following IFRS 15 on the quality of earnings. A quantitative research approach is used, and the absolute value of discretionary accruals and earnings aggressiveness are utilized as proxies for the quality of earnings. The research sample includes three Cambodian-listed companies with 24 firm-year observations over eight years from 2014 to 2021. The study reveals a statistically significant negative effect of the application of IFRS 15 on the quality of earnings of Cambodian-listed companies. The research represents an extension of the previous studies concerned with studying and analyzing the impact of IFRS 15 on the quality of financial statements. It also adds to these studies as there is a lack of quantitative evidence of this new standard’s economic effects after its application date. This study aids professional bodies in determining the impact of adopting international accounting standards on the quality of financial reports of companies in such emerging economies as Cambodia