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Sukcesy i porażki kanclerz Angeli Merkel w polityce europejskiej Niemiec (2005-2021)
Get PDFThe aim of the article was to analyse the Germany’s European policy under the rule of Chancellor A. Merkel in terms of solving emerging crises in the European Union in the 21st century. The author presented a thesis that despite the scale of problems, Chancellor Merkel was successful in finding solutions favourable to Europe. Her methods were often controversial and debatable, but she was able to break the resistance of her opponents. After Brexit, her greatest objectives were to maintain the cohesion of Member States and to guide the EU safely through the COVID-19 epidemic.Celem artykułu była analiza polityki europejskiej Niemiec pod rządami kanclerz A. Merkel pod kątem rozwiązywania zaistniałych kryzysów w Unii Europejskiej w XXI wieku. Autor przedstawił tezę, że pomimo skali problemów, kanclerz Merkel na ogół z powodzeniem znajdowała korzystne dla Europy rozwiązania. Jej metody były niejednokrotnie kontrowersyjne i dyskusyjne, ale potrafiła przełamać opór swoich przeciwników. Po Brexicie jej największą zasługą było utrzymanie spoistości państw członkowskich i bezpieczne prowadzenie UE przez epidemię COVID-19
Are we where we wanted to be? Modernist tendencies versus the postmodern reality of archaeology. Some remarks on the methodology of archaeologists at Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań
Get PDFThis article attempts to define the place where the Poznań University’s methodology of
archaeology finds itself. The question contained in the title – a are we where we wanted to be?
– requires an answer that considers the extent to which the modernist assumptions of archaeo-
logy, in which we grew up, have been fulfilled, and to what extent we function in the postmodern
world. The article presents the rationale for this methodology, showing some variation in the
views of its representatives, starting with the founder of the school, Jan Żak, through his stu-
dents to the next generation. Recognizing the polyphonic nature of this scholarship, an attempt
was made to group these studies into specific issues, which are: reflection on the methodology
and theory of archaeology; its inspirations and proposals; relations between theory, methods,
and practice; issues of archaeological sources as ones reflecting methodological discussions
in the diachronic approach; the past explored in the present; emerging fields of research such
as landscape studies; and social archaeology, initiated at Adam Mickiewicz University with the
work of Ciesielska on social theory. For many years, the concept of social archaeozoology has
also been developed, and studies on memory, identity, children and childhood, among others,
have been conducted. The broadening of research fields is an unquestionable achievement of
the postmodern (post-processual) as well as post-postmodern reorientation, marking the world
in which we function.452473Treasures of Time: Research of the Faculty of Archaeology of Adam Mickiewicz University in Pozna
Philosophie der Tat. „Praxis” bei Hegel und in nachhegelschen Diskursen
Get PDFIn his Prolegomena to Historiosophy, published in 1838, August von Cieszkowski wrote that we are at the turning point in history, when facts turn into deeds. This raises the question of what is actually to be understood by the term “deed” [Tat] and why, the hour of the deed should have come precisely now. After focusing on Hegel’s concept of a history of freedom, I will present two models of understanding action and conclude by discussing their consequences. More specifically, I will undertake a search that will lead us – by way of a detour via Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit – to Fichte’s concept of the act of doing. That socio-political practice can be justified in this way, however, is denied by those who argue
that society and politics in Hegel fall under the category of objective and not of absolute spirit. The alternative model of action that I will focus on, concerns action in relation to objects, or labour, a model that Hegel had already worked out in Jena, and that Marx will re-discover (rather than invent) and further develop
Consensus and voting in the European Council – the case of Donald Tusk’s re-election in 2017 from the practice turn perspective
Get PDFZarówno Rada, jak i Rada Europejska działają zgodnie z „kulturą konsensusu”, co oznacza, że nawet jeśli formalnie mogą decydować o niektórych sprawach większością kwalifikowaną, w praktyce rzadko to robią. Jest to szczególnie prawdziwe w przypadku Rady Europejskiej i dlatego dla wielu obserwatorów było zaskoczeniem, gdy 9 marca 2017 roku Donald Tusk został wybrany na drugą kadencję jako przewodniczący Rady Europejskiej, pomimo przeciwnego głosu jednego państwa członkowskiego (Polski). Wydarzenie to oznaczało, że Rada Europejska po raz pierwszy skorzystała z możliwości wyboru swojego przewodniczącego większością kwalifikowaną, a nie jednogłośnie.
W niniejszym artykule argumentuję, że stosowanie w takich sytuacjach formalnych przepisów pozwalających na głosowanie większością kwalifikowaną nie tylko nie podważa kultury konsensusu, ale wręcz jest niezbędne do jej utrzymania. Argument ten jest osadzony we wkładzie zwrotu praktycznego do badań politologicznych. Ten nurt umieszcza praktyki społeczne w centrum zainteresowania i podkreśla fakt, że mogą być one wykonywane mniej lub bardziej kompetentnie. Dlatego też, jeśli państwo członkowskie wykonuje „praktykę konsensusu” niepoprawnie, nie może oczekiwać, że normy, które tworzą kulturę konsensusu, pomogą mu narzucić swoje stanowisko innym państwom członkowskim. Ponieważ sposób funkcjonowania Rady Europejskiej jest trudno dostępny bezpośrednio, artykuł rozwija swoją argumentację, czerpiąc z dorobku badań nad procesem podejmowania decyzji w Radzie (w tym badań prowadzonych przez autora). Następnie przeprowadzona zostaje analiza dostępnych źródeł odnoszących się do wydarzeń z 2017 r., związanych z reelekcją Donalda Tuska.Both the Council and the European Council are said to operate under “the culture of consensus”, which means that even if they formally can decide on some issues by qualified majority, in practice they rarely do so. This is particularly true of the European Council and so it was surprising to many observers when on 9 March 2017 Donald Tusk was re-elected for a second term as the European Council’s president despite the explicit negative vote of one member state (Poland). This event marked the first time the European Council used the possibility of electing its president by qualified majority rather than unanimously.
In this paper I argue that using formal provisions allowing for qualified majority voting in such situations is, far from undermining the culture of consensus, in fact necessary to maintain it. The argument is embedded in the practice turn contribution to political research. Practice turn moves social practices to the centre of researchers’ interest and emphasises the fact that they can be performed more or less competently. Therefore, if a member state performs the “practice of consensus” incorrectly, it cannot expect the norms which constitute the culture of consensus to help it impose its position on other member states. Because the way in which the European Council operates is difficult to access directly, the paper develops its argument by drawing from the ongoing qualitative research on decision-making in the Council (including author’s own field research). It also uses available publicly-available sources relevant to the events of 2017 Donald Tusk re-election to substantiate the argument
Marx the Fichtean
Get PDFWe ignore the history of philosophy at our peril. Engels, who typically conflates Marx and Marxism, points to the relation of Marxism to the tradition while also denying it. In his little book on Feuerbach, Engels depicts Feuerbach as leading Marx away from Hegel, away from classical German philosophy, away from philosophy and towards materialism and science. This view suggests that Marx is at best negatively related to Classical German philosophy, including Hegel. Yet Engels elsewhere suggests that Marx belongs to the classical German philosophical tradition. In the preface to Socialism, Utopian and
Scientific, Engels wrote: “We German socialists are proud that we trace our descent not only from Saint Simon, Fourier and Owen, but also from Kant, Fichte and Hegel” (Marx & Engels, Collected Works). In this paper I will focus on Marx’s relation to Fichte. This relation is rarely mentioned in the Marxist debate, but I will argue, it is crucial for the formulation of Marx’s position, and hence for assessing his contribution accurately. One of the results of this study will be to indicate that Marx, in reacting against Hegel, did not, as is often suggested, ‘leave’ philosophy, but in fact made a crucial philosophical contribution
The fate of mid-20th-century sports loanwords from English in Polish
Get PDFIn recent years, we have observed a huge influx of vocabulary borrowed from English into Polish; these are words either of English origin or borrowed through English. At the same time, the number and variety of scholarly investigations trying to illustrate the extent of anglicisms in Polish and systematise the semantic fields which draw from English the most have increased. Most of them deal with the latest borrowings, often representing professional jargon or spoken language.
In this paper we will discuss anglicisms which entered Polish over sixty years ago and remained in the sports lexicon until today. The article is a tribute to the late professor Jacek Fisiak, who offered the first in-depth analysis of sports vocabulary borrowed from English into Polish. His Ph.D. monograph (1961) and the subsequent article (1964) have shown a special place of sports terminology among anglicisms in Polish. The lexical items which Fisiak collected in the early sixties of the twentieth century have been tested not only in terms of their fate, but also the degree of grammatical and orthographic assimilation, as well as semantic changes the lexemes have undergone. The study is based on two large corpora of Polish: the Narodowy Korpus Języka Polskiego and Odkrywka, comprising texts from the 18th century until the present time
Folklorism as a form of protection of intangible cultural heritage? A case study of on-stage wedding performances in Greater Poland from the perspective of folklore anthropology
No full textWydział Antropologii i KulturoznawstwaRozprawa doktorska skupia się na relacji między folkloryzmem a ochroną niematerialnego dziedzictwa kulturowego na przykładzie weselnych widowisk obrzędowych w Wielkopolsce. To sztuki widowiskowe oparte na tradycyjnej obrzędowości weselnej charakterystycznej dla danego obszaru, wykonywane przez regionalne zespoły folklorystyczne. Spektakle przedstawiają elementy folkloru tradycyjnego (m.in. tańce, muzykę, pieśni, gwarę, stroje) w których odzwierciedlają się dawne warunki życia lokalnej społeczności. Celem rozprawy jest poznanie funkcji weselnych widowisk obrzędowych w lokalnym krajobrazie kulturowym w kontekście koncepcji folkloryzmu i systemu ochrony niematerialnego dziedzictwa kulturowego na przykładzie działalności wybranych widowisk i wykonujących je zespołów folklorystycznych. Praca umocowana jest w paradygmacie antropologii folkloru i folklorystyki antropologicznej (Sulima 1985, Kowalski 1990) i stanowi próbę antropologicznej odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy weselne widowiska obrzędowe, postrzegane jako zjawisko należące do kategorii folkloryzmu, stanowią formę ochrony niematerialnego dziedzictwa kulturowego. Zgodnie z koncepcją Józefa Burszty rozumiem folkloryzm jako zjawisko polegające na stosowaniu wybranych treści i form folkloru w sytuacjach zaaranżowanych (1969: 88; 1987: 142-143) i w takich kategoriach postrzegam weselne widowiska obrzędowe – jako symboliczną reprezentację tradycyjnej obrzędowości rodzinnej.Interesują mnie motywacje i konsekwencje podejmowania tego typu działań przez członków zespołów folklorystycznych, sposoby rozumienia folkloru, odtwarzanie i zarządzanie elementami niematerialnego dziedzictwa kulturowego oraz ich wykorzystanie do celów społecznych, ekonomicznych i politycznych. Studia przypadku omawiane w niniejszej pracy stanowią trzy weselne widowiska obrzędowe: Wesele szamotulskie, Wesele przyprostyńskie i Wesele biskupiańskie. Wybór ten został uzasadniony ilością dostępnych na ich temat materiałów, ciągłością i częstotliwością wystawiania spektakli, a także ich związkiem z wpisaniem Tradycji weselnych z Szamotuł i okolic, Tradycji dudziarskich w Wielkopolsce oraz Tradycji kulturowych Biskupizny na Krajową listę niematerialnego dziedzictwa kulturowego. W rozprawie argumentuję, że widowiska te stały się istotnym elementem lokalnych i regionalnych krajobrazów kulturowych, trwale wpisując się w życie ich mieszkańców. Rozprawa składa się z siedmiu rozdziałów, wstępu, zakończenia, bibliografii oraz aneksu zawierającego wykaz przeprowadzonych wywiadów i wykorzystanych ankiet. Pracę podsumowuje Zakończenie, w którym zamieściłam manifest zmodyfikowanej metodologii badania folkloru i folkloryzmu. W ślad za Reginą Bendix (1997) proponuję dekonstrukcję języka autentyczności i odmawiam używania go do celów opisowych. Celem mojej pracy nie jest ekspercka ocena autentyczności weselnych widowisk obrzędowych, lecz ustalenie ich miejsca, znaczenia i funkcji we współczesnym lokalnym krajobrazie kulturowym.The core task of this dissertation is to describe functions of on-stage wedding performances delivered by folklore dance groups in the local and regional cultural landscape of three selected regions in Poland in the context of the concept of folklorism and world system for the protection of intangible cultural heritage. This dissertation is an anthropological attempt to answer the question whether on-stage wedding performances, perceived as a phenomena that fall under the category of folklorism, subsist as a bottom-up way to protect local and regional intangible cultural heritage. The work is rooted in the paradigm of anthropology of folklore (Sulima 1985, Kowalski 1990) and is an attempt to anthropological answer to the question whether wedding ceremonial performances, perceived as a phenomenon belonging to the category of folklorism, constitute a form of protection of intangible cultural heritage. According to Józef Burszta, I percieve folklorism as the use of selected contents and forms of traditional folklore in arranged situations (1969: 88; 1987: 142-143) and in such categories I perceive wedding ceremonies – as a symbolic representation of traditional family rituals. I focus on the motivations and consequences of undertaking such activities by members of folk dance groups, ways of understanding folklore, recreating and managing elements of intangible cultural heritage and their use for social, economic and political purposes. The case studies discussed in this paper constitute three ceremonial wedding performances: Wesele szamotulskie, Wesele przyprostyńskie and Wesele biskupiańskie. This choice was justified by the amount of available materials available, continuity and frequency of staging performances, as well as their relationship with the National List of Intangible Cultural Heritage, which is one of the ways of implementation the UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. In the dissertation, I argue that these shows have become an important element of local and regional cultural landscapes, permanently inscribing in their inhabitants’ existence. They also play a role of one of the local initiatives for the protection of intangible cultural heritage. Members of local communities consider folk performances as an efficient method to pass on their traditions or, considering their long history, a tradition itself. The dissertation consists of eight chapters, introduction, conclusion, bibliography and annex containing the list of conducted interviews and used questionnaires. The work is summed up by a manifesto of the modified methodology of researching folklore and folklore. Following Regina Bendix (1997), I propose a deconstruction of the language of authenticity and refuse to use it for descriptive purposes. The aim of my work is not to expertly assess the authenticity of wedding ceremonies, but to establish their place, meaning and function in the contemporary local cultural landscape. My work shows on-stage wedding performances from the viewpoint of their creators. It’s intent is not to judge their authenticity, but to examine social importance of the folklorism
On the shapes of the Polish word: Phonotactic complexity and diversity
Get PDFThe aim of this contribution is to identify the dominant shapes of the Polish word with reference to three criteria: cluster complexity (i.e., cluster size), saturation (the number of clusters in a word), and diversity (in terms of features of consonant description). The dominant word shape is understood as the most frequent or typical skeletal pattern, expressed by means of alternations or groupings of Cs (consonants) and Vs (vowels), e.g., CVCCV etc., or by means of specific features (of place, manner, voice, and the sonorant/obstruent distinction). Our work focuses on 2 aspects of Polish phonotactics: (1) the relation between cluster complexity and saturation of words with clusters, (2) the degrees of diversity in features of place, manner, and voice within clusters. Using corpus data, we have established that only 4.17% of word shapes have no clusters. The dominant word shape for a one-cluster word is CVCCVCV. The most frequent scenario for a word shape is to contain two clusters, of which 67% are a combination of a word initial and a word medial cluster. We have found that: (1) cluster length is inversely proportional to the number of clusters in a word; (2) nearly 73% of word types contain clusters of the same size, e.g., two CCs or two CCCs (Polish words prefer saturation over complexity); (3) MOA is more diversified than POA across clusters and word